The epidemiological associations between poultry farm biosecurity measures and the 2016/18 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemics were evaluated using a multivariate logistic model. In the model, 11 biosecurity measures were used as independent variables in the model: a security fence to keep wild birds out of the farm, a security gate on the farm, a farm signboard, number of footbaths for disinfecting footwear, number of anterooms, U-shaped disinfection farm gate, a tunnel-shaped disinfection farm gate, a high-pressure disinfectant fogging farm gate, disinfectant booth for farm workers and visitors, high-pressure disinfectant sprayer in the farm, and personnel disinfectant sprayer in the farm. Two hundred and eighty-eight poultry farms (144 HPAI-confirmed and 144 non-confirmed) were used as the dependent variable. The numbers of footbaths and anterooms were converted to a categorical measurement format using a general additive model. The likelihood of an HPAI outbreak in a poultry farm with a fence to prevent contact between wild birds and domestic fowl was less than that of farms without a fence (OR: 0.54, P value: 0.01). The Akaike information criterion score of the multivariate model (370.91) was less than that of the univariate logistic model for each biosecurity measure. From an HPAI control perspective, it is recommended for poultry farmers to construct a wild bird-proof fence to decrease the HPAI outbreak risk.

As world become closer and many people travel around the world, infectious diseases are likely to be prevalent, Dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus would become endemic diseases in many places in the world as climate is more likely to be fit to mosquito vectors than before. As a matter of fact, Aedes albopictus mediating these diseases became endemic species in Japan and France recently. One of the things that we employ is that we need to apply the Internet of Things concept in disease vector control soon to increase the accuracy of vector species in time as they are present unexpectedly. Here in this presentation, many lines of current state-of-the-art technologies to control the disease vectors using big data informatics application and machine learning strategies. With this trend, this presentation will add future directions of integrated vector management with new research endeavors to monitor the population of disease vectors concisely and precisely, Application of internet of things (IoT) in disease vector management will be addressed in this presentation. This will change future research and development of apparatus to monitor and control disease vectors.

1983년 대학 2학년 때 ‘식물분류학 및 실험’ 과목을 수강하면서 우리나라 곤충상을 제대로 밝혀 보겠다는 포부를 가지고 곤충분류연구실에 문을 두드렸던 기억이 여전히 생생합니다. 그를 계기로 다듬이벌레목 및 딱정벌레목의 바구미상과를 연구대상으로 곤충분류학에 입문하였습니다. 그 결과물로 한국산 바구미류에 대하여 2000년에는 373종, 2001년에는 150종에 대한 ‘원색도감’을 발간하게 되었으며, 2011～2014년에는 대한민국생물지 ‘한국의 곤충 - 바구미류 Ⅰ～Ⅴ권’을 발간함으로써 한반도 바구미상과 곤충상에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 수 있었습니다. 1990년부터 농업해충 연구를 시작, 가옥해충 관리 분야에 관심을 가지게 되면서 1996년에 ‘저장곡물해충의 유충검색 및 생태’ 책자 및 2017년에 ‘저장곡물해충 및 위생해충(파리류) 도감’을 발간하였으며, 이 저장곡물해충으로부터 식품에서 문제를 일으킬 곰팡이독소 생성 병원균을 분리․동정(2018)하여 저장식품 관리의 기초를 제공하는 한편, 2008년에는 ‘박물관과 유해생물 관리’ 책자를 발간하여 문화재 관리에서 해충의 중요성을 일깨웠습니다. 1999년부터는 식물검역업무와 인연을 맺게 되면서 검역현장에서 필요로 하는 검역해충의 동정기술을 개발하여 식물검역관 교육에 힘쓰는 한편, 세계적으로 이슈화 되고 있는 침입외래해충에 대한 생물안보 분야 연구에 집중하게 되었습니다. 그 결과로 ‘외래해충의 검출 및 유입현황 분석(2012～2019)’과 ‘주요 침입해충종의 유입경로 파악(잔디왕 바구미(2009), 미국선녀벌레(2015, 2016), 꽃매미(2013), 블루베리혹파리(2015), 유럽좁쌀바구미(2018))’을 통해 생물안 보 업무에 되먹임(feedback) 및 과학적인 도구로 활용될 수 있도록 하였습니다. 2013년부터는 대학에서 친환경 해충관리 분야 연구를 집중하고 있습니다. 그 결과로 ‘노린재류 및 씨살이좀벌, 알락하늘소류 해충에 대한 효과적인 천적 탐색(2015～2018)’ 및 ‘인공알을 이용한 천적의 대량증식 기술(2018)’을 개발하여 종합적 해충관리의 학문적 발전을 유도하고 있습니다. 또한 산림청으로부터 수목진단센터를 유치하여 운영하는 한편, 나무의사제도의 안정적인 정착을 위해 생활권 수목에서 문제시 되는 해충을 올바르게 진단하고 효과적으로 관리할 수 있도록 산림해충 연구에 집중하고 있으며, 2019년 3월에는 ‘수목해충학’ 책자를 교재로 발간하였습니다. 오늘 송정곤충학상을 수상하게 됨을 계기로 제 자신을 뒤돌아보면서 농림해충관리 및 생물안보 분야에 있어서 농민 및 관계자 분들에게 조금이나마 유용한 정보 및 기술을 제공할 수 있도록 알찬 연구 및 후학양성에 더욱 매진할 것을 다짐해 봅니다. 우리나라 응용곤충학 분야의 권위 있는 송정곤충학상을 수상하게 되어 개인적으로 큰 기쁨이고 영광이라 생각하면서 한편으론 송구스럽기도 합니다. 저 자신의 노력보다는 연구방향을 지도편달해주신 많은 선생님 및 선배님, 같이 연구해온 많은 동료 및 후배님들 덕분에 이러한 영광을 누릴 수 있음을 밝히면서 한국응용곤충학회 모든 회원님들께 깊이 감사를 드립니다.

Interception data pertaining to Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera collected at the Korean quarantine border were cross-checked with incursion data from 1996–2014. Overall, 114,636 interception records of 1,075 species belonging to the six orders were detected, while 33 species were confirmed as incursion species in Korea. Among the 33 species, only 14 (42.42%) were recorded as being intercepted at the quarantine border. These results indicate recent incursion species in Korea are not subject to inspection at Korean border. Among the 33 incursion species, 30 (90.90%) are agricultural pests, and 10 species (30.30%) are Hemiptera. Two factors, green house cultivation and parthenogenesis of exotic species, are suggested as reasons for successfully mounting an incursion into Korea. Taken together, the results of this study revealed that border inspections do not provide useful information to protect against occurrences of exotic species incursion and the current quarantine system needs improvement. In addition, it is necessary to consider how interception data might be collected in the future to improve its predictive power with respect to predicting incursion risk.

세계화와 경제성장으로 인한 국제교역 확대는 침입외래종(Invasive Alien specie; IAS)의 의도적 또는 비의도적 침입을 증대시키고 있다. 게다가 기후변화는 침입된 외래 병해충의 부정적인 영향을 더 증가시킬 것으로 예상되고 있다. 따라서 이러한 식물위생분야의 위험을 전략적․종합적으로 분석하고 관리할 수 있기 위해 서는 현행 시스템의 획기적인 개선이 요구된다. 특히 이전의 소극적․방어적인 '식물 검역(Quarantine)'에서 적극적․선제적인 '생물안보(Biosecurity)'로의 발상전환과 함께 현행 식물위생관리시스템에 대한 경제성 분석을 통한 선택과 집중, 제한된 자 원의 효율적인 배분을 통한 안전성 극대화, 외래병해충의 원산지에서부터의 사전 방어 및 조기대응 시스템 구축이 시급하다. 더 나아가서는 '생물안보 거버넌스 (Biosecurity Governance)' 구축을 통해 민․관․학이 상호 긴밀하고 유기적으로 연결 될 수 있는 방안이 마련되어야 한다.

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a significant horticultural pest native to Australia, and currently with a limited global distribution. However it can tolerate very heterogeneous climatic and vegetation conditions and has recently invaded California with considerable consequences for US international and domestic trade. A genetic factor that may contribute to its environmental adaptability, and consequently invasive capability, is the phosphoglucose isomerase gene (pgi). This gene codes for a key enzyme in the second step of glycolysis and for which the isozyme composition has been associated with the fitness and dispersal capacity of other moths. As a first step, to determine if this locus is variable within E. postvittana, novel primers were designed enabling access to 957 bp of the coding region across exons 4 to 11 of pgi. Exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) primers were then designed to compare sequences of 17 specimens across one laboratory and three wild New Zealand populations from a laditudinal range of ~39-45°S. A total of 70 segregating sites in the exons were found, including 61 synonymous and nine nonsynonymous. Introns 3 to 11 (excluding intron 10) were also sequenced for 13 individuals revealing significant length variation within and between introns and populations. The level of variation revealed here indicates that this could be a useful target gene to assess fitness factors associated with invasibility of E. postvittana.

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a significant horticultural pest native to Australia, and currently with a limited global distribution. However it can tolerate very heterogeneous climatic and vegetation conditions and has recently invaded California with considerable consequences for US international and domestic trade. By comparing the climatic conditions of its native (Australia) and long-established (New Zealand) ranges to the rest of the world using CLIMEX, it was suggested that E. postvittana has potential to establish mainly in countries in Central and South America, southern Africa, west Europe and South-east Asia. However, the predicted global distribution of E. postvittana using a new multiple-species-distribution model system suggested that there are additional climatically suitable areas around the world where this species could potentially survive and establish. Our study provides basic but important information for further assessment of the establishment capacity of this species in new habitats, wihch will provide the knowledge required to make science-based decisions in biosecurity.

Chemical ecology has been useful in various aspects of biosecurity that requires dynamic multidisciplinary practices. Some techniques and research outcomes have already been incorporated as routine practices in biosecurity, while many others are yet to come. Many pheromones and other semiochemicals have been being used as highly sensitive, species-specific detection and surveillance tools. When different species interact each other, specific volatile chemicals are often produced. Detection of these specific signature volatile compounds can also be used as an early diagnostic tool. Highly sensitive and discriminating olfactory tissues can be used as low-level chemical sensors. Risk analysis is an important component of biosecurity program. The range of host plants may be predictable by using information on ORN response profiles of a given species and on volatile chemical profiles of the candidate plants. In a study using two Cydia species as a model system, we hypothesize that combinational input from two different groups of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), antagonist ORNs and agonist ORNs, may play a key role in discriminating host plants from non-host plants. Semiochemicals can be used as delimitation and eradication tools against invading species. For example, mass trapping with pheromone traps, combined with some other means such as sterile insect technique, effectively eradicated the painted apple moth, an invasive species, in New Zealand. A cooperative research program among New Zealand, USA and Australia is currently underway to use semiochemicals to eradicate the light brown apple moth invading California. Chemical ecology in aquatic environment has been poorly understood. Semiochemicals for marine organisms would also be useful to improve marine biosecurity.

This paper provides an overview of the Australian Plant Biosecurity System, based on the concept of a biosecurity continuum with pre-border, border and post border components. Particular focus is given to the post border component; preparedness and response to plant pest incursions. Also discussed are initiatives to incorporate all elements of biosecurity including potential production, social and environmental impacts within a uniform and consistent framework, the Australian Biosecurity System for Primary Production and the Environment.