Background: More women than men experience genu recurvatum, which can lead to knee pain and arthritis if left unattended. Pilates combined with taping is a suitable rehabilitation method for women with genu recurvatum. Objectives: To aimed the effect of taping and Pilates stabilization exercise on physical alignment and improvement of genu recurvatum in women with genu recurvatum. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one women were divided into three groups: taping group (back of knee taping and quadriceps femoris taping, n=7), Pilates exercise group (hip, knee and abdominal muscles exercise, n=7), and combined group (taping with pilates exercise, n=7). The measured variables were sagittal plane alignment and back and abdominal muscle, knee flexor and extensor strength. Results: After the intervention, all sagittal plane alignments were significantly improved in both the Pilates and combined groups. Sagittal plane alignment was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the taping group. Back and abdominal muscle strength were significantly improved in the Pilates and combined groups compared with the taping group. Knee flexor and extensor were significantly improved in the combined group compared with the Pilates group and in the Pilates group compared with the taping group. Conclusion: Pilates exercise with taping or Pilates exercise alone was effective intervention methods to improve physical alignment and strength in women with genu recurvatum.

Using UV nanoimprint lithography(UV-NIL), 1-dimensional(1-D) pattern structures were fabricated on a hybrid mixture thin film of lanthanum oxide and a UV-curable resin. 1-D pattern on a wafer fabricated by the laser interference lithography was transferred to polydimethylsiloxane and this is used as a mold of UV-NIL process. Conducting an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, C 1s and La 3d spectra were analyzed, and it was confirmed that hybrid thin film was successfully deposited on glass substrate. Also, transferred pattern structure was observed by using an atomic force microscopy. Through this, it was revealed that agglomerations between 1-D pattern were increased as UV irradiation time increased and this phenomenon disrupted the quality of NIL process. Additionally, liquid crystal(LC) cells with patterned hybrid thin films were fabricated and LC alignment performances were investigated. Using the polarizing optical microscopy and the crystal rotation method, LC alignment state and pretilt angles were observed. Consequently, the uniform homogeneous LC alignment was achieved at UV irradiation time of 1min and 3min where high resolution pattern transfer was observed.

Using lanthanum zinc oxide (LZO) film with the ion-beam irradiation, uniform and homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment was achieved. To fabricate the LZO thin film on glass substrate, solution process was conducted as a deposition method. Cross-polarized optical microscopy (POM) and the crystal rotation method reveal the state of LC alignment on the ion-beam irradiated LZO film. Between orthogonally placed polarizers, POM image showed constant black color with regular transmittance. Furthermore, collected incidence angle versus transmittance curve from the crystal rotation method revealed that the LC molecules on the ion-beam irradiated LZO film were aligned homogeneously. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted to reveal the relationship between the ion-beam irradiation and the LC alignment. The ion-beam irradiation changed the LZO film surface to rougher than before by etching effect. Numerical roughness values from AFM analysis supported this phenomenon specifically. XPS analysis showed the chemical composition change due to the ion-beam irradiation by investigation of O 1s, La 3d and Zn 2p spectra. The ion-beam irradiation induced the breakage of chemical bonds in the LZO film surface and this occurred surface chemical anisotropic characteristics for uniform LC alignment.

Background: Although studies have been conducted on muscle thickness and balance in trunk stabilization exercise and exercise using vibration props, studies on trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration for spinal alignment are still insufficient to draw a conclusion. Objectives: To investigate the effect of trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration on the spinal alignment in adult females. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-six adult females were randomly assigned to the experimental group (active vibration) and 13 control groups (active non-vibrating) and exercised three times a week for 8 weeks. Each group was measured for spinal alignment before exercise and 8 weeks after exercise. Spinal alignment, trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, and pelvic torsion were measured using a spinal alignment analyzer. Results: Trunk imbalance was a significantly different depending on the time in the experimental group and the control group (P<.05). Pelvic tilt was a significant difference between the groups (P<.05). Also, pelvic tilt was a significantly different depending on the time in the experimental group (P<.05), but the control group showed no significant difference (P>.05). Pelvic torsion was no significant difference in both groups (P>.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration has a positive effect on the alignment of the spine.

목적 : 골프공과 퍼터의 조준보조선의 유무, 개수 및 골프 경력이 퍼팅 시 정렬에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 최근 1년간 필드에서 자신의 평균 점수를 알고 사시와 약시가 없는 43명(48.3±10.07세 및 –0.07± 0.74 logMAR)을 대상자로 선정하였으며, 퍼팅 거리 1.5 m 및 3 m에서 조준보조선이 0개, 1개 및 3개인 골프공 과 1개 및 3개인 퍼터를 이용하여 퍼팅 시 정렬 오차를 측정하였다. 결과 : 골프공 및 퍼터의 조준보조선의 유무, 개수 및 골프 경력에 따른 퍼팅 시 정렬 오차를 분석한 결과, 골 프공 정렬의 정확성은 조준보조선 및 핸디캡에 따른 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 퍼터 정렬의 정확성은 조준보조선이 1개인 퍼터에 비해 3개인 퍼터에서 증가한 것으로 나타났고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 예상 퍼팅 성공률과 주관적 만족도는 조준보조선이 1개인 골프공 및 퍼터에 비해 3개인 골프공 및 퍼터에서 모두 증가하였다. 결론 : 골프공 및 퍼터의 정렬은 전체 퍼팅 수행 과정의 일부분이며, 골프공 및 퍼터의 조준보조선은 정렬 오차 를 일부 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 보다 명확한 분석을 위해 운동학적 측면과 시기능을 모두 고려한 후 속 연구가 반드시 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Background: Adults with forward head posture (FHP) often suffer from thoracic hyperkyphosis and thoracic dysfunction, and including reduction of the craniovertebral angle (CV angle) and tightening of the superficial neck muscles. In order to treat thoracic dysfunction, interventions aimed at improving thoracic mobility are necessary. Objectives: To examine the effects of maitland manual mobilization therapy on the thoracic spine in adults with FHP. Design: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty adults with FHP who met the selection criteria were randomized to the thoracic multiple joint mobilization (TMJM; n=15) group and the thoracic general joint mobilization (TGJM; n=15) group. Joint mobilizations were performed for 23 minutes a day for 4 weeks continuously, two times per week. Outcome measures were ImageJ, BTS FREE EMG 1000, neck disability Index (NDI). Results: Although changes in the left sternocleidomastoid muscle activity and NDI scores over time between the two groups differed, other variables were noted only changes observed over time. Muscle activity in the right sternocleidomastoid increased again in the TGJM group post-intervention and 2 weeks after the end of the experiment, but changes in other variables were retained or improved, confirming the lasting effects of thoracic joint mobilization. Conclusion: Thoracic multiple joint mobilization may be recommended as a more effective intervention for adults with FHP.

Background : There is lack of studies on the effects of the bag-carrying style on the shoulder muscles and body alignment in adults with rounded shoulder posture (RSP). Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various bag-carrying styles on muscle tone, muscle stiffness and spinal alignment in 20 adults with RSP as they were walking on a treadmill. Design : Crossover Study Design. Methods: A subject performed treadmill walking for 15 minutes at a speed of 4 ㎞/ｈ while carrying three different types of bags: a backpack, a cross bag, and a shoulder bag. Results : The results showed that the main effect of timing was observed in the muscle tone for all the variables and in muscle stiffness only for the upper and lower trapezius muscles. As for the main effect of timing, the muscle tone of the upper trapezius and the pectoralis major significantly increased in all conditions, while the muscle tone of the lower trapezius significantly decreased in all conditions. The muscle stiffness of the upper trapezius significantly increased in all conditions, while the muscle stiffness of the lower trapezius significantly decreased in all conditions. As for the spinal alignment, the dimple distance data values significantly decreased for the cross-bag style. Conclusions : This study demonstrated that walking with a heavy bag, regardless of the bag-carrying style, increased muscle stiffness around the shoulders in adults with rounded shoulder posture, and walking with a crossbag also induced changes in spinal alignment.

Background: Effect of cervical and lumbar tractions on the reduction in the angle of curvature and the effect of a correction exercise or a general traction method on balance, muscle strength, pain, and body alignment, however insufficient research has been undertaken on self traction exercises targeting patients with scoliosis. Purpose: To determine the effect of cervical and lumbar tractions on the reduction in the angle of curvature and the effect of a correction exercise or a general traction method on balance, muscle strength, pain, and body alignment. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blinded) Methods: Twelve adults(20s) with scoliosis were included in this study and performed a traction program that was composed of a 5-min warm-up exercise, a 15-min main exercise, and a 5-min cool-down exercise (25 minutes in total), three times a week for four weeks. The Chiro traction machine was used for the self-traction exercise. Vertebral alignment, muscle strength, and flexibility were compared before and after the intervention using the paired T-test. Results: The scoliosis angle, pelvic torsion, and lumbar extensor were significantly changed by intervention; however, there was no significant difference in flexibility. Conclusion: The results revealed that self-traction exercise activated blood flow through the extension and contraction of muscles, effectively increasing the function of the muscles around the vertebrae.

Background: Breathing is the essential step of Pilates exercise and can be used to activate core muscles. Although the effects of breathing exercise on pain, breathing muscles, and cervical posture have been extensively studied, little is known about the impact of Pilates breathing on spinal posture and alignment. Purpose: To determine the effect of 3D-Pilates breathing exercise on spinal curvature and alignment of healthy adults during corrected to normal alignment. Design: One group pre-post test design Methods: Eighteen participants were given a 3D-pilates breathing exercise twice a week (20 minutes per session) for three weeks and warmed up for 10 minutes before each exercise session. To examine spinal curvature and alignment of each subject, this study used radiation free rasterstereography (Formetric Ⅲ, Germany). Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were performed to determine the difference between pre and post exercise. Results: There were statistically significant differences in height (p<.001), kyphosis angle (p<.05), trunk imbalance (p<.05), kyphotic apex (p<.01), cervical fleche (p<.05), pelvic tilt (p<.01), and lateral deviation (p<.05) between before and after 3D Pilates breathing exercise. However, there was no significant difference in lordosis angle. Conclusions: The study results indicated that three week 3D-pilates breathing exercise program could be presented as an effective rehabilitation method for improving spinal curvature and alignment.

In this study, we studied the alignment characteristics of liquid crystal on polyimide substrate when irradiated with ion beam in oblique direction on uniformly coated polyimide substrate. The inclined irradiation angle of the ion beam was set to 30 degree, 45 degree and 60 degree and the characteristics were observed for 1 minute and 2 minutes at an ion beam irradiation intensity of 600 to 3,000 eV for each angle. The Alignment of the liquid crystals were observed using a polarized microscope after preparing antiparallel specimens. The pretilt angle of the liquid crystal using the crystal rotation method was measured, and the applicability to actual products was evaluated. Experimental results showed that uniformly aligned liquid crystals could be obtained in samples irradiated at 1 and 2 minutes with an ion beam intensity of 1200 eV or higher when irradiated with 30 degree and 45 degree tilted ion beams. And, at 60 tilted degree, It shows that uniformly aligned liquid crystals could be obtained in samples irradiated at 1 and 2 minutes with an ion beam intensity of 2400 eV or higher. The pretilt angle of the liquid crystal showed the best characteristics when irradiated with ion beam inclined at 45 degrees, and it was confirmed that the pretilt angle was 0.2 to 1.3 degrees, which is usable for horizontally oriented LCD.

건축물을 중심으로 개발된 데이터 스키마인 Industry Foundation Class(IFC)를 토목구조물에 적용하기 위하여 IFC 요소를 확장하는 노력이 진행되고 있지만, BIM소프트웨어에서 확장 IFC 기반의 정보모델을 생성하는 방법이 충분하지 않아 어려움이 따른다. 본 연구에서는 정보관리가 가능한 확장 IFC 기반의 철도 궤도부 정보모델을 생성하기 위하여 독립적인 선형중심의 철도 궤도부 요소모델을 생성하고, 생성된 모델을 기반으로 확장 IFC 기반의 모델을 생성하는 방법론을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 첫째, 철도 궤도부 요소를 연속적 구조물과 비연속적 구조물로 분류하였다. 연속적 구조물은 선형 기반 소프트웨어에서 생성하였고 이산화된 선형정보 연계를 통해 비연속 구조물을 독립적인 객체로 생성하고 이들을 통합하여 철도 궤도부 정보모델을 생성하였다. 둘째, 철도 궤도부의 정보관리를 위한 분류체계 및 확장 IFC 스키마를 제시하였다. 마지막으로 속성정보와 User-interface를 활용하여 객체의 의미정보를 식별하여 확장 IFC 요소와 매핑하였다. 제시한 방법론을 통하여 오송철도종합시험선로를 대상으로 정보관리가 가능한 확장 IFC 기반의 정보모델을 생성됨을 확인하고 실용성을 검증하였다.

갭색법(gap & sag method)은 선박 건조과정에서 축을 조립하기 전 최종적으로 축이 축계정렬 설계치와 동일한 위치에 거치되었는지의 여부를 확인하기 위해 사용되고 있는 방법이며, 조립 전 프로펠러축을 기준축으로 하여 양 축의 플랜지에서 축 자중에 의해 발생하는 갭색값을 통해 나머지 축계의 위치를 순차적으로 확정해 나간다. 만일 설계치와 다르게 기준축이 거치되는 경우 연쇄적으로 나머지 축의 거치에 영향을 주게 된다. 또한, 축 조립 후 검증과정에서 측정된 베어링 반력이 설령 설계치를 만족하더라도 선미관 후부측에서의 프로펠러축과 베어링간 상대적경사각을 추정할 수 없게 됨으로써 결과적으로 축계의 안정성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 실제 선미관 베어링 발열 및 개방검사 사례를 통해 선미관 베어링 유효지지점에 관한 이론계산 및 실측치분석 연구를 수행하고 이를 바탕으로 축계 정렬오차를 최소화하기 위한 축계 시공방법을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of manual therapy on lower extremity alignment in pelvic malalignment. The subjects were 20 adults with pelvic malalignment. They were divided into two groups: manual therapy group (n=10) and stretching exercise group (n=10). Each group performed the intervention two times per week for 4 weeks. The lower extremity alignment was measured by pelvic deviation, functional leg length inequality, and plantar pressure distribution, which were measured between pre- and post-test. In the result of pelvic deviation, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test of the manual therapy group and stretching exercise group. In the result of the functional leg length inequality, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- test of the manual therapy group. In the result of plantar pressure distribution, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- test of the manual therapy group. These findings suggest manual therapy improves the pelvic deviation, functional leg length inequality, and plantar pressure distribution in the pelvic malalignment.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of upper thoracic mobilization on cervical alignment in stroke patients with forward head posture. The subject's of this study were two stroke patients with forward head posture and a cervical curve angle (four-line Cobb's method; FLCM) less than 40°. The intervention, central posterior-anterior (PA) mobilization, was applied to the T1-T4 vertebrae (upper thoracic spine) following the Maitland concept. This mobilization was applied three times per week for four weeks. In the results, the cervical curve angle (FLCM) increased for both subject 1 and 2. However, Jochumsen method score was decreased in subject 1, while it was increased in subject 2. These results demonstrate that upper thoracic mobilization had the positive effect on the cervical curve angle but not on Jochumsen method score. These findings suggest that PA mobilization on the upper thoracic spine could correct cervical curve angle measured by FLMC in stroke patients with FHP.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of chiropractic treatment on the alignment of the lower extremities and plantar pressure in subjects with pelvic misalignment. The study included 20 subjects with pelvic misalignment. They were divided into two groups: the chiropractic treatment group (n=10) and stretching group (n=10). They performed the intervention for 10 minutes, twice a week, for weeks, and pelvic displacement, functional leg length, and plantar pressure were measured In chiropractic group, both pelvic displacement and plantar pressure distribution were significantly decreased and leg length difference was significantly increased (p<.05). However, in the stretching group, only pelvic displacement was significantly reduced (p<.05), and leg length difference and plantar pressure distribution decreased slightly. There was no significant difference in all variables between the groups. This study suggests that chiropractic and stretching are effective in changing pelvic displacement, leg length difference, and plantar pressure distribution.