Understanding changes in fermentation characteristics and microbial populations of forage silage during ensiling is of interest for improving the nutrient value of the feed for ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of whole crop rice (WCR) silage during the ensiling period. The chemical compositions, pH, organic acids and bacterial communities were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after ensiling. The bacterial communities were classified at both the genus and species levels. The dry matter content of WCR silage decreased with the length of storage (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in crude protein and NDF contents. Following fermentation, the pH level of WCR silage was lower than the initial level. The lactic acid content remained at high levels for 3 to 6 months after ensiling, followed by a sharp decline at 12 months (p<0.05). Before fermentation, the WCR was dominated by Weissella (30.8%) and Pantoea (20.2%). Growth of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (31.4%) was observed at 3 months after ensiling. At 6 months, there was a decrease in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (10.2%) and an increase in Levilactobacillus brevis (12.8%), resulting in increased bacteria diversity until that period. The WCR silage was dominated by Lentilactobacillus buchneri (71.2%) and Lacticaseibacillus casei (27.0%) with a sharp reduction in diversity at 12 months. Overall, the WCR silage maintained satisfactory fermentation quality over a 12-month ensiling period. Furthermore, the fermentation characteristics of silage were found to be correlated to bacterial microbiome.

The present study investigated the effects of forage cutting and baler mixing on the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) haylage. The WCR (“Youngwoo”) was harvested at 48.4% dry matter and ensiled into a 300 kg bale silo with forage cutting (whole crop without cutting vs. 5 cm of cutting length). The WCR forages were ensiled without baler mixing process (CON) or with (MIX). The concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 48.4, 9.70, 2.57, 6.11, 41.2, and 23.5%, respectively. The forage cutting did not affect the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, microbes, and aerobic stability of WCR haylage (p>0.05). The CON haylages tend to be higher in NDF content (p<0.10). The MIX haylages had lower in lactate (p=0.019), and lactate:acetate ratio (p<0.001). The MIX haylages had higher in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (p=0.010). Therefore, this study concluded that the fermentation quality of WCR haylage improved by baler mixing, but had no effects by forage cutting.

홀스타인 착유우에 수입건초 대신 WCRS로 조사료 일부를 대 체 급여하였을 때 산유성적 및 수익성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였 다. 대조구(C)는 농가 관행 급여방법으로 자가 혼합건초(13kg)와 농후사료(2.6~9.6kg), 오차드그라스 및 버뮤다그라스 건초(1.8kg) 를 급여 하였고, 처리구(T)는 자가 혼합건초(9.6kg)와 농후사료 (2.6~9.6kg) 및 WCRS (2.2kg)를 급여하였다. 건물수량(DMI)을 기준으로 C에 대한 T의 조사료 대체비율은 20% 였다. CP함량은 오차드그라스 및 버뮤다그라스 건초가 각각 11.3 및 8.4%였고, WCRS는 4.6%로, WCRS에서 낮았다. 이는 벼를 수확적기보다 약 30일정도 늦게 수확한 것에 기인하고 있다. DMI는 비유초기, 중기 및 후기에서 각각 T가 C보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 유량은 비유초기, 중기 및 후기 모두 처리간 유의적 차 이는 없었다(p>0.05). 실험 기간 중 평균유량도 C 및 T가 각각 26.9 및 26.3kg으로 처리간 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 유 지율, 유단백 및 총고형물에서 각 비유기 공히 처리 간에 유의적 인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 두당 조수입은 C가 21,141원, T가 21,915원으로 T에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 유사비는 T가 22.9%로 C의 27.8%보다 낮았다. 이상에서 수입산 건초 대신 WCRS로 20% 대체 급여하여도 산유량 및 유성분에 유의적인 차이가 없으 며 수익은 높아 경제성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives and silo density on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR (“Youngwoo”) was harvested at 49.7% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 500 kg bale silo with two different compaction pressures at 430 kgf (kilogram-force)/cm2 (LOW) and 760 kgf/cm2 (HIGH) densities. All WCR forage were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants (Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1) with 1:1 ratio at 1x105 colony forming unit/g (INO). The concentrations of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 49.7, 9.59, 2.85, 6.74, 39.7, and 21.9%, respectively. Microbial additives and silo density did not affect the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p>0.05). The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001), but higher propionate (p<0.001). The LOW silages had higher lactate (p=0.004). The INO silages had higher yeast count (p<0.001) and aerobic stability (p<0.001). However, microbial counts and aerobic stability were not affected by silo density. Therefore, this study concluded that fermentation quality of WCR silage improved by microbial additives, but no effects by silo density.

본 시험은 사료용 벼의 생산 및 이용 확대를 위해 한우에 대한 급여 효과를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 경기도 평택에서 생산된 사료용 벼를 활용하여 TMR 사료를 조제하였고 한우 육성우 16두를 대상으로 29개월령까지의 생장능력과 육질특성 변화를 조사하였다. 생산된 사료용 벼 사일리지는 수분함량이 64.02%, 조단백질 함량이 7.54%로 나타났으며 육성기에는 약 45% 정도를 배합하였고 비육기(전기, 중기 및 후기)에는 각각 35, 15 및 9% 로 낮추어 배합하였다. 체중은 WCR-TMR 급여구가 비육중기와 후기에 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 무거웠고, 종료시(29개월령)는 대조구가 631 kg/head 였으나 WCR-TMR급여구는 647 kg/head 로 무거웠다. 일당증체는 육성기와 비육전기에 WCR-TMR급여구가 유의적으로 높았으며 비육중기 및 후기는 차이가 없었다. 전 기간에 있어서는 0.71 vs 0.75 kg/head/day 로 WCR-TMR급여구가 높게 나타났다. 육량에 있어서는 대조구의 등지방 두께(11.7 mm)가 WCR-TMR급여구(9.3 mm)보다 유의적으로 두껍게 나타났다(P<0.05). 등심단면적, 도체중 및 육량지수에서는 차이가 없었다. 육질에 있어서는 Marbling score가 WCR-TMR급여구에서 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도에 있어서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 사료용 벼 위주 TMR 급여는 가축의 생산성을 개선시켰으나 육질에 있어서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 조사료 사정이 열악한 나라에서는 사료용 벼의 생산 및 이용이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of different cutting lengths on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR was harvested at the yellow ripe stage (43.7%, DM), and then cut at 5 (R05), 10 (R10), and 20 cm (R20) of the theoretical length of cut with no cut WCR (R60). Each forage was ensiled into 20 L mini bucket silo (5 kg) for 150 days in quadruplicates. The cutting lengths were not affected the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p > 0.05). The pH (p < 0.001) and concentration of ammonia-N (p = 0.022) in WCR silage were increased linearly with the increase of cutting length. The concentration of lactate had quadratic effect (p = 0.007), which was highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetate was increased linearly (p = 0.014), but the concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (p = 0.033). The lactic acid bacteria count was decreased linearly (p = 0.017), and yeast count had quadratic effect (p = 0.009), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). Aerobic stability had strong quadratic effect (p < 0.001), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R60 silage had highest pH by a linear increase of ammonia-N concentration and led to low aerobic stability. While R20 silage had the lowest pH by high lactate concentration and led to high aerobic stability.

This study was to evaluate the feed value of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) and to investigate a suitable ratio of the WCRS and concentrate by an analysis of rumen fermentation. A total of 6 treatments were used according to WCRS: concentrate ratio on in vitro rumen fermentation: T1 (100:0), T2 (60:40), T3 (40:60), T4 (20:80), T5 (10:90), and T6 (0:100). The ruminal pH, total gas emission, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were determined as fermentation parameters. Total nutrients digestibility trial was conducted by 4 treatments according to WCRS: concentrate ratio at 40:60 (W40), 20:80 (W20), and 10:90 (W10), respectively. Feed value was analyzed according to AOAC (2019) and nutrient digestibility was calculated based on NRC (2001). The levels of crude protein (CP), crude fat, and neutral detergent fiber of the WCRS were 12.29%, 1.67%, and 59.79%, respectively. It was found to be 51.49% as a result of predicting the total digestible nutrient of WCRS using the NRC (2001) model. In vitro rumen fermentation, T4, T5, and T6 treatments showed a greater gas emission and total VFA concentration compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Acetate and acetate to propionate ratio of T4, T5, and T6 were significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the level of propionate and butyrate according to the WCRS: concentrate ratio (p<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter and CP was significantly lower in W40 than in other treatments (p<0.05); however, there was no difference in W20 and W10. In conclusion, the 20:80 (WCRS: concentrate) is beneficial for stabilizing the rumen that does not inhibit rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. This ratio might have a positive effect on the economics of farms as a valuable feed.

This study was carried out to find out the changes in the growth characteristics and feed value of the three different whole-crop silage rice cultivars of whole-crop silage rice such as Jonong, Yeongwoo and Mogwoo to develop an efficient double cropping system. This study showed that there were significant differences biomass and feed values among cultivars but no clear difference among transplanting dates. Dry weight and height were in order of Mogwoo, Yeongwoo, Jonong (p<0.05). Dry weight and feed value of Jonong showed no significant difference after 21 days after heading (DAH), it was expected to be harvested before DAH 30 days. Yeongwoo showed a lower dry weight than Mogwoo, but heading date was earlier than Mogwoo, so one can expect a higher feed value than Mogwoo. Mogwoo had lower crude protein and total digestible nutrient than the other two cultivars but relative feed value in stem was higher than that of the other cultivars, but had higher dry weight than other cultivars so it was considered to take an advantage as a silage rice. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the selection of whole-crop silage rice on the cropping system be made comprehensively by considering the heading characteristics of the cultivars and the feed value.

In this study, whole crop rice samples were used to develop near-infrared reflectance (NIR) equations to estimate six forage quality parameters: Moisture, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Ash and relative feed value (RFV). A population of 564 whole crop rice representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Undried finely chopped whole crop rice samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680–2500 nm and the optical data recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The correlation coefficients of cross-validation (R2 cv) and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) for whole crop rice calibration were 0.98 (SECV 1.81%) for moisture, 0.89 (SECV 0.50%) for CP, 0.86 (SECV 1.79%) for NDF, 0.89 (SECV 0.86%) for ash, and 0.84 (SECV 5.21%) for RFV on a dry matter (%), respectively. The NIRS calibration equations developed in this study will be useful in predicting whole crop rice quality for these six quality parameters.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice based TMR on the meat quality of Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). Sixteen Hanwoo steers (average 8 months old) were divided into the control group (commercially marketed TMR) and the WCR-TMR group (whole crop rice based TMR). Feeding trials were carried out up to 30 months of age, and after slaughter, the strip loin were collected and analyzed for meat quality. There were no significant differences in proximate compositions of Hanwoo (P>0.05), and crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were 19.51∼20.23 %, 11.53∼11.35 % and 1.10∼1.12 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in water holding capacity and cooking loss between treatments (P>0.05), but it was slightly lower in the control group. Among the various functional components in meat, β-carotene was not detected, but α-tocopherol was significantly higher in WCR-TMR group and vitamin A content in control (P<0.05). The a*-value in the meat color index decreased significantly with longer storage period in the control group, whereas the WCR-TMR fed group showed no significant difference (P>0.05) according to the storage period. There were no difference between the treatments in the TBARS (2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value used as an indicator of lipid oxidation and in fatty acid content. But the control group had high myristic acid content, whereas the WCR-TMR supplemented group showed higher oleic acid and linoleic acid content. In conclusion, feeding of WCR based-TMR increased the α-tocopherol content, which is a functional ingredient in meat, and the other components were not significantly different from the control. Therefore, it was judged that there was no significant difference between WCR based and conventional TMR in meat quality characteristics.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice (WCR) based TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. WCR “Yeongwoo”was harvested at yellow ripen stage and ensiled for 60 days. The crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 8.4 %, 28.0 %, 53.8 %, 72.4 % and 66.8 %, respectively. For silage quality, pH was 4.37 and lactic and butyric acid content were 2.84 and 0.04 % in DM. Sixteen Hanwoo steers (8-mon-old) were allocated into either a control (commercial TMR) and WCR-TMR (WCR-based TMR) group. The TMR were fed according to the feeding stage phase: growing (Initiate∼14 month), early fattening (15 month∼21 month) and late fattening (22 month∼30 month). The body weight of control group increased (P<0.05) until early fattening stage, but late growing stage of WCR-TMR group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in WCR-TMR group (total 0.78 kg/head) compared to control (total 0.66 kg/head) except for late fattening stage. The marketing weight and carcass weight were higher in WCR-TMR group (726 vs 765 kg; 417.8 vs 450.4 kg). The back fat thickness (11.75 vs 13.00 mm), Longissimus dorsi area (88.00 vs 89.88 ㎠) and yield index (65.87 vs 64.30) were not different between the two groups (P>0.05) and also no difference in meat yield grade (A : B : C = 2 : 4 : 2). Marbling score (4.00 vs 4.13), meat color (4.75 vs 4.75), fat color (3.13 vs 2.88), texture (1.25 vs 1.50) and maturity (2.00 vs 2.00) were not significant difference between the two groups and meat quality grade (1++:1+:1:2:3=0:2:4:2:0) was also not different. In conclusion, TMR feeding based on WCR silage showed superiority in carcass yield and ADG compared to control TMR. It is considered that the use of WCR for feed is a necessary option for the substitution of the imported forages and the government's policy for rice production adjustment.

In this study, we aim to evaluate the phenoilcs profile of fresh freeze dried whole crop rice (FWCR) sample by HPLC–DAD analysis. Firstly, the fresh whole crop rice (before heading stage) was dried using liquid nitrogen and then powdered sample was extracted using methanol-water. The extract was quantified phenolics and flavonoids content by HPLC-DAD. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the FWCR contained six phenolic acids including; caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and chlorogenic acid, prophyl gallate in addition to five flavonoids; rutin, vitexin, luteolin, qurecetin and kaempferol. Results indicated that ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the major soluble phenolic acids in FWCR, and their concentrations were 3.1 and 2.65 mg/g DW. It can be summarized that the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in FWCR enhance the palatability and feed intake of ruminants.

본 시험은 남부지역 논에서 사료용 벼와 월동작물은 연계하여 연간 생산성을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 사료용 벼는 국립식량과학원에서 육성된 수원 605호, 영우, 목우 품종을 이용하였으며 월동작물로 호밀(곡우), IRG(그린팜) 그리고 트리티케일(조성)을 이용하였다. 각각의 작물은 표준재배법을 이용하여 재배하였으며 사료용 벼의 수확은 품종별로 출수 약 30일후에 실시하였다. 월동사료작물의 초장은 호밀이 가장 컸으며 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 건물함량은 이탈리안라이그라스가 가장 낮았으며 트리티케일이 평균 29.4%로 가장 높았다. 건물 수량은 호밀이 가장 높았으며 이탈리안라이그라스와 트리티케일은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 사료가치는 파종시기에 따른 차이는 없었으나 초종간에는 차이가 있었다. 특히 호밀은 다른 초종에 비해 CP, IVDMD, TDN 및 RFV 수치가 낮게 나타났다. 사료용 벼 출수기는 수원 605호가 가장 빨랐으며 목우가 가장 늦었다. 건물함량은 목우가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으나 건물생산량은 평균 18,484kg/ha로 품종간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료가치에 있어는 목우의 조단백질 함량이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 TDN 및 RFV 값은 목우가 가장 높았다. 연간 생산성 평가에 있어서는 호밀-수원 605호가 86,741kg/ha로 가장 높은 생초수량을 나타내었으며 건물수량도 26,515kg/ha로 가장 높았다. 트리티케일과 IRG도 수원 605와의 작부체계시 건물 및 TDN 생산성이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 남부지역에서의 사료용 벼를 이용한 연중 사료작물 생산체계시 수원 605호와 호밀 (곡우) 조합이 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다.