With the digitalization of production and consumption environments, consumers are no longer merely targets of marketing, but key players in creating value jointly with companies by participating in various decision-making processes. Much virtual content in particular, such as fashion shows, exhibitions, games, social activities, and shopping, which fashion brands implement in virtual worlds, cannot be completed without consumers’ active engagement and interaction. Thus, this study considers consumers’ participation in virtual content provided by fashion brands as value co-creation in virtual worlds. This study aims to examine how consumer (i.e., consumer smartness) and fashion firm (i.e., perceived intellectual capital) factors influence value co-creation behavior intention in virtual worlds. Data were collected from 410 consumers in their 20s nationwide through an online survey, and a higher-order structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to test the research model. The results showed that both consumer smartness and perceived intellectual capital positively influenced customer participation behavior and citizenship behavior intentions. Specifically, perceived intellectual capital had a greater impact on value co-creation behavior in the virtual world than consumer smartness. The findings provide empirical evidence that the fashion firms’ intangible assets and consumers’ competence in the digital shopping environment encourage their intentions to co-create value in virtual worlds.

본 연구는 기업 간 인수합병에서 피인수기업의 거래 가격이 인수기업의 기업 가치에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 이때 기업환경과 특성을 종합적으로 고려하기 위하여 산업 내 경쟁 수준과 피인수기업의 이종 산업 여부 등 두 가지 조절변수를 제안하였다. 본 연구의 모형을 검증하기 위하여 SDC Platinum에서 미국기업의 인수합병 관련 데이터를 수집하였고, 기업 관련 데이터는 WRDS Compustat에서 수집하였다. 2014년부터 2019년까지의 기 간을 대상으로 최종적으로 309개 기업에 대한 총 695건의 M&A 관련 데이터를 표본으로 선정하였다. 분석 결 과, 인수합병 시 거래 가격은 인수기업의 미래가치에 부정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 인수기업 이 속한 산업 내 경쟁 수준이 높을수록 이러한 효과는 긍정적인 방향으로 상쇄되었다. 특히 인수합병 대상이 이 종 산업에 속한 기업일 경우, 그러한 상쇄 효과는 더욱 강해지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 인수합병의 거래가 격이 인수기업의 미래가치에 유의한 영향을 미치는 동시에, 그 효과가 산업 내 경쟁수준과 피인수기업의 이종 산 업 여부에 따라 조절된다는 사실을 계량적으로 입증했다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 가진다.

본 연구는 신흥국 기업이 국제인수합병 시 최고경영자의 정치적 연계가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 기존의 연구들에서는 국제인수합병 시 인수기업 최고경영자의 정치적 연계가 기업가치에 미치는 영향에 관해 혼재된 결과를 제시하였다. 국제인수합병 시 인수기업 최고경영자가 갖고 있는 정치적 연계는 전략적 자원으로서 투자자들에게 긍정적인 시그널을 주지만 정치적 연계로 인해 생기는 정부-기업간 이익충돌 문제는 투자자들에게 부정적인 시그널을 주기 때문이다. 따라서 신흥국 기업 최고경영자의 정치적 연계가 국제인 수합병 시 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 보다 명확히 분석하기 위해 본 연구는 제도적 관점을 적용하여 시장 환경의 조절효과를 보여준다. 본 연구는 중국 상장기업이 2008년부터 2016년까지 진행한 국제인수합병 359개 사례를 표본으로 실증연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 국제인수합병 시 인수기업 최고경영자의 정치적 연계는 정부의 지대추구 행위(rent-seeking behavior)로 인해 정부와 기업 사이 주인간 갈등(principal-principal conflict) 문제를 일으켜 투자자들에게 부정적인 시그널을 주어 기업의 시장가치에 단기적으로 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 중국 인수기업이 위치한 지역의 시장화 정도가 높을수록 투자자들은 정치적 연계와는 상관없이 기업의 행위를 더욱 객관적으로 판단할 수 있기 때문에 국제인수합병 시 최고경영자의 정치적 연계가 기업가치에 미치는 부정적인 영향 은 약화되는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 피인수기업이 위치한 투자국 거버넌스가 좋을수록 최고경영자의 정치적 연계 는 인수기업의 부정적인 이미지를 부각하여 국제인수합병 시 최고경영자의 정치적 연계가 기업가치에 미치는 부정적인 영향은 강화되는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결론과 시사점 그리고 한계점에 관해서는 논문 마지막 부 분에 정리하였다.

The purpose of this study is to assess the role of marketing to the area of strategic alliances. We suggest that marketing capability – the ability to deploy resources to serve customers better- is a key determinant that facilitates value creation in strategic alliances. Specifically, we investigate the interaction effects of marketing capability on performance of strategic alliance experience and types of strategic alliances (introducing three types: SI-SF alliance, AI-SF alliance and AI-DF alliance), and whether these interaction effects are moderated by high vs. low technological industry. This study analyzed the panel data from 39 international firms and their 2,158 alliances during the period 1994 - 2014, 21 firms from computer industry (high-tech industry) and 18 firms from food industry (low-tech industry), respectively. The results indicate that the contribution of marketing capability on the relationships between alliance experience, types of strategic alliances and firm value varies with environmental contexts. First, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the effect of strategic alliance experience on firm value is greater than those of firms with low marketing capability. Also, the strength of its interaction effect is lower in high-tech industry than low-tech industry. Second, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the effects of three different types of strategic alliances on firm value are greater than those of firms with low marketing capability. However, their interaction effects to firm value were significant only in high-tech industry. Specifically, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the stock market reacts most favorably to the AI-DF alliance than those of SI-SF alliance and AI-SF alliance in high-tech industry. In contrast, even a firm has strong marketing capability, the stock market reacts favorably only to AI-SF alliance in low-tech industry. In sum, our research suggests that the interactive performance impact of marketing capability to the strategic alliance experience and the types of strategic alliances can be obtained in particular environmental contexts.

Celebrity endorsement is defined as an agreement between a publicly recognized celebrity and an entity to use the celebrity’s fame to promote a brand or product. Generally, a celebrity is defined as a famous singer, actor, or athlete who frequently appears in public. The celebrity uses his/her public recognition to persuade consumers to purchase a specific product by the endorsement, and the celebrity accepts remunerations from the firm. Celebrity endorsement has been prevalent as an advertising strategy and many advertisers invest enormous amount of money for the celebrity endorsement. Prior research has examined the economic benefits or effectiveness of celebrity endorsement and found that celebrity endorsement attracts attention from consumers and polishes a tarnished brand image, and the celebrity may help advertisements stand out, thus improving their communicative ability. Apart from a general celebrity endorsement advantage, previous studies have found the factors that affect the success or failure of celebrity endorsement. An attractive celebrity can positively influence advertising evaluation, and a celebrity with expertise can increase consumers’ purchase intention through product. In addition, consumers prefer a product endorsed by a highly trustworthy celebrity. Specifically, on the economic worth of celebrity endorsement, most studies have indicated a positive effect. An announcement of a celebrity endorsement contract can bring a positive abnormal benefit to a firm’s stock price. Celebrity endorsement also helps increase the intangible value of a firm, which is the source of competitive edge and sustainable growth. However, despite recent interest in the return on advertising investment, it is not known how and which source factor of the celebrity endorsement can be explained with the firm value. By using text mining and sentiment analysis, the results of this study explain that the sustainable firm value is impacted by various sources of celebrity endorsement. First, the number of words regarding celebrity attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness has an impact on the sustainable firm value. Among the three sources, trustworthiness has the biggest impact on the sustainable firm value, which is Tobin’s Q. Second, regarding attractiveness and expertise, increasing proportion of positive words has impact on the firm value. On the other hand, regarding trustworthiness, the number of negative words on occupational issues is important. Third, different celebrity expertise has different impact on the sustainable firm value depending on the degree of job uniqueness and replaceability. Fourth, once the celebrity has lost his/her trustworthiness, the negative impact is hardly recovered as the negative interaction effect between positive impact of celebrity expertise on the sustainable firm value and the loss of trustworthiness is over seven times higher than the positive effects from the expertise. This implies that if an advertiser carefully manages other effects except for the loss of trustworthiness, he/she cannot offset the failure.

본 연구는 연구개발스톡과 6개의 지식스톡(특허의 질적 가치)이 기업의 시장가치에 미치는 영향을 포함하는 연구모형을 설정하여 기업의 시장가치와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 토빈Q 모형을 사용하여 우리나라 402개 기업의 미국특허등록 108,851건(연 도관측치 2,795건)의 특허를 분석하였다. Hall모형의 확장 모형 분석결과, 연구개발스톡/자산, 청구항스톡/특허스톡, 인용스톡/특허스톡 등이 기업의 시장가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 유의수준이 높진 않지만 피인용스톡/특허스톡, 발명자스톡/특허스톡 등 도 기업의 시장가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과에 따라 특허경영시대에 특허의 질적 수준 고도화와 특허의 가치 제고를 위한 정책 방안이 마련되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

The advanced information technology leads to network age, making existing competitive advantages such as differentiation and cost leadership powerless in B2B context. The competitiveness of individual firm plays a significant role in enhancing the competitive advantage of a business network that a firm belongs to. The competitiveness of a business network depends on value co-creation, the interaction among firms in a network. Value co-creation has desirable and risky aspects. The increases in profits, brand reputation, and time and cost efficiency, client and supplier learning, etc. are positive aspects. But role conflicts, role ambiguity, and tension, etc. are negative outcomes. How can the industrial firm succeed in value co-creation with its partners in B2B context? The study focuses on the firm’s strategic marketing orientations as an antecedent of value co-creation. Strategic marketing orientations as the values and beliefs of the firm affect the collaboration with other firms during value co-creation. Previous literature assumes that a firm pursues one single strategic orientation. However, the study assumes that an industrial firm has entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, long-term orientation, and relationship orientation. The study mostly focused on the relationships among those strategic marketing orientations. Based on these inter-relationships, the study proposed a set of value co-creation activity criteria such as information seeking, information sharing, personal interaction, responsible behavior, feedback, helping, advocacy, tolerance. Value co-creation has been evaluated by relationship performance such as trust and commitment. The study examined the relationships between strategic marketing orientations and value co-creation. Data was collected from 159 Korean manufacturers in B2B context and analyzed through structural equation modeling. The study provides evidence that entrepreneurial orientation affects market orientation positively and market orientation has positive effects on long-term orientation and relationship orientation, and long-term orientation and relationship orientation influence value co-creation directly. Value co-creation has a positive effect on relationship performance. The results of the study provide valuable implications to the mangers of industrial firms in B2B context. To succeed the value co-creation, the firm first has to look at the difference between strategic marketing orientations that the value co-creation partners pursue. In terms of selecting value co-creation partner, industrial firm with long-term orientation and relationship orientation will be more effective. Six activities of interactions during value co-creation play an important role in enhancing trust and commitment. The study contributes to the value co-creation literature by identifying strategic marketing orientations as independent variable influencing the value co-creation in B2B context. The study has several limitations that call for future research.

We integrate institutional theory and the resource-based view of capability to examine the interplay of institutional environments and firm-specific capabilities on value-creating synergy by emerging market firms (EMFs). We argue that EMFs expand into countries with better-developed institutions as a means to overcome poor institutions at home. EMFs that develop strong absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer capability are better able to benefit from a portfolio of complementary sources of knowledge across multiple markets. We analyze data on a sample of manufacturing firms’ international expansion to demonstrate that expansion into a host country with a better-developed institutional environment promotes innovation success. This effect was found to be stronger for firms with strong absorptive capacity and well-developed knowledge transfer capability.

This paper empirically studies R&D investment and firm value in game companies. Found the following results First, the empirical results show that negative relation between R&D investment absolute scale and firm value. On the other hand, an increase in R&D intensity has simultaneously positive relations with firm value. On an existing research, we can conjecture that game companies should increase its R&D intensity rather than R&D investment absolute. Couldn´t find significant results when it comes to long term performance of R&D. In light of these, can be inferred that R&D investments affect more short term than long term firm value in game industry.

This paper empirically studies R&D investment and firm value in game companies. Found the following results First, the empirical results show that negative relation between R&D investment absolute scale and firm value. On the other hand, an increase in R&D intensity has simultaneously positive relations with firm value. On an existing research, we can conjecture that game companies should increase its R&D intensity rather than R&D investment absolute. Couldn´t find significant results when it comes to long term performance of R&D. In light of these, can be inferred that R&D investments affect more short term than long term firm value in game industry.

본 연구는 기업의 다국적성 및 다국적성과 무형자산 간의 상호작용, 그리고 다국적성과 글로벌 학습간의 상호작용이 기업의 가치에 미치는 영향을 한국기업을 실증분석 대상으로 하여 검증을 시도하였다. 회귀분석 결과는 다국적성이 기업의 가치에 부의 영향을 미치고 있음을 시사하며 한국기업의 경우 국제진출이 일천하여 지역적으로 분산된 경영활동들을 효과적으로 통합, 조정하는데 지출되는 비용이 신 기술을 접하거나 국가 간에 존재하는 제품가격과 요소비용의 차이를 아비트라쥐함으로써 얻는 이점을 초과한다는 것을 시사한다. 상호작용 효과를 포함한 회귀분석 결과는 기업의 기술수준과 다국적성, 마케팅능력과 다국적성, 그리고 글로벌 학습과 다국적성 등 세 개의 상호작용 변수들 중에서 두 개의 변수가 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 기업의 가치에 영향을 미치고 있음을 보여준다. 마케팅능력과 다국적성간의 상호작용을 대표하는 변수의 회귀계수는 정의 값을 가지며 이는 다국적 기업은 광고비를 여러 시장에 배분함으로써 규모의 경제와 범위의 경제를 이용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 기술수준과 다국적성의 상호작용을 대표하는 변수의 회귀계수가 통계적으로 유의하지 못하다는 회귀분석 결과는 해외 투자한 한국기업들의 기술력이 국제경쟁력을 가진 무형자산으로 기능할 수 있는 수준에 미달되기 때문에 다국적성과 상호 작용하여 기업의 가치를 제고하는데 기여하고 있지 못함을 시사한다. 회귀분석 결과는 또한 글로벌 학습은 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 기업의 가치에 정의 영향을 미치나 글로벌 학습과 다국적성의 상호작용은 기업의 가치에 부의 효과를 미친다는 것을 시사한다. 이는 최근에 정보와 운송기술의 급속한 진보로 국제거래에 따르는 의사소통비용과 수송비용이 대폭 감소했음에도 불구하고 기업이 표준절차의 수립, 소프트웨어 솔루션의 구축, 대면 커뮤니케이션, 실연이나 협상, 그리고 문제해결을 위한 공동노력 등 글로벌 학습에 필요한 범세계적인 인프라를 구축하는 비용이 우리의 예상과는 달리 매우 크다는 것을 시사한다.

This research provides an option-based model of dynamic foreign investment-mode choice (acquisitions vs. joint ventures) and its implication on the value of the investing firm. The model suggests that joint ventures can serve as both credible signal of commitment and call option to expand in the future in foreign markets where the firm has limited information, thereby maxmuzmg the va1ue of the investing firm. Outright acquisitions of the partners share of joint ventures or of a target firm tend to be the value-maximizing investment mode when the firm invests in the markets where the firm has learned fast enough from its operating experience. This suggests that while both joint ventures and acquisitions may create synergistic va1ue to firms, there are non-trivial differences between the two mechanisms.

This research aims to examine (1) the effect of carbon emission disclosure on firm value, (2) the effect of good corporate governance on firm value, (3) the mediating role of financial performance between carbon emission disclosure and firm value, and (4) the mediating role of financial performance between good corporate governance and firm value. The research sample includes 43 mining, agro, and manufacturing firms listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange over the 2015-2017 period. Carbon emission disclosure is measured by an indicator of the Global Reporting Initiative Series of Environmental Aspect. Good corporate governance is measured by the corporate governance score of shareholder rights, boards of directors, outside directors, audit committee and internal auditor, and disclosure to investors. Financial performance is measured by return on assets, while firm value is measured by Tobin’s Q. Data analysis uses the structural equation modeling. The result shows carbon emission disclosure and good corporate governance have no direct effect on firm value. On the other hand, financial performance mediates the effect of carbon emission disclosure and good corporate governance on firm value. It shows that higher carbon emission disclosure and good corporate governance are meaningless for the investor if they do not give any financial performance improvement.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of profitability as a mediating variable in influencing firm value. This study uses a sample of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. The data used is panel data, with data analysis using multiple regression. Based on the Sobel test, profitability plays a role in mediating the effect of firm size on firm value. The effect of firm size on firm value is indirect, however, through profitability. Therefore, the market price of the shares of large-scale companies will increase if the resulting profitability is high. The capital structure and managerial ownership directly influence firm value. The results showed that managerial ownership and firm size had a positive effect on profitability, while capital structure had no effect on profitability. Capital structure and managerial ownership have a negative effect on firm value, while firm size and profitability have a positive effect on firm value. The main finding of this study is that profitability acts as an intervening variable in mediating the relationship between firm size and firm value.

This study aims to examine the antecedent factors of debt policy on the influence of firm growth on firm value. There was a total of 19 companies involved accounting for 95 observational data from a population of 169 companies listed on the Kompas 100 Index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2018. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, classic assumption tests, multiple regression, and hypothesis testing. The results prove that the firm growth, proxied by asset growth or sales growth, did not have a significant influence on the debt policy. Further, there was no significant influence of debt policy on firm value when using debt ratio and also dividend policy as a control variable. In contrast, there was a positive and significant influence on the firm value when using debt to equity ratio proxy, both with or without using the control variable. Therefore, the debt policy was not proven as an antecedent on the influence of firm growth on firm value. This finding implies that there was a tendency for the company management to adopt the policy, which would increase the debt ratio to increase the investors’ confidence in the stock market and investors neglect the company’s dividend policy.

This study aims to test empirically whether the ASEAN Corporate Governance Scorecard (ACGS) has a positive effect on Sustainability Reporting (SR) and whether the ACGS and Sustainability Reporting (SR) have a positive effect on Firm Value (FV). The study was conducted in five ASEAN countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Thailand from 2014 - 2017. The research sample was collected from companies with the ACGS data and obtained with the help of 359 company observations. Hypothesis testing was performed using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results of the study do not support all hypotheses. The ACGS has no effect on sustainability reporting. The ACGS has a significant negative effect on firm value, while sustainability reporting has a negative and insignificant effect on firm value. The ACGS and sustainability reporting are not good news for investors. This research’s limitation is that companies rarely disclose the final value of the ACGS in their annual reports, so this research uses content analysis. The weakness of content analysis is the researchers’ subjectivity so that the point of view between researchers is different. Besides, sustainability reporting for several ASEAN countries is voluntary, so not all companies can be sampled, which ultimately affects interpretation.

The intention of this research is to identify the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on firm value with profitability as a moderating variable. Data collection is carried out with data documentation that is based on financial reports and sustainability reports. All companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2013-2017 period are considered as the population of this study. Samples were selected using the purposive sampling method. The following are criteria that would be used in this study: 1) publish a sustainability report using the GRI G4 standard as a reference in preparing reports for 2013-2016, 2) publish a complete financial report for the 2014- 2017 observation period, 3) not experience a loss during the 2014-2017 period. The total sample of the study was 109 companies. The study uses path analysis assisted with WarpPLS software version 6.0. The results show that the disclosure of corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on firm value, and profitability moderates the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure on firm value. The implication of the research is that implementing corporate social responsibility is very important to increase firm’s value and firm’s sustainability in the future.

This study investigates, first, whether the extent of corporate social and environmental responsibility disclosure (CSERD) differs between 2010 and 2014; second, whether government regulation affects the extent of CSERD; and, third, whether the CSERD is valued by investors. Content analysis method was used to extract 466 companies’ annual reports to measure the extent of social and environmental responsibility disclosure based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) checklist. Independent sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were also conducted to test the differences of the extent of CSERD as well as determinants and consequence of CSERD. Our results show that the extent of CSERD in 2014 is 21.60 percent higher than in 2010 (13.39 percent). Government regulation has a significant effect on the extent of CSERD. This study also finds that market values positively CSER information disclosed by company. Given that government regulation has a positive impact, however, the findings of this study suggests that the extent of CSERD is still low. To enhance CSERD, government should continuously encourage companies to abide by the regulations as mandated. This study provides a more comprehensive insights of CSRED practices from an emerging country and the effect of government regulation in enhancing CSERD.

This study examines the effect of managerial ownership on firm value in capital markets where outside governance mechanisms to discipline managers are weak or non-existent. We hypothesize that strong market forces in the U.S. confound the effect of managerial ownership on firm value, i.e., the convergence of interest argument. We test the hypothesis using data from 112 firms from Singapore Stock Exchange and 205 firms from the Stock Exchange of Thailand prior to the Asian financial crisis in 1997 when the market forces were weak, yet the investor protection was sufficient to prevent outright appropriation from management. For ease of comparison, we use methodologies from studies done on the U.S. sample firms during the same study period as ours. We find that, both in Singapore and Thailand, firm value is a function of managerial ownership, and the relation is of the famous inverted U-shaped. Moreover, the relation is robust under different model specifications. The results from Thai sample, with weaker market forces than in Singapore, lend support to many agency cost hypotheses advanced in the U.S. Our results provide useful implication for investors in emerging and frontier markets where outside governance mechanisms are yet to be fully developed.