Background: Effective trunk stabilization has been a cornerstone in physiotherapy, particularly for individuals with lower back issues. While bridging exercises were traditionally employed for this purpose, there has been a growing interest in their modified versions to optimize therapeutic benefits. Objectives: To investigated the differential effects of traditional and modified bridging exercises, particularly when varying leg support and integrating abduction maneuvers during sling-assisted exercises, on trunk muscle responsiveness. Design: Cross-Sectional study. Methods: A group of twenty participants was subjected to three exercise protocols: Bilateral Limb Bridging (BLB), Single Limb Bridging (SLB), and Single Limb Bridging combined with Hip Abduction (SLBHA). Using Surface Electromyography (EMG), the study captured the activation patterns of the Internal Oblique (IO), Erector Spinae (ES), and Multifidus (MF) muscles. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc examination for detailed insights. For data consistency, normalization was executed based on Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contractions, and EMG data interpretation was conducted using the RMS technique. Results: The most prominent variations in muscle activation were identified in the IO muscles on both sides. The left IO displayed marked activation disparities between BLB vs. SLB and SLB vs. SLBHA. Analogous observations were made for the right IO when comparing BLB to SLBHA and BLB to SLB. Conversely, ES and MF muscle activations remained consistent across the different exercises. Conclusion: Modified bridge exercises with sling-assisted leg supports with abduction can selectively activate IO muscles, with a noticeable asymmetrical effect favoring the left side.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the function of stroke patients could be improved by simultaneously performing bridging and masticating exercises. And, this was tested by examining whether the effects of arousal and cognitive improvement due to mastication muscle activity could affect exercise ability. Objectives: To compare the effects, the movement of the center of pressure and the stability limit change were measured using a balance analysis platform (BT4). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, 36 chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to either single training group of the bridging exercise or combined training group that performed both the bridging exercise and the mastication exercise. The exercise was performed for thirty minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks. Results: In both groups, the static balance ability improved after exercise, but the dual-task training group had a better improving effect on the distance and area of the center of pressure while the eyes was open. The dynamic balance ability also improved after exercise, and the dual-task training was more effective in reducing forward, left, and right movements, but not in backward movement. Conclusion: The importance of mastication was recognized in the rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients, and it can be expected to use mastication to improve balance in stroke patients in the future.

In this paper we try to classify three kinds of Peace Island Bridging Culture such as Jeju 4.3 Peace Village, UNESCO Environmental Village and Longevity Village, which compose vision of Jeju Social Healing Villages through villager case studies. We can demonstrate Jeju as one of the world’s historical longevity islands which specialize not only environmental villages as UNESCO World Natural Heritages, Geoparks and Biosphere but also Jeju 4.3 peace village overcoming tragedy of the Jeju Massacre between 1948 50 1954.

Background: Bridging exercises are used to enhance the functional stability of the lumbopelvic region in clinical settings. Although most of the studies on bridging exercises have compared the complete activation of the trunk muscles, some recent studies have examined the functional stability of the trunk and the lumbopelvic region and assessed the appropriate recruitment of the local and global muscles during different task levels. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in muscle thickness in the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles during a common bridging exercise on an unstable surface and to determine whether these changes differ based on the surface used. Methods: Twenty-five healthy young adults (8 males, 17 females) were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the exercise progression with a sling bridge group or the ball bridging exercise progression group, each with three stages of increasing difficulty. Each position was measured three times with an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, and the mean values were recorded for analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed between the TrA, IO, or EO muscle thickness ratios between the sling and ball exercise groups (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in the EO muscle thickness ratios between the tasks irrespective of whether the sling or ball was used. However, the TrA and IO thickness ratios in both groups were significantly greater during stages 2 and 3 compared to stage 1. Conclusion: The results suggest that the use of slings and balls during bridging exercises is effective in activating the deep abdominal muscles.

Virtual Reality (VR) is no longer only a buzzword, but pronounced to be the next revolutionary platform after PCs and smartphones (Bellini et al., 2016). Up to this point research on VR has been primarily focusing on virtual product experiences (e.g.Klein, 2003; Li, Daugherty, & Biocca, 2002) or brand experiences (e.g.Van Kerrebroeck, Brengman, & Willems, 2017), whereas no research using a VR in conjunction with service concepts or provider-consumer relationships could be found. However, with service characteristics such as intangibility and a high uncertainty in purchase decisions the new technology could prove very useful in supporting customers in their purchase decisions (Lovelock & Wirtz, 2011). VR is able to simulate the consumption more similar and closer to a direct experience than other media and is hence be able to support the customer in his decision decision. Furthermore, and induced by the feeling of telepresence or spatial presence customers are transported to the virtually created service environment and hence enabled to familiarize with the service and connect with the service provider prior to the actual consumption (Balasubramanian, Konana, & Menon, 2003). The theoretical foundation lies with the Construal Level Theory (CLT) and the concept of psychological distance. As Trope and Liberman (2010) induce, objects that are closer to one’s direct experience (low psychological distance) are mentally construed on a lower (more concrete) level and thus perceived with a lower psychological distance or in other words close from the self, here, and now (Liberman & Trope, 1998; Trope & Liberman, 2010). The study at hand shows a direct positive relationship between the level of telepresence and the participants’ construal level, enabling service providers to reduce the level of psychological distance to their consumers with the help of VR. Further, the positive relationship between construal level and participants’ level of trust, risk and perceived firm knowledge could be proven as significant with the data at hand. This is both supporting and extending the existing literature (Darke, Brady, Benedicktus, & Wilson, 2016; Edwards, Lee, & Ferle, 2009). The results contribute to an increasing interest of the potential of construal level theory application in a service environment and offer great potential for service practitioners to reduce psychological distance to their customers and in the following increase trust and reduce risk, both being very central challenges when it comes to the purchase decision for services.

Many paddy cultivating farmers in the country are forced to use their limited resources to produce adequate food for their family, leading to the degradation and reduction in potential of these resources. The yield levels of paddy at the farmers’ level and in the Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted in the farmers’ fields is not at par with potential yield of the paddy variety. The gap between potential yield of crop variety and yield realized in FLDs refers to Research gap and the yield gap between FLDs and due to farmers’ practice refers to Extension gap. The earlier studies conducted in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular highlighted the existence of both research and extension gaps with reference to paddy. It is essential that, the narrowing of both research and extension gaps is not static, but dynamic considering the influence of technological interventions in boosting paddy yields at FLDs level and at farmers’ level and also with the improvement of the yield potential of paddy varieties. This calls for integrated and holistic approaches to address these two gaps and with this background, the researcher aimed at this in depth study. The findings revealed that, research gaps are high with reference to weed management and pest management and extension gaps are high with reference to farm mechanization followed by fertilizer management. Reliable source of seed, capital use and frequency of meetings with Scientists or Agricultural Officers significantly influence the extension gaps in paddy. Farmers also prioritized socio-economic and technical constraints and the analysis infers that, it is high time now for the farmers to adopt the planned technological interventions on scientific scale to minimize the extension gaps to the extent possible. As the enabling environment in the State of Andhra Pradesh is highly encouraging for the farmers with relevant policy instruments in the form of subsidized inputs, free power, credit at concessional rates of interest, constructing irrigation projects etc., the adoption of the proposed technological interventions significantly contribute to minimizing both research and extension gaps in paddy cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stable and unstable bridging exercises on the EMG activity of abdominal muscles. Twenty healthy women participated in this study and the muscle activities of left-right rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles were recorded during 4 bridging exercises (unilateral/ bilateral, stable/unstable). The activity of the right EO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in unstable condition, and left EO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right IO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in an unstable condition, and left IO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right RA muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in a stable condition, and left RA muscle produced the same result. Unstable/unilateral (USUL) represented the highest activity among the 4 exercises. EO/IO muscles represented the highest activity during the USUL exercise, and RA did so during the stable/unilateral exercise. These results suggest that specific posture (USUL) can be administered targeting a specific side of abdominal muscles.

Background: Muscle weakness and impaired trunk muscle control are common in stroke patients. The bridging exercise (BE) is generally used for trunk stabilization and improving the overall function of stroke patients. The effectiveness of the BE with hip adductor contraction (BEHA) in facilitating trunk muscle activation has been well studied in healthy adults. However, the impact of BEHA in sub-acute stroke patients has not yet been investigated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of BEHA on the electromyography (EMG) activities and the asymmetry of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) abdominal muscles. Methods: Twenty participants with sub-acute stroke (11 males and 9 females) were recruited. Each participant was asked to perform bridging exercises for five seconds under three different conditions: BE in a neutral position (BEN), BEHA with a large ball (BEHAL) and BEHA with a small ball (BEHAS). The EMG amplitudes of the bilateral RA, EO and IO and the asymmetry of the EMG activity between the sound and affected sides were compared among the conditions. The significance level was set at α=.05. Results: The EMG activities of RA, EO and IO were significantly greater during BEHAL and BEHAS than during BEN (p<.05); the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO decreased significantly during BEHAL and BEHAS compared to BEN (p<.05). However, no measured variables showed any significant differences between BEHAL and BEHAS (p>.05). Conclusion: This study compared the EMG activities of the RA, EO and IO on both sides and the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO during BEN, BEHAL and BEHAS. Our findings suggest that BEHA was more effective for individuals with hemiplegic stroke at facilitating and normalizing abdominal muscle control than BEN.

In order to address climate change, the international community established a regulatory framework in addition to adaptation and mitigation strategies being at its core, and adopted “common, but differentiated responsibility” as the fundamental principle behind the international climate change regime. However, the climate change regime has reached an impasse in recent years. This paper suggests that “common and symmetrical responsibility” should become the central organizing principle of the future climate regime in order to resolve disagreements among countries and encourage the initiative by the international community. This paper not only provides an analysis of the “bridging mechanism for adaptation and mitigation,” based primarily on the allocation of quantified emissions, limitation and reduction commitments and the sharing of multilateral climate funds, but also discusses the “cut-or-fund” scheme and “cut-and-fund” scheme in in developed and developing States, respectively under this mechanism.

본 연구에서는 사회적 자본이론을 적용하여 SNS(Social network service, 이하 SNS) 사용자들이 온라인을 통해 형성한 소셜 네트워크의 특성이 이들의 제품에 대한 관여도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석한다. 본 연구의 연구목적은 크게 두 가지이다. 첫 번째로는 SNS의 참여를 양적 참여(quantity)와 질적 참여(quality)로 나누었을 때 이들 각각이 사회자본의 형성에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 한다. 또한, SNS의 사용이 전 세계적으로 보편화 되면서 소비자 행동으로 이어지는 SNS사용과 SNS에서 형성된 사회자본이 마케터들의 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 그래서 본 연구의 두 번째 연구목적은 SNS에서 형성된 사회자본의 형태(연결적 사회자본, 결속적 사회자본)에 따라 어떤 유형의 제품(실용적, 상징적)에 대한 관여도가 영향을 받는지를 밝히고, 또 이 두 가지 형태의 사회자본이 소비자 관여도에 있어서 상호작용이 존재하는지를 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 SNS 주 이용 층인 대학교 재학생(중국, 한국, 미국) 521명을 설문 조사하여 본 연구의 연구표본으로 사용하였다. 연구결과 SNS 참여와 사회자본의 형성 사이 관계를 보았을 때, SNS 양적 참여와 질적 참여 모두 연결적 사회자본의 형성에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤고 결속적 사회자본의 형성에 있어서는 질적 참여만이 유의미한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증 되었다. 그 다음으로 SNS에서 형성된 사회자본이 소비자 구매 행동으로 이어질 때 연결적 사회자본은 실용적 제품의 관여도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤고 결속적 사회자본은 실용적 제품의 관여도에 직접적 영향은 미치지 않았지만 연결적 사회자본과 실용적 제품 관여도 사이의 정의 관계를 강화하는 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 결속적 사회자본은 상징적 제품 관여도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤고 연결적 사회자본은 상징적 제품 관여도에 직접적인 영향은 없지만 결속적 사회자본이 상징적 제품 관여도에 주는 긍정적인 영향을 강화하는 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study integrates the cognitive appraisal theory and script theory, highlighting the bridging role played by recollective memory. The relationships between visitors’ appraisals, emotions, recollection, storytelling and repurchase intention as they relate to the luxury cruise trip experience were assessed. We developed 14 theoretical hypotheses from a literature review. We then tested these hypotheses using data collected from 300 luxury cruise passengers. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first to incorporate the cognitive appraisal approach into script theory in a luxury tourism setting. Our work discloses that these two theories complement each other and recollection is the tie between them. This research reinforces the theoretical literature on cognitive appraisal and script theory. Moreover, the luxury cruise sector is under pressure due to fierce competition and as a result there is a need to acknowledge the crucial determinants of tourists’ emotional reactions. An understanding of tourists’ emotional experiences, and their antecedents and consequences will aid in the formulation of strategic marketing, segmentation, and communication efforts. The results of our study confirm that different emotional reactions can be elicited due to the power of four appraisal dimensions: appetitive goal congruence, certainty, novelty and agency. The findings not only enrich the cognitive appraisal framework and script theory literature but also provide guidance for managerial and marketing strategies of cruise industry practitioners.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different postural correction in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk and hip muscles during bridging exercises. Twenty-four healthy subjects volunteered for this study. The muscle activity was recorded with surface electrodes over the erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus maximus (GM), and hamstring (Ham) muscles; it was measured by using surface EMG equipment under the following 3 experimental conditions: manual postural correction, verbal correction, and no correction. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was determined for each muscle group in order to represent each exercise as a percentage of MVIC and allow for standardized comparison between subjects. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the EMG activities of each muscle between the 3 experimental groups. During bridging exercises, the manual postural correction on normalized EMG activity of the GM muscle during manual guiding was significantly higher than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). Furthermore, the GM/Ham ratio was significantly higher during manual guiding than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). These findings suggest that the activities of the hip and trunk muscles may be favorably modified with manual guiding during bridging exercises.

본 논문에서는 브리징 스케일 분해를 기반으로 멀티스케일 문제에 대한 설계민감도 해석법을 개발하였다. 나노 기술의 급속한 발전으로 인해 나노 수준의 해석의 필요성이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 최근 분자동역학과 연속체역학의 연성문제에서 많은 해석 방법들이 개발되었다. 본 논문에서는 연성시스템 해석을 위해 브리징 스케일 기법을 사용한다. 전체 영역의 분자동역학 시스템의 해석은 많은 양의 계산 비용이 들기때문에 분자동역학과 연속체 시뮬레이션의 연성시스템을 선호한다. 분자동역학과 연속체 수준 사이의 정보 교환은 분자동역학과 연속체의 경계에서 일어난다. 브리징 스케일 법에서 일반화된 랑지벵 방정식은 축소된 영역의 분자동역학 시스템 해석을 위하여 요구되고, 시간이력 커널을 사용하여 구한 GLE 힘은 분자동역학 시스템에서 경계에 있는 원자들에 작용한다. 그러므로 분자동역학과 연속체 수준의 시뮬레이션을 분리해서 해석할 수 있으며 계산 과정을 가속시킬 수 있다. 연성문제의 시뮬레이션 이후에는 설계의 최적화를 위해 설계민감도 해석의 필요성이 자연스럽게 나타나며 전체 시스템의 성능은 나노 스케일의 효과를 고려해서 최적화된다. 설계구배 기반 최적화에서 설계민감도가 요구되지만 유한차분법으로 구한 민감도는 문제가 대형화될 때 계산비용의 제한때문에 비실용적이나 해석적 설계민감도는 효율적인 강점을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 연성된 분자동역학-연속체 멀티스케일 문제에서 해석적 설계민감도를 유도하여 정확성과 향후 최적설계로의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

This study analyzes how different knee flexion angles affect the abdominal and pelvic muscle activity during supine bridging. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the study. We used surface electromyography (EMG) to measure how three different knee flexion angles (100°, 70°, and 40°) affected the activity of the transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), external oblique (EO), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gluteus maximus (GM) muscles on the dominant side during supine bridging. The one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance of TrA/IO, EO, BF, RF and GM muscle activity and the GM/BF activity ratio. For the TrA/IO, EO, BF, and GM muscles, supine bridging with different knee flexion angles resulted in significant differences in abdominal and pelvic muscle activity. For the TrA/IO muscles, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at 40° compared to 70°; however, there were no significant differences between 100° and 70° or 100° and 40°. For the EO muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at 40° compared to 100° and 70°; no significant difference was observed between angles 100° and 70°. For the BF muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (40°>70°>100°). For the GM muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (100°>70°>40°). However, for the RF muscle, there was no significant difference. Additionally, the GM/BF activity ratio significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle (100°>70°>40°). From these results, we can conclude that bridging with a knee flexion of 100° can strengthen the GM muscle, whereas bridging with a knee flexion of 40° is recommended to strengthen the IO, EO, and BF muscles. We can also conclude that knee flexion angles should be modified during supine bridging to increase the muscle activity of different target muscles.

The purpose of this study is to identify the bridge exercise posture for the efficient exercise by comparing the muscle activity of the lower limbs according to the changes in muscle length because of knee angle in bridge exercise. The subjects of this study were 9 randomly selected males in their 20s living in D city from those who satisfied inclusion criteria. The measured muscles were Vastus medialis oblique, Vastus lateralis, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Tensor faciae latae, and Adductor longus. Data were analyzed through paired comparison test. In the result, ST, BF, and TFL muscle activities were high when knee joint flexion angle was 90°Although in most cases higher muscle activity was shown at 90°than 60°there was no statistical significance. Interestingly, it was lower at 90°than 60°in VL. In ST, BF, and TFL, it was significantly higher at 90°han 60°(p<.05). Conclusively, knee angles in bridge exercise may affect the muscle activity, and in particular when the activity of two joint muscles such as semimenbranosus muscle, biceps femoris muscle, and tensor fasciae latae muscle increase as the angle gets higher. Therefore, it is considered that this study will provide helpful tips to develop muscular strength enforcement program for the patients with damages in the lower limbs through bridge exercise in clinical situations.

Most patients with chronic low back pain experience functional disability of trunk muscle, and limitations in physical activity. While there are many types of exercise programs available, in recent years sling exercise has been emerging as the exercise program for spinal stabilization. It has been supported by a great amount of research with positive findings on its effectiveness. This research studies the effects of bridging exercise, conducted on a sling, on pain level and trunk muscle activation in supine, sidelying, and prone positions during a 4 weeks period. 10 healthy people(normal group, n=10) and 28 patients with low back pain participated in this study. 28 patients were divided into two groups; one group participated in exercise with the sling(experimental group, n=14) and the other group exercised without the sling(control group, n=14). They were asked to use the Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) to answer to the level of their pain they felt (no pain: 0 point, severe pain: 10 points). During sling bridging exercises, the muscle activity level in each muscle measured in each position was standardized as three seconds of EMG signals during five seconds MVIC. In conclusion, the experimental group with four weeks of sling bridging exercise experienced a statistically significant reduction in the pain level(p<.05) and increase in the muscle activities of erector spinae when in supine position, internal oblique when in sidelying position, and rectus abdominis in prone position(p<.05). Regular sling bridging exercise reduces the low back pain and enhances other trunk muscle activation, thereby positively affect spinal stabilization.

The purpose of this study is to examine the activity ratios of global trunk muscles and local trunk muscles in relation to adjustments in the level of task difficulty while performing stability exercises in easily applied bridging lumbar stabilization exercise. Twenty healthy subjects performed bridging lumbar stabilization exercise while the level of task difficulty was plate was used in the same posture for all the exercises. EMG was used to examine the activity ratios of the global muscles and multifidus in relation to the level of task difficulty. Moreover, the activity ratios of the multifidus muscle, the erector spinae and the gluteus maximus muscle were measured. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used, and a Bonferroni correction was conducted (=.05). When the bridging lumbar stabilization exercise were performed at different difficulty levels, the activity of the multifidus muscle, which is a local muscle, was high in all three exercises. Also, compared to low intensity and intermediate intensity exercises, high intensity exercises showed more significant differences (=.05). Among all the muscles, the multifidus showed the highest activity at intermediate intensity. Based on these results, we suggest that in the case of bridging lumbar stabilization exercise, low intensity or intermediate intensity exercises are more suitable and efficient for local muscle stabilization.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of bridging stabilization exercise on balance ability and gait performance in elderly women. The subjects of this study were thirty-one elderly women over 65 years old in HongSung-Gun Senior Citizen Welfare Hall. The subjects were randomly assigned into one of three groups (trunk stabilization exercise on the mat, whole body vibration, and Swiss ball) and participated in each exercise program three times a week for 4 weeks. Each exercise began in the bridging position. The dynamic balance and gait were measured by limit of stability area using force plate, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). The results were as follows: 1) The limit of stability in three groups increased significantly in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral lean after 4-weeks intervention (p<.05). 2) There were no significant differences in the limit of stability among three groups after 4-weeks intervention (p>.05). 3) The BBS and TUG in three groups increased significantly after 4-weeks intervention (p<.05). 4) There were significant differences among three groups in BBS. Post-hoc test showed that Swiss ball exercise group was significantly higher than the mat and whole body vibration groups. 5) There were no significant differences TUG among three groups after 4-weeks intervention (p>.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that 4 weeks of the bridging stabilization exercises were effective on balance and gait in all three groups. Particularly Swiss ball exercise group showed higher improvement than two other exercise groups (mat, whole body vibration group).

The purpose of this study was to compare the trunk and lower extremity muscle activity induced by six different conditions floor, intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 of whole body vibration (WBV), and Swiss ball during bridging exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure trunk and lower extremity muscles activity. Ten elderly women were recruited from Hong-sung Senior Citizen Welfare Center. The collected EMG data were normalized using reference contraction (during floor bridging) and expressed as a percentage of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). To analyze the differences in EMG data, the repeated one-way analysis of variance was used. A Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. The study showed that EMG activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles were not significantly different between six different conditions of during bridging exercise (p>.05). However, there were significantly increased EMG activity of the rectus femoris (p=.034) in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, and 5 conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. EMG activity of the medial gastrocnemius were significantly increased in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 and Swiss ball conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. Future studies are required the dynamic instability condition such as one leg lifting in bridging.