우리는 길앞잡이(Cicindela chinensis)의 장에서 다양한 공생 미생물들을 분리하였다. 그중 다양한 곰팡이 성장 을 억제하는 세균을 동정하였고 “Ch-1”이라 명명하였다. 우리는 Ch-1 균주를 사용하여 10종의 식물 병원성 곰팡 이와 2종 곤충 병원성 곰팡이의 생장 억제를 확인하였다. 또한 8종의 항생제에 대한 저항성을 확인하였다. 동시 에, 본 균주의 genomic sequence를 수행하였고 유전적, 생화학적, 생리적 특성을 조사하였다. Ch-1균주는 특허등 록과 친환경 미생물제제로 등록하였고 향후 생물학적 방제제로써 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

Metarhizium은 대표적인 곤충병원성 진균 중 하나로, 종에 따라 매우 다양한 곤충에게 병원성을 일으키는 폭 넓은 기주범위를 형성한다. 이들이 주로 생성하는 것으로 알려진 destruxins (DTXs)이라는 2차 대사산물은 살충 활성 뿐만 아니라 항바이러스, 항증식, 항암 등 다양한 분야에서 효능이 연구되고 있어, 해당 물질에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. 살충 물질로서의 DTXs는 여러 곤충에 있어 병원성을 나타내는 것이 확인되었으나, 해충 으로서 전 세계적으로 심각한 경제적 피해를 일으킴과 동시에, 화학 살충제 저항성 문제가 야기되고 있는 목화진 딧물에 대해서는 아직 DTXs의 역할이 연구되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 목화진딧물에 대해 곤충병원 성 진균 Metarhizium spp.의 병원성 발현에 DTXs가 미치는 역할을 간접적으로 확인하기 위해, qPCR을 활용하여 진균 처리 후 목화진딧물 사망 시간과 관련하여 충체 내 DTX 합성효소의 발현을 비교 분석하였다.

Entomopathogenic fungi serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides. In this study, we investigate the interactions between mosquitoes and Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-157, which showed high insecticidal activity against mosquitoes, by RNA-seq analysis. RNA from mosquitoes was extracted at the median lethal time to identify changes in gene expression. The results showed 580 genes were up-regulated, while 336 genes were down-regulated in fungal treated mosquitoes. Up-regulated genes were related to metabolic and cellular processes such as cytochrome P450, DNA replication, and apoptosis. Down-regulated genes were involved in metabolism pathways such as lysosome, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of fungal invasion and interaction in insects, providing insights for future pest management strategies.

The present study was carried out to investigate the concentration and species diversity of airborne fungi in thermophilic mushroom cultivation houses. Fungal concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne fungal concentration was 2.95 × 102 CFU/m3~105CFU/m3, above 105CFU/m3, and 1.12 × 103 CFU/m3~ 9.17 × 103 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 8 genera and 22 species of airborne fungi were isolated from three mushroom cultivation houses. 5 genera and 7 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera 6 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 5 genera and15 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the fungi isolated, the class of Eurotiomycetes was the most common. Among the 22 fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus A. sydowii, A. tubingensis, A. westerdijkiae, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, and P. steckii have been reported as harmful species to mushrooms, food, and human.

Plastics are widely used in industries in human society and because of their structural stability, degradation is a serious global issue. To estimate the degradation of plastic, 31 edible mushrooms were cultured with the selected plastic films (polyethylene [PE], polystyrene [PS], and poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET]) for 3 months at 25 °C. Measuring the weight of the films showed that four species of mushrooms, namely Porostereum spadiceum, Ganoderma lucidum, Coprinellus micaceus, and Pleurotus ostreatus, exhibited the highest degrees of plastic degradation. In addition, the mushrooms and fungi that exhibited the most significant plastic degradation were cross-cultured to promote this degradation. As a result, cross-cultivation of G. lucidum and Aspergillus niger showed a weight loss of 2.49% for the PET film. For the PS film, Aspergillus nidulans showed a weight loss of 4.06%. Cross-cultivation of A. nidulans and C. micaceus, which showed a weight loss of 2.95%, was noted as an alternative for PS biodegradation, but is harmful to humans. These bio-degradation effects of edible mushroom will contribute to the development of alternatives for eco-friendly plastic degradation.

최근 벚나무에 벚나무깍지벌레에 의한 피해가 증가하여 친환경적인 방제제로서 곤충병원성 곰팡이인 Beauveria bassiana ARP14를 검증하였다. 경북 안동시 안동대학교 캠퍼스 내 벚나무에서 벚나무깍지벌레의 감염율을 조사하고, 벚나무의 연령을 추정하여 상관관계를 분석하였다. 곤충병원성 곰팡이의 살충력을 확인하 기 위해 약충의 이동성이 가장 활발한 4월 말부터 5월 중순까지 벚나무깍지벌레에 감염된 가지를 채집하여 23°C 의 항온기에 보관하면서 두 가지 곤충병원성 곰팡이(ARP14, AAD16)를 살포하여 살충제(스피로테트라맛 액상 수화제) 처리구와 살충률을 비교하였다. 그 결과 대조구(물처리)보다 곤충병원성 곰팡이를 살포한 가지에서 약충의 개체 수가 더 감소하였으나, 살충제를 처리한 가지에서 보다는 약충의 수가 많았다. 따라서 가로수로 많이 식재된 벚나무 해충 방제시 일어날 수 있는 사람에 대한 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 친환경 방제제로서 곤충병 원성 곰팡이를 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Humans have lived in relationship with bees for a very long time. In addition, as essential pollinators, Bee also contribute to biodiversity by promoting the reproduction of various plant species, and play an important role in global food security. Therefore, strong and thriving bee populations are essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems and sustaining food production systems. However, the population of these bees is currently rapidly decreasing due to various causes such as climate change, abnormal temperatures, infectious diseases, and predators. In this presentation, we will learn about the microorganisms that affect bees, including bacteria and fungi, among the various causes of the decline in the bee population, and study their control.

Marine macroalgae are important in coastal ecosystems and interact with marine microorganisms. In this study, we isolated fungi from seven types of marine macroalgae including Cladophora sp., Gloiopeltis furcate, Gracilariopsis chorda, Hydroclathrus clathratus, Prionitis crispata, Sargassum micracanthum, and Ulva lactuca collected in Korea. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses identified the isolates as four Aspergillus spp. (A. fumigatus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, and A. terreus), three Penicillium spp. (P. crustosum, P. jejuense, and P. rubens), and Cladosporium tenuissimum. Among them, A. fumigatus TOPU2, A. tamarii SH-Sw5, and A. terreus GJ-Gf2 strains showed the activities of all enzymes examined (amylase, chitinase, lipase, and protease). Based on the enzymatic index (EI) values in solid media, A. terreus GJ-Gf2 and C. tenuissimum UL-Pr1 exhibited the highest amylase and lipase activities, respectively. Chitinolytic activity was only observed in A. terreus GJ-Gf2, A. tamarii SH-Sw5, and A. fumigatus TOP-U2. Penicillium crustosum ULCl2 and C. tenuissimum UL-Pr1 showed the highest protease activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of lipolytic and proteolytic activities in a marine-derived C. tenuissimum strain. Overall, the fungal strains isolated from the marine macroalgae in this study actively produced industrially important enzymes.

In this study, we analyzed the effect of storage conditions on the survival of fungi in red pepper powder. Red pepper powder was inoculated with a total of six fungal species, namely Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus microsporus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus ochraceus at a final cell count of 4–6 log CFU/g. After inoculating the sterilized red pepper powder with fungi, we dried the powder on a clean bench and packaged it in zipper bags. Following drying, the water activity was 0.502±0.001. Subsequently, the red pepper powder inoculated with fungi was stored at -20oC, 5oC, 15oC, and 25oC. All six species of fungi perished the quickest at 25oC and survived for the longest (168 days) at -20oC. In summary, this study showed that fungi survive for an extended period in red pepper powder at -20oC and 5oC compared to 15oC and 25oC. Therefore, to prevent fungal contamination, red pepper powder should have a water activity below 0.6 and be stored in a zipper bag at room temperature.

본 연구는 남부 산림지역 고등균류의 임상별 분포 특성 및 다양성을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 경상도와 전라도 일대에 임상별 8개씩 총 24개의 고정조사구에서 고등균류를 채집한 결과, 868점의 표본을 채집하였으며, 2문, 6강, 17목, 61과, 134속, 367종으로 동정되었다. 부생성 균류가 62.44%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, 다음으로는 공생성 균류 35.03% 기생성 균류 2.53% 순으로 조사되었고, 우점종은 구름송편버섯 (Trametes versicolor)과 맑은애주름버섯(Mycena pura)으로 확인되었다. 해발고도에 따른 고등균류의 분포는 299m 이하의 조사구에서 74종, 300∼499m에서 299종, 500m 이상에서 153종이 조사되었으며, 채집 시기별 고등균류의 분포는 7, 8월에 각각 190, 152종으로 가장 많이 조사되었 다. 임상별로는 활엽수림에서 192종으로 가장 많이 조사되었고, 혼효림 177종, 침엽수림이 149종으로 조사되었고, 지역별, 고도별, 시기별, 임상별 모두 부생성 균류가 가장 높은 비율로 분포하였다. 종다양도는 300∼499m의 활엽수림에서 7월에 2.2로 가장 높았고, 종 균등도는 고도별, 시기별, 임상별로 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다(0.93-0.97). 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 남부 산림지역 내 고등균류 분포 특성 및 다양성 결과들은 향후 수행될 고등균류 분야 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, we analyzed the antifungal activities of five essential oils (clove, rosemary, thyme, basil, and oregano) against three fungi (Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium commune, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) isolated from farm-type fermented meat products Though their antifungal activities differed for each fungus, thyme had the greatest effect. Notably, C. cladosporioides showed the highest sensitivity to essential oils, and growth inhibitory effects were greater than for the other two strains. Additionally, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP analysis confirmed that the five essential oils studied had antioxidant activity. ABTS analysis showed that clove (75%) and oregano (75%) oils had the highest antioxidant activities (both 93.7%). DPPH analysis showed that clove (75%) and rosemary (75%) oils had significantly greater antioxidant activities (both 93.8%) than thyme, basil, or oregano oils. FRAP results indicated that clove and basil oils were the strongest reductants. Comprehensive comparative analysis indicated that clove oil had more antioxidant activity than the other four essential oils. Overall, the study shows that the excellent antifungal properties of clove oil could be harnessed to produce safe fermented meat products by preventing rancidity and mold contamination.