In this paper, the intensity ratio of [O I] λ6300 and Hα lines, which plays an important role in the study of warm (or diffuse) ionized interstellar medium, is calculated assuming collisional ionization equilibrium (or coronal equilibrium). The calculated ratio is compared with the previous works, and with the observations, obtained by Reynolds (1989) and Reynolds et al. (1998) with the Wisconsin Ha Mapper facility, toward the directions that sample the faint interstellar emission-line background. The comparison confirms that most of the Ha originates from nearly fully ionized regions along the lines of sight rather than from partially ionized H I clouds or layers of H II on the surfaces of H I clouds.

The equilibrium and dynamic adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by activated carbons have been studied. The equilibrium studies have been carried out on two samples of activated carbon fibres and two samples of granulated activated carbons. These activated carbons have different BET surface areas and are associated with varying amounts of carbon oxygen surface groups. The amounts of these surface groups was enhanced by oxidation with HNO3 and O2 gas at 350℃ and decreased by degassing at increasing temperatures of 400˚, 650˚ and 950℃. The adsorption increases on oxidation of the carbon surface and decreases on degassing. The increase in adsorption has been attributed to the formation of acidic carbon-oxygen surface groups and the decrease in adsorption on degassing to their elimination. The dynamic adsorption studies have been carried out on the two granulated activated carbons using two 50 mm diameter glass columns at a feed concentration of 300 mg/L and at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) and bed heights. The minimum achievable concentrations are comparatively lower while the adsorption capacities are higher for GAC-S under the same operating conditions. The adsorption capacity of a carbon increases with increase in HLR but the rate of increase decreases at higher HLR values.

We report the crystallization and magnetic properties of non-equilibrium alloy powders produced by rod-milling as well as by new chemical leaching. X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and vibrating sample magnetometry were used to characterize the as-milled and leached specimens. After 400 h or 500 h milling, only the broad peaks of nano bcc crystalline phases were detected in the XRD patterns. The crystallite size, the peak and the crystallization temperatures increased with increasing Fe. After being annealed at for 1 h for as-milled alloy powders, the peaks of bcc are observed. After being annealed at for 1 h for leached specimens, these non-equi-librium phases transformed into fcc Cu and phases for the x=0.25 specimen, and into bcc phases for both the x=0.50 and the x=0.75 specimens. The saturation magnetization decreased with increasing milling time for alloy powders. On cooling the leached specimens from ,\;the magnetization first sharply increase at about for x=0.25, x=0.50, and x=0.75 specimens, repectively.

We report on the formation and chemical leaching of non-equilibrium alloy produced by rod milling. X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry were used to characterize the as-milled and leached specimens. After 400 h, only the peak of the body-centered cubic type was present in the XRD pattern. The entire rod milling process could be divided into three different stages of milling: agglomeration, disintegration, and homogenization. The saturation magnetization, decreased with increased milling time, the of the powders before milling was about 113.8 emu/g, the after milling for 400 h was about 11.55 emu/g. Leaching of the Al in KOH of the Al at room temperature from the as-milled powders did not induce any significant change in the diffraction pattern. After the leached specimen had been annealed at for 1 hour, the nanoscale crystalline phases were transformed into the bcc Fe, cubic Co, and phases. On cooling the specimen from 85, the degree of magnetization increased slightly, then increased sharply at approximately 364.8, indicating that the bcc phase had been transformed to the Fe and Co phases.

The two-step surface modifications of activated carbon was carried out to improve the adsorption capacity of toxic heavy metal ions in liquid phase. Physical and chemical properties of the as-received activated carbon (AC) and two kinds of surface-modified activated carbons (1stAC and 2ndAC) were evaluated through the BET analysis, surface acidity, and oxides measurements. Specific surface area and pore volume did not significantly change, but surface oxide-group remarkably increased by the surface modification. Equilibrium and batch adsorptions of the various metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Cr, using AC, 1stAC, and 2ndAC were performed at initial pH 5. The adsorption capacity and rate of 2ndAC were higher than those of AC and 1stAC. The carboxylic/sodium carboxylate complex groups were developed from the two-step surface modification of activated carbon, which strongly affected the adsorption of metal ions.

We report the structure, thermal and magnetic properties of a non-equilibrium alloy powder produced by rod milling and chemical leaching. An X-ray diffractometry(XRD), a transmission electron microscope(TEM), a differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), and superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) were utilized to characterize the as-milled and leaching specimens. The crystallite size reached a value of about 8.82 nm. In the DSC experiment, the peak temperatures and crystallization temperatures decreased with increasing milling time. The activation energy of crystallization is 200.5 kJ/mole for as-milled alloy powder. The intensities of the XRD peaks of as-milled powders associated with the bcc type structure formative at sharply increase with increasing annealing temperature. Above , peaks alloted to and are observed. After annealing at for 1h, the leached Ll specimen transformed into bcc -Fe and fcc Cu phases, accompanied by a change in the structural and magnetic properties. The saturation magnetization decreased with increasing milling time, and a value of about 8.42 emu/g was reached at 500 h of milling. The coercivity reached a maximum value of about 142.7 Oe after 500 h of milling. The magnetization of leached specimens as function of fields were higher at 5 K, and increased more sharply at 5 K than at 100 K.

In general, the cutting pattern of the membrane structures is determined by dividing the complicated curved 3-D surface into several 2-D plane strip by using flattening technique. In this procedure, however, some discrepancies ore occurred between actual stresses of equilibrated state and designed uniform stresses because the material properties are not considered. These deviations can cause the critical structural problems, wrinkling or overstress, and thus a optimization process should be considered. In this paper, a new analytical method for determining an optimum cutting pattern considering material properties is presented. Here, iterative procedure is introduced to decrease the errors caused in numerical process. The optimization method proposed can diminish the deviations occurred by material properties and numerical errors, simultaneously. As a results, it is shown that the final stress distributions for the HP shell model are sufficiently near to design stress distributions, and it can be concluded that this method can be used to obtain the optimized cutting pattern of membrane structures.

The solid state reaction by mechanical alloying(MA) generally proceeds by lowering the free energy as the result of a chemical reaction at the interface between the two adjacent layers. However, Lee et reported that a mixture of Cu and Ta, the combination of which is characterized by a positive heat of mixing of +2kJ/mol, could be amorphized by mechanical alloying. This implies that there exists an up-hill process to raise the free energy of a mixture of pure Cu and la to that of an amorphous phase. It is our aim to investigate to what extent the MA is capable of producing a non-equilibrium phase with increasing the heat of mixing. The system chosen was the ternary (x=35, 10). The mechanical alloying was carried out using a Fritsch P-5 planetary mill under Ar gas atmosphere. The MA powders were characterized by the X-ray diffraction with Cu-K radiation, thermal analysis, electron diffraction and TEM micrographs. In the case of x=35, where pure Cu powders were mixed with equal amount of pure Ta and Mo powders, we revealed the formation of bcc solid solution after 150 h milling but its gradual decomposition by releasing fcc-Cu when milling time exceeded 200 h. However, an amorphous phase was clearly formed when the Mo content was lowered to x=10. It is believed that the amorphization of ternary powders is essentially identical to the solid state amorphization process in binary powders.

The Principal deficiency of the existing notion about the sintering-mixtures consists in the fact that almost no attention is focused on the Phenomenon of alloy formation during sintering, its connection with dimensional changes of powder bodies, and no correct ideas on the driving force for the sintering process in the stage of establishing chemical equilibrium in a system are available as well. Another disadvantage of the classical sintering theory is an erroneous conception on the dissolution mechanism of solid in liquid. The two-particle model widely used in the literature to describe the sintering phenomenon in solid state disregards the nature of the neighbouring surrounding particles, the presence of pores between them, and the rise of so called arch effect. In this presentation, new basic scientific principles of the driving forces for the sintering process of a two-component powder body, of a diffusion mechanism of the interaction between solid and liquid phases, of stresses and deformation arising in the diffusion zone have been developed. The major driving force for sintering the mixture from components capable of forming solid solutions and intermetallic compounds is attributed to the alloy formation rather than the reduction of the free surface area until the chemical equilibrium is achieved in a system. The lecture considers a multiparticle model of the mixed powder-body and the nature of its volume changes during solid-state and liquid-phase sintering. It explains the discovered S-and V-type concentration dependencies of the change in the compact volume during solid-state sintering. It is supposed in the literature that the dissolution of solid in liquid is realised due to the removal of atoms from the surface of the solid phase into the melt and then their diffusicn transfer from the solid-liquid interface into the bulk of liquid. It has been shown in our experimental studies that the mechanism of the interaction between two components, one of them being liquid, consist in diffusion of the solvent atoms from the liquid into the solid phase until the concentration of solid solutions or an intermetallic compound in the surface layer enables them to pass into the liquid by means of melting. The lecture discusses peculimities of liquid phase formation in systems with intermediate compounds and the role of the liquid phase in bringing about the exothermic effect. At the frist stage of liquid phase sintering the diffusion of atoms from the melt into the solid causes the powder body to grow. At the second stage the diminution of particles in size as a result of their dissolution in the liquid draws their centres closer to each other and makes the compact to shrink Analytical equations were derived to describe quantitatively the porosity and volume changes of compacts as a result of alloy formation during liquid phase sinteIing. Selection criteria for an additive, its concentration and the temperature regime of sintering to control the density the structure of sintered alloys are given.

Cu(hfac)2,(Cu(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate)를 프리커서로 하는 구리 화학증착에 대해 자유에너지 최소화법으로 열역학적 평형조성 계산을 수행하였다. Cu(hfac)2-Ar계의 경우Cu(hfac)2 프리커서 자체의 열분해로부터 모든 공정조건에서 증착박막내로의 탄소 출입이 관찰되었다. Cu(hfac)2-H2,계에서는 Cu(hfac)2-Ar계보다 낮은 온도에서 구리박막이 증착되며, H2입력비 및 반응온도의 증가에 따라 응축상의 석출형태는 C(s)+CuF(s)로부터 C(s)+CuF(s)+Cu(s), C(s)+Cu(s), Cu(s), C(s)의 순으로 변화되는 것으로 나타났다.

대규모의 소성역을 동반하면서 파괴하는 고인성 재료의 탄소성 파괴 반가를 위하여 제안된 바 있는 CPE 모형의 유효성을 입증하고자 소성역의 영향을 보정한 선형 파괴역학과의 이론적 검토와 오오스테나이트계 스테인레스강에 대한 실험적 비교검토를 통하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 예측한 바와 같이 선형 파괴역학의 적용은 소규모 항복조건이 성립하는 경우에만 가능하며 CPE 모형은 대변형을 형성하면서 파괴하는 경우의 파괴모형으로서 유효하다. 더욱 엄밀한 유효성을 입증하기 위하여 다음의 사항이 필요하다고 본다. 1. 크랙의 길이가 짧은 시험편에 대한 실험이 필요하다. 2. 크랙성장 개시점을 정확하게 찾을 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 3. 파괴 진행영역에 대한 두께의 영향을 고려해 보아야 할 필요성이 있다.

The usual assumption of the pressure equilibrium between the convective elements and the surrounding fluid has been dropped, and the effects of the pressure perturbation of the convective element on its velocity and T perturbation have been estimated.

An extensive molecular equilibrium calculation has been performed under sunspot conditions in order to resolve the current dispute on the presence of C 2 lines in the spectrum of sunspots. Equilibrium abundance of C 2 has been computed under the conditions of umbral cores, umbrae and the normal photosphere. As the results, it is found that the umbral cores yield unfavorable environment for C 2 formation. It is concluded that C 2 molecular lines are not likely tn be observed in the spectrum of sunspots.

The evolutionary tracks of a protostar of one solar mass under quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium are computed with mass-accretion time scales of 10^3,10^4,10^5 and 10^6 years, and their resulting behaviors in the H-R diagram are discussed. It is found that there exists a critical time scale of mass accretion, which reverses the course of their evolutionary tracks. A value of the critical time scale appears to lie between 10^3 and 10^4 years. The physical cause for the presence of the critical time scale is discussed. Finally, it is proposed that star formation requires at least several 10^3 years before any star is born out of dark dense interstellar clouds.

두 품종(새쌀보리, 흰찰쌀보리)의 보리에 증류수를 가수한 후 40℃의 오븐에서 함수율 9.51-29.13%,db 사이의 구간에서 5수준의 함수율이 되게 건조하여 방습시료를 조제한 다음 5수준(5, 15, 25, 35, 45℃)의 온도에서 평형상대습도를 측정하였다. 농산물의 평형함수율/평형상대습도 예측에 많이 쓰이고 있는 modified Henderson 모델, modified Chung-Pfost 모델, modified Halsey 모델, modified Oswin 모델, modified GAP 모델에 대해 비선형 회귀분석을 통하여 실험상수를 구하고, 결정계수와 F값 및 평균상대오차율을 기준으로 하여 보리의 평형함수율/평형상대습도 예측모델로서의 적합성을 검정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 두 품종의 보리 모두 온도가 낮을수록 그리고 함수율이 낮을수록 평형상대습도가 낮게 나타나고, 온도가 낮고 상대습도가 높을수록 평형함수율이 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 상대습도의 증가에 따른 함수율의 증가는 선형적이 아니고 높은 상대습도에서 급등하였다. 상대습도가 80% 이상으로 높거나 23.47%,db 이상의 고 함수율을 갖는 시료에서는 온도에 따른 평형상대습도 값의 차이가 거의 없다. 온도 5-45℃ 사이의 동일 온도에서 두 품종 간에는 각 함수율 수준에서 평형상대습도의 차이는 없다. 새쌀보리와 흰찰쌀보리의 평형함수율/평형상대습도의 예측에는 본 실험에서 선정 분석한 5개의 모델 모두 사용 가능하나, modified Halsey 모델이 가장 적합하였다.

The general equilibrium theory supposes the resource allocation is most efficient when the market clear out automatically, however this state is unstable，the unbalance of the supply and demand of all commodities is the ordinary state. To improve the allocation efficiency of resource market , unbalance state of supply and demand must be changed and the unbalanced degree is desired to be minimized . Based on the general equilibrium theory and taking the supply and demand of Housing market in Wuhan city as the research object, this paper study on the Disequilibrium of Housing Market in Wuhan City from 2001to 2010.This paper takes main body of using the principal component and measurement analysis method to determine the factors that influence of equilibrium of housing market in Wuhan city, and to construct the unbalanced model of housing market in Wuhan .The results show that the housing price, urban per capita disposable income and housing investment is influencing factors of supply and demand of Wuhan housing market ; At present there is serious unbalance between supply and demand in Wuhan housing market , and thus puts forward some countermeasures and proposals.

We compared equilibrium evaporation(Eequili) eddy-covariance(Eequili) with soil moisture data(ESMseries) which were measured with a 2 hours sampling interval at three points for a humid forest hillslope from May 5th to May 31th in 2009. Accumulations of Eeddy, Eequili for the study period were estimated as 2.52, 3.28 mm and those of ESMseries were ranged from 1.91 to 2.88 mm. It suggested that the eddy-covariance method considering the spatial heterogeneity of soil evaporation is useful to evaluate the soil evaporation. Method A, B and C were proposed using mean meterological data and daily moisture variation and the computations were compared to eddy-covariance method and equilibrium evaporation. The methods using soil moisture data can describe the variations of soil evaporation from eddy-covariance through simple moving average analysis. Method B showed a good matched with eddy-covariance method. This indicated that Dry Surface Layer (DSL) at 14:00 which was used for method B is important variable for the evaluation of soil evaporation. The total equilibrium evaporation was not significantly different to those of the others. However, equilibrium evaporation showed a problem in estimating soil evaporation because the temporal tendency of Eequili was not related with the those of the other methods. The improved understanding of the soil evaporation presented in this study will contribute to the understandings of water cycles in a forest hillslope.

The experimental determination of equilibrium constants is required to estimate concentrations of reagents and/or products in environmental chemical reactions. For an example, the choice of copper (Cu) complexation reactions was motivated by their fast kinetics and the ease of measurement of Cu by an ion‐sensitive electrode. Each individual titrant of sulfate (SO4 2‐) and oxalate (C2O4 2‐) was expected to have its own unique characteristics, depending on the bonding in Culigands connected to the aqueous species. The complexation reaction of Cu with SO4 2‐ somewhat fast reached equilibrium status compared with C2O4 2‐. The experimental equilibrium constants (Keq) of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and copper oxalate (CuC2O4) were determined 102.2 and 103~4.3, respectively.