Until now, problems related to shortage of organ for transplantation have been continuing. Pigs are the most suitable animal for xenotransplantation. Although primates are most similar to humans, they are not suitable because they have low productivity. Pigs are more productive than primates, and their organ size and physiological characteristics are similar to humans, with the exception of primates. In this study, we breeding the transgenic minipigs using natural mating to produce transgenic pigs. And, transgenic pigs has transmission rate that follow mendel’s rule. There are 20% hDAF gene, 20% US11 gene and 50% both hDAF and US11 gene in transgenic offsprings. Furthermore, transgenic pigs followed normal litter size, and piglets also has normal sex ratio. To suppress the immune function, experiments were performed using porcine ear fibroblast that transfected with hDAF and US11gene. In Cytotoxicity experiment against human complement, hDAF gene and double transgenic cell with both hDAF and US11 gene showed effect to reduce cytotoxicity rate in all of human complement condition. US11 gene and double transgenic cell were significantly reduce the cytotoxicity ratio in human NK cell. Besides, hDAF gene transgenic cell also reduce immune response in 10:1 concentration of human NK cell. In conclusion, natural mating was efficient method for breeding transgenic pigs. And, hDAF and US11 genes has effect for reduce cytotoxicity against human NK cell and human complement conditions.

This study was performed to compare the healing quality of the allogenic acellular dermal matix (ADM) and xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft. Xenogenic ADM was obtained from two GalT knock-out pigs. Allogenic ADM was obtained from cynomolgus monkeys. ADM was stored with lyophilization. Full-thickness skin wounds were made on the back of two cynomolgus monkeys. In one monkey, wounds were covered by xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. In another monkey, wounds were covered by allogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. Skin healing process was observed during 2 weeks and skin biopsies were performed on 3 months after skin transplantation. We obtained IACUC approval (ORIENT-IACUC-16053) Skin on the xenogenic ADM was necrotized 1 week after skin transplantation. Possibly due to the thickness of ADM, which block the blood supply from the subcutaneous tissue to the autologous skin graft. Skin biopsy revealed that less fibrotic change of the skin on the ADM compared with the skin without ADM. Xenogenic ADM can be used in high degree burn patients who can suffered from contracture after healing since it can reduce fibrotic change.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has caused by expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Tau and presenilin (PS) as known as plaques and tangle accumulation. AD transgenic porcine model is necessary for preclinical testing of therapeutic agent because of similar metabolic system between porcine and human. The objective of study was to generate AD transgenic pig by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with multi-cistronic vector system. AD multi-cistronic vector was 6 well-known mutation on 3 AD related genes, hAPP (K670N/M671L, I716V, V717I), hTau (P301L) and hPS1 (M146V, L286P). Establishment of AD transgenic cell lines was used from Jeju black pig ear fibroblast cells (JB-PEFAD) with the AD multi-cistronic vector. The JB-PEFAD cell was confirmed on mRNA expression, protein synthesis of hAPP, hTau and hPS1 and identification of integration and karyotype. Although fusion rate was no difference in SCNT with JB-PEF AD (SCNTAD) embryos, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were slightly lower than in SCNT with non-transgenic JB-PEF (SCNTnon-TG). Individual SCNTAD blastocysts were detected hAPP, hTau and hPS1 genomic integration which showed 93.2% (n=30) efficiency in genomic DNA (gDNA) level. It will give us a possibility to develop porcine animal model for AD study in the future.

Xenotransplantation of pig islet regarded as a good alternative to allotransplantation. However, cellular death mediated by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury after transplantation disturb success of this technique. In the present study, we produce transgenic pig expressing human heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) genes to overcome cellular death for improving efficiency of islet xenotransplantation. Particularly, Korean miniature pig breed, Micro-Pig, was used in the present study. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique was used to produce the HO1 transgenic pig. Six alive transgenic piglets were produced and all the transgenic pigs were founded to have transgene in their genomic DNA and the gene was expressed in all tested organs. Also, in vitro cultured fibroblasts derived from the HO1 transgenic pig showed low reactive oxygen species level, improved cell viability and reduced apoptosis level

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas9) system can be applied to produce transgenic pigs. Therefore, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate FoxN1-targeted pig parthenogenetic embryos. Using single guided RNA targeted to pig FoxN1 genes was injected into cytoplasm of in vitro matured oocyte before electrical activation. In results, regardless of the concentrations of vector, the cleavage rate were significantly (p<0.05) decreased (4 ng/μl, 51.24%; 8 ng/μl, 40.88%; and 16 ng/μl; 45.22%) compared to no injection group (70.44%). The blastocyst formation rates were also decreased in vector injected 3 groups (4 ng/μl, 7.96%; 8 ng/μl, 6.4%; and 16 ng/μl; 9.04%) compared to no injection group (29.07%). In addition, the blastocyst formation rates between sham injected group (13.51%) and no injection group (29.07%) also showed significant difference (p<0.05). The mutation rates were comparable between groups (4 ng/μl, 18.4%; 8 ng/μl, 12.5%; and 16 ng/μl; 20.0%). The sequencing analysis showed that blastocysts derived from each group were successfully mutated in FoxN1 loci regardless of the vector concentrations. However, the deletion patterns were higher than the patterns of point mutation and insertion regardless of the vector concentrations. In conclusion, we described that cytoplasmic microinjection of FoxN1-targeted CRISPR/Cas9 vector could efficiently generate transgenic pig parthenogenetic embryos in one-step.

To compensate for the critical shortage of human organs for allotransplantation, xenotransplantation studies using genetically modified pigs are being performed in Korea. Two types of pigs that are used are α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GalT KO) pigs and GalT KO+hCD46 (human complement regulatory protein) pigs. The present study measured the gestation time, birth weight, daily growth rate, and heart weight of both kinds of transgenic minipigs. The gestation period for both types of pigs was 117∼119 days. There was no difference in the body weight of GalT KO (—/+) and GalT KO (—/—) piglets, but GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/+) pigs were significantly heavier at birth than were GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/—hCD46+) pigs. During the first 10 weeks of life, the daily weight gain of GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/—CD46+) piglets, which are considered the optimal type for xenotransplantation, was 0.19 kg. The weight of hearts from GalT KO piglets up to two months of age was affected more by body weight than by age. Transgenic pigs showed no differences in gestation period or reproductive ability compared with normal pigs. These results comprise basic data that may be used in xenotransplantation studies and transgenic animal production in Korea.

Hyperacture rejection (HAR) of pig organs, upon xenotransplantation into primates, could partly be overcome by knocking out the alpha-Gal gene. However, xenotransplanted organs may still undergo immunological acture rejection (AR) or acute vascular rejection (AVR). Among several genes involved in AR and AVR, the hCD47 evades the monocyte/ macrophage mediated phagocytosis by identifying the self/non-self signal (CD47-SIRPa) whereas hTFPI participates in the regulation of coagulation pathway by acting upstream of the thrombin. In this study, we investigated hCD47 and hTFPI as two possible candidates for avoiding AR and AVR, respectively upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. A co-expression vector for hCD47 and hTFPI was constructed using 2A peptides system (F2A) and transfected into the porcine kidney cell line (PK-15). The transfected cells stably expressed both hCD47 and hTFPI mRNA and proteins. Co-culture of non-transfected, hCD47-transfected, hTFPI-transfected or hCD47+hTPFI-transfected PK15 cells with natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and macrophages confirmed the cytotoxic effect of hCD47 and revealed a synergistic effect of hCD47 and hTFPI co-transfection. There was an attractive survivability of 25～30% on each type of innate immune cell, NK cell and macrophage. These results suggest that transgenic pigs, genetically modified for hCD47 and hTFPI may be useful for overcoming xenograft rejection. Furthermore, cotransfection with hTFPI may enhance the cytotoxic effect of hCD47, possibly by assisting the hCD47-SIRPa binding by an unknown mechanism.

혈액응고 제 8인자(FVIII)는 혈액 내 존재하는 당단백질의 하나로, 혈액응고의 내인성 기 작에 기능한다. 이러한 FVIII의 결핍은 A형 혈우병을 야기하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, A형 혈우병 환자는 FVIII의 지속적인 주사에 의해 치료되고 있다. 본 연구는 A형 혈우병의 치료 제로써 활용 가능한 B-domain이 변형된 재조합 인간 혈액응고 제 8인자 (dB747)를 유즙으 로 분비하는 형질전환 돼지의 유즙으로부터 크로마토그래피적인 방법으로 dB747의 효율 적 인 정제를 위한 방법을 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구는 dB747을 유즙으로 발현하는 형질전환 돼지의 유즙을 착유하여 원심분리를 통해 지질과 불순물을 제거하고, 유즙 내 복 합적으로 존재하는 수 많은 단백질을 분획하기 위한 전처리 과정으로써 일반적으로 유즙 단백질을 침전시킨다고 알려진 zinc chloride, calcium chloride와 일반적인 단백질 침전에 널리 이용되는 ammonium sulfate를 농도 별로 처리하여 분획의 정도를 확인하였다. 전처 리 과정을 통해 분획된 유즙을 이용하여 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피, 친화 크로마토그래피 방 법으로 정제하였다. 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피는 혈장 유래의 FVIII을 정제하는데 유리하 다고 알려진 Q sepharose FF 컬럼을 이용하여 대표적인 두 가지 sodium acetate와 sodium citrate buffer의 효과를 비교하였다. 또한, 친화 크로마토그래피는 B-domain이 결여된 재조합 인간 혈액응고 제 8인자(BDDrFVIII)을 정제하는데 이용 가능하다고 알려진 펩타이드 TN8.2와 EYHSWEYC를 리간드로 사용한 컬럼을 제작하여 수행하였다. 그 결과, dB747이 포함된 형질전환 돼지의 유즙을 분획하기 위해서는 ammonium sulfate의 연속적인 처리를 통해 포화도 30%의 상층액을 회수하여 포화도 50%가 되도록 ammonium sulfate를 첨가하 였을 때 생성되는 pellet을 이용하는 것이 가장 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 효율적인 전처리 과정을 거친 유즙을 이용한 크로마토그래피 결과, 혈장 유래의 FVIII의 정제에 대한 이전의 보고와는 다르게 dB747의 회수율과 순도가 낮았다. EYHSWEYC를 이용한 친화 크로마토 그래피의 경우, 알려진 것과는 다르게 dB747과 결합하지 않는 것으로 확인되었으며, TN8.2 를 이용한 친화 크로마토그래피 역시 dB747를 정제하는데 이용하기 어려웠다. 또한, 크로 마토그래피 용출액 내에 20～40 kDa의 단백질이 나타나는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 문헌 조사를 통해 카제인으로 유추할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 dB747이 B-domain 영역이 변형 되는 과정에서 기존의 FVIII 또는 BDDrFVIII과 단백질의 성질이 달라짐으로써 기존에 알려 진 정제 조건이 알맞지 않기 때문에 회수율과 순도가 낮았던 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 dB747의 성질을 이해하고 최적화된 크로마토그래피 조건을 확립하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한, 카제인과 같은 유즙 단백질이 크로마토그래피 용출액에서 나타나는 것으로 보아, 유즙 단백질은 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피나 친화 크로마토그래피에 의해 제거되지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 초기 전처리 단계에서 유즙 단백질을 제거하기 위한 방 법의 연구가 유즙 내 목적 단백질을 정제하는데 있어서 중요한 문제가 될 것이다.

The overexpression of Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes (PEA15) gene is commonly found in human diabetic patients. The overexpression of this gene in skeletal muscle and fat tissues have been reported to cause insulin resistance, thereby impairing insulin stimulated glucose uptake. We introduced a gene of mouse PEA15 (mPEA15) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into fertilized one cell pig zygotes using microinjection, and produced a piglet that showed overexpression of mPEA15 in the muscle tissues and expression of EGFP in the ear tissues and hooves. RT-PCR RFLP, southern blot and FISH analysis showed that the tissues carried the transgene. Real-time RT-PCR and western blots demonstrated that PEA15 gene was overexpressed in the various tissues and muscle tissues, respectively. These facts suggest that expression vector system is normally expressed in the trnasgenic (TG) pigs. To use as animal diseases model for type 2 diabetes, further study is necessary to confirm whether diabetes occur in these TG pigs, especially insulin resistance.

Our previous study showed that transgenic (TG) pigs harboring human EPO (hEPO) gene have been shown to have reproductive disorders, including low pregnancy rates, irregular estrus cycle and low little size. To investigate these reasons, we assessed estrus behavior (standing response) and plasma 17B-estradiol (E2) level, which partly reflect reproductive function, during the estrus cycles after synchronization and superovulation by hormone treatments. Then, we analysed blood composition and expression of hEPO gene in TG pigs. Pigs were injected with PG600. After 10 days, pigs were fed with Regumate porcine for 6 days. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein. Analysis of blood composition and E2 level were measured by Hemavet 950 and E2 ELISA kit, respectively. And, the expression of hEPO gene in reproductive organs was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. The percentage of estrus behavior in TG was significantly decreased. Hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) number were significantly higher in TG than wild type (WT). On the other hand, high expression of hEPO gene in TG was observed in the mammary gland as well as in the uterus. Moreover, plasma E2 level was significantly higher in TG than WT. These results suggest that nonspecific expression of hEPO gene in the other organs of TG may affect blood composition and plasma E2 level, thereby causing reproductive disorders.