The objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of EMPS (edible mushroom mycelium polysaccharide: Tremella fuciformis) in animal models with colorectal cancer induced by AOM/DSS. The experimental groups consisted of Nor (normal), NC (AOM/DSS), EMPS (EMPS 50, EMPS 100), and PC (Fluorouracil). The NC group had the highest number of colon tumors, whereas it was observed that tumor occurrence was significantly reduced in the EMPS consumption group. The expression of Bcl-2, an apoptosis inhibitor, was significantly lower in the EMPS 50 & 100 and PC groups. On the other hand, the mRNA gene expression of Bax, a factor that induces apoptosis, was significantly higher in the EMPS 50 & 100 and PC groups compared to the NC group. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and COX-2 significantly increased in the NC group, but showed a significant decrease in the EMPS and PC groups, indicating inhibition of the cancer-promoting response of cells. At the phylum level of the mice's intestinal microbial composition, the proportion of Bacteroidetes tended to decrease, while the proportion of Firmicutes tended to increase with EMPS administration. This suggests that changes in the gut microbiota caused by inflammation can be influenced by dietary intake.

버섯 다당류는 면역 조절 기능, 항암 및 항산화 활성을 비롯하여 항바이러스 활성과 방사선 스트레스의 경감 등 인체에 유익한 다양한 생리활성을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 분홍느타리버섯 (Pleurotus djamor var. roseus Corner)으 로부터 뜨거운 물과 에탄올 침전을 이용하여 5.6%의 수율로 갈색을 띠는 경화된 다당류(CPs)를 순차적으로 추출하였다. 이렇게 추출된 CP는 Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE) 및 sepharose-6B 컬럼 분리를 통해 4개의 분획을 얻었고 각 분획의 총 글루칸 함량은 각각 76.85%, 2.95%, 75.08%, 1.46%로 밝혀졌다. 이중 가장 높은 수율의 분획 (PP)으로부터 300 mg의 백색 분말이 얻어 졌으며, 박층 크로마토그래피(TLC)와 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법(FTIR) 의 결과로부터 자일로펜토스 유형의 화합물과 함께 다당류 부분의 존재를 확인하였다. PP의 항산화 활성은 1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) 자유라디칼 소거 분석 및 슈퍼옥사이드 라디칼 소거 분석을 통하여 높은 활성을 나타냄을 확인하였다. PP분획에는 페놀, 단백질 및 단순 탄수화물이 없는 정제된 베타글루칸이 주 구성성분으로, 정 제된 다당류가 천연 항산화제로 사용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 느타리(Pleurotus ostreatus)와 표고(Lentinula edodes) 버섯차 개발을 위하여 귀리(oat)와 현미(brown rice)를 부재료로 사용함으로서 버섯 특유의 향미를 저감시킴과 동시에 곡물류 특유의 고소함과 영양학적 가치 향상을 기대하였다. 이에 버섯시료의 가공방법 중 열풍건조 및 로스팅 처리에 의한 생리활성 및 영양성 분의 변화를 분석한 결과, 느타리와 표고의 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료 사이의 DPPH 라디컬 소거능과 아질산염소 거능의 차이는 크게 없었으나, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 베타글루칸 함량은 로스팅 처리에 의하여 함량치가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 로스팅 처리된 귀리와 현미의 생리활성과 영양성분을 비교한 결과, 귀리의 DPPH 라디컬 소거능 및 베타글루칸 함량은 현미에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 귀리는 높은 글루탐산(Glu) 성분 등을 포함하여 모든 아미노산 성분이 현미보다 높게 나타났다. 로스팅 버섯 시료와 부재료의 혼합비율별 추출온도 및 추출 시간 조건에 따른 생리활성 분석결과, DPPH 라디컬 소거 능은 로스팅 표고와 귀리 1:1 혼합물(LE+O)의 100 ̊C, 3분 추출조건에서 33.5%로 가장 높았으며, 아질산염소거 능은 느타리와 현미 3:1 혼합물(PO+B)의 100 ̊C, 10분 추 출조건에서 49.9%로 가장 높은 소거활성을 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 70℃의 10분 추출시간 조건에서 느타리와 현미 3:1 혼합추출물(PO+B)의 함량치가 16.2 mg GAE/g 로 가장 높았으며, 베타글루칸 함량은 표고와 현미 (LE+B) 3:1 혼합물에서 34.4%로 다른 혼합비율의 함량치에 비하여 높았다. 아미노산 분석결과, 느타리와 현미 혼 합물(PO+B) 중 1:1 혼합비율에서 필수 아미노산 성분함량이 다른 혼합비율에 비하여 높았으며, 표고와 현미 (LE+B) 혼합물 3:1의 비율에서 필수아미노산 성분 함량이 가장 높았다. 아미노산 성분 중 단맛과 감칠맛을 나타내는 성분함량이 월등히 높았던 귀리를 혼합함에 따른 느타리, 표고와 귀리 혼합물에서의 아미노산 성분함량의 상승효과는 나타나지 않았다.

As a tropical country, Indonesia emphasize the agricultural sector in its economic development. Consequently the lignocellulosic biomass material as an agricultural waste is abundantly available. On the other hand, the production and consumption of edible mushrooms in Indonesia have gradually been increasing for years. Most of them is cultivated on lignocellulosic biomass material. Based on the substrate of their cultivation, the production of edible mushrooms in Indonesia was divided into two types. The first is using sawdust as a main substrate. Mushrooms cultivated in this substrate are oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp), ear mushroom (Auricularia sp), and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The second is to use rice straw as a main substrate. They are rice straw mushroom (Volvariella sp) and a button mushroom (Agaricus sp). All of the mushroom cultivation are done in small and medium scale without mechanization. This paper revealed the method of mushroom cultivation in Indonesia using both main substrate, sawdust and rice straw. The bioconversion of lignocellulose substrat into fresh fruiting body of mushroom is expressed in Biological Efficiency (BE). It was determinated by the weight of fresh mushroom as a percentage of the weight of wet substrate. The result show that the BE of Pleurotus sp growing on sawdust was 35-40%, while Volvariella sp growing on rice straw was 15-20%.

β-glucan is a safe and highly potent biological response modifier that nutritionally activates the immune response through the Macrophage, Dendritic and additional immune cells to yield various therapeutic effects. Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) contanining β-glucans may be beneficial for human health; they have been used in the treatment of cancer, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels. The effect of different substrates and various developmental stages (mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) on β-glucan production in the edible mushroom L. edodes was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest β-glucan activity, and β-glucan activity seemed to be influenced somewhat by some well-known inducers or sawdust. In this study, we utilized five strains (JMI 10022, 10036, 10077, 10079, 10080) of L. edodes regardless of origin and growth conditions. This experiment showed that the expression of β-glucan was induced by glucose bond, and increased with the growing of L. edodes. Quantitatively, reverse transcription PCR utilized pairs of primers specific for β-glucan gene expression shows that expressed genes were most commonly indentified during the process of fruiting-body formation. We suggest that the results will provide valuable information to assist L. edodes industry.

Lentinula edodes, the popular shiitake mushroom, is one of the most important cultivated edible mushrooms. It is used as a food and for medicinal purposes. Here, we present the 46.1 Mb draft genome of L. edodes, comprising 13,028 predicted gene models. The genome assembly consists of 31 scaffolds. Gene annotation provides key information about various signaling pathways and secondary metabolites. This genomic information should help establish the molecular genetic markers for MAS/MAB and increase our understanding of the genome structure and function.

Recent enactments of the Nagoya Protocol and UPOV convention precipitated international competition to secure biological resources. To address these challenges in the case of mushroom industry, collecting and preserving the genetic resources are urgently needed. Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticltural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, has operated mushroom resource management facilities which consist of eight separate rooms with automatic temperature and humidity controllers for the safe preservation of mycelial cultures or voucher herbarium specimens. During the past three years the liquid-nitrogen (LN) cryogenic system for the permanent/semi-permanent preservation of the strains commercially or scientifically important are successfully installed, and the computerized resource management system using QR code are adopted. Up to now, 1,586 strains of 261 species in 79 genus of edible and medicinal mushrooms were preserved.

Flammulina velutipes is a popular edible basidiomycete mushroom found in East Asia and is commonly known as winter mushroom. Mushroom development showing dramatic morphological changes by different environmental factors is scientifically and commercially interesting. We have sequenced the 35.6-megabase pair genome of F. velutipes KACC42780 using a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. Then, HiSeq2000 sequencing system was used for comparing gene expression of F. velutipes genome at three different developmental stages (mycelium, primordium, and fruit body). Ninety one percents (10,116 genes) of the 10,999 predicted genes are expressed in at least one developmental stage. In addition, analysis of expressed genes in three different developmental stages showed that only 0.25–1.5% (28–165) of the total expressed genes (10,013) were uniquely expressed in a single developmental stage, whereas 83.6% (9,198) was shared in all stages.

[Object] Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), a four-carbon non protein amino acid, is widely distributed in nature and acts as the major suppressive neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Recently, GABA has been reported to have several physiological functions such as antihypertensive, diuretic, relaxing and antidiabetic effects. Due to these unique biological functions, GABA has been used as functional ingredients for functional foods. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), which catalyzes decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to GABA, has been purified from mammals, higher plants, and some microorganisms and their properties have already been reported. On the other hand, mushrooms are commonly appreciated as healthy food due to their nutritional properties, such as low calorie, rich in fiber, vitamin and mineral. L-Glutamic acid and GABA are also commonly distributed in edible mushrooms. The fact that mushrooms accumulate GABA suggests the existence of GAD. However, the enzyme property of mushroom GAD has not been reported. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the property of Flammulina veltipes GAD, and the purification and characterization of enzyme is also investigated. [Methods and Results] Mushroom (fruit-body of Flammulina veltipes) used in this study was purchased in local market. GAD activity was determined by formation of GABA from L-glutamic acid in the presence of pyridoxal-5’- phosphate (PLP). The activity of enzyme was determined semi-quantitatively by color intensity of GABA on TLC analysis. Fruit-body was crushed and then centrifuged to separate supernatant and precipitate. To investigate the location of GAD, both supernatant and precipitate were subjected to enzyme reaction after dialysis. The enzyme activity of precipitate is stronger than that of supernatant. The formation of GABA was observed between pH 4 and 6 and the maximum color intensity of GABA was observed at pH 6. However, GAD activity was lost after dialysis for overnight against buffer of pH 6-11. These results suggest that GAD from Flammulina veltipes is stable at pH 4-5 in spite of its optimum pH for GABA production is around 6.

Flammulina velutipes, amongst others known as Winter Mushroom or Enokitake is an important economic crop in Asia. The tetrapolarity (having four mating types) of this mushroom obligates mating and results in self-sterile progeny that carries unique genetic traits, making understanding of the genetic base desirable for breeding. Moreover, mating type genes are significant for evolutionary studies as their high polymorphism benefits phylogenetic comparisons. This polymorphism further makes mating type genes interesting candidates for genetic markers that allow identification of specific strains. Mating type loci in Agaricomycotina are classically termed A and B and control two different developmental pathways [for a review see 1]. They consist of tightly linked subloci that encode multiallelic genes. MatA loci contain two groups of divergently transcribed homeodomain proteins (HD1 and HD2) and heterodimerization of HD1 with a non-self HD2 protein forms a functional transcription factor that activates the A pathway. MatB loci hold pheromones and pheromone receptors. Pheromone genes encode small precursor proteins that are characterized by a C-terminal CAAX motif. Pheromone receptors typically contain 7 membrane spanning regions and are coupled to G-proteins. Binding of a pheromone to a receptor, triggers splicing of the (trimeric) G-protein, which activates the B pathway. New genetic data from recent genome sequences is challenging the strict concepts of old mating type models in fungi. MatB loci turn out to be rather diverse and contain considerable varying numbers of pheromone receptors and associated pheromones. To this, pheromone receptors which are not linked to matB loci have now been reported for C. cincerea, S. commune and L. bicolor [2, 3]. Also the organization of the matA locus is less strictly conserved than anticipated. Though far more tightly maintained than the matB locus, substantial differences in HD gene numbers and overall organization are reported [2, 3]. These differences stress the importance of determination of the individual mating type systems from industrially important mushrooms to assist breeding. Our analysis of F. velutipes strain 4019-20 uncovered 7 pheromone receptors together with 3 pheromones. The matB-3 locus of this strain however, is defined by only a single pheromone receptor and pheromone gene and our data strongly indicates that a 2nd pheromone receptor recently lost its function. The other receptor genes are non mating type specific. Finally, we detected three homeodomain genes distributed over two distant subloci. These subloci have been separated by two large inversions. Strikingly the distant matA subloci in S. commune seem to be separated by inversions as well. Synthenic mapping of a large regions from Coprinus cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, S. commune and F. velutipes shows that the matA loci originate from a single locus in a common ancestor of S. commune and F. velutipes that is represented by L. bicolor and C. cinerea. [1] U Kües. Micr Mol Biol Rev 64, 316 (2000) [2] H Niculita-Hirzel, J Labbé, A Kohler, F le Tacon, F Martin, IR Sanders and U Kües. New Phytol 180, 329 (2008). [3] RA Ohm, JF de Jong, LG Lugones, A aerts, E Kothe, JE Stajich, RP de Vries, E Record, A Levasseur, SE Baker, KA Bartholomew, PM Couthino, S Erdmann, TJ Fowler, AC Gathman, V Lombard, B Henrissat, N Knabe, U Kües, WW Lilly, E Lindquist, S Lucas, JK Magnuson, F Piumi, M Rausdaskoski, A Salamov, J Schmutz, FWMr Schwarze, PA van Kuyk, JS Horton, IV Grigoriev and HAB Wösten. Nat. Biotechnol ISSN: 1087-0156 (2010).

The extracts of Pinus densiflora sawdust by n hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent were investigated to identify their mycelial growth inhibition against Lentinus edodes. The yields of n hexane soluble fraction, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, and methanol soluble fraction from P. densiflora sawdust were obtained 1.36%, 2.21% and 4.03% using organic solvent, respectively. The mycelial growth inhibition of L. edodes was the greatest for n hexane extract, ranging from 36.5% to 47.6% at concentrations of 125 ppm to 1,000 ppm, with the values for all concentrations significantly different from one another. After direct extraction of P. densiflora sawdust using n hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol, each extract was separated into three fractions by silica gel column chromatography and then the fractions were isolated on the values of Rf by thin layer chromatography. The mycelial growth inhibition against L. edodes was recognized in the fractions II (33.5%) and III (37.6%) of n hexane extract, the fraction II (21.4%) of ethyl acetate extract and the fraction II (26.4%) of methanol extract. The fractions III of n-hexane extract showed the highest growth inhibition among the nine fractions of the organic solvent extract.