Dynamics of predator-prey systems are strongly affected by the strategic behavior of both predator and prey. Thus, understanding the relationship between the strategic behavior and the species survival is necessary to comprehend the system resilience and stability. In the present study, we constructed a spatially explicit lattice model to simulate integrative predator (wolf)-prey (two rabbit species)-plant relationships. Wolves have only the hunting strategy, while rabbits have the hunting-escaping strategy. When a rabbit simultaneously encounters its predator (wolves) and prey (plant), either hunting or escaping should take priority. Hunting priority is referred to as hunting preferred strategy (HPS), while escape priority is referred to as escape preferred strategy (EPS). These strategies are associated with some degree of willingness to either hunt (H) or escape (E). One rabbit species takes HPS (HPS-rabbit) and the other rabbit species takes EPS (EPS-rabbit). We investigated the changes in predicted population density for wolves, rabbits, and plant with changes in the value of H and E. Simulation results indicated that EPS-rabbit had a greater chance for survival than HPS-rabbit regardless of the initial density of EPS-rabbit, and the chance was optimized at the appropriate values of E and H. In addition, we briefly discussed the development of our model as a tool for understanding behavioral strategies in specific predatorprey interactions.

There are a lot of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Dynasty Ruins. But what the exact number is. Different ideas come from different people.The key one among many reasons is that the statisticians don’t have the uniform and specific standards. We can also use some rigid standards to judge the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Hunting, for example, Shou, Ge, Tian(It has limited conditions), Xian, Jing, Bi, Qin, Fen etc.

Understanding the predator-prey dynamics is essential to comprehend the ecosystem resilience and stability because ecosystems consist of dynamically interacting subsystems with predator-prey relationship. The relationship is likely to be of the predator and prey hunting-escaping strategy. Thus, to better understand the ecosystems, we should comprehend how the hunting and the escaping strategy affect the ecosystems. To do so, we constructed a spatially explicit lattice model to simulate the integrative predator-prey-plant relationships. When an individual simultaneously encounters its predator and/or prey, the individual should take priority between the two strategies. When the hunting (or escaping) strategy takes priority, we call it hunting preferred strategy, HPS, (or escaping preferred strategy, EPS). Each strategy was characterized by the willingness for each strategy. The degree of willingness was represented as H (for hunting) and E (for escaping). Higher value of H (or E) means stronger willingness for hunting (or escaping). We investigated the population density of each species for different values of H and E for HPS and EPS. The main conclusion that emerges from this study was that HPS plays a positive role in the ecosystem stability. In addition, we briefly discussed the development of the present model to be used to understand the predator-prey interaction in specific species.

To search for novel biologically active venom components, secretory venom proteins of two solitary hunting wasps, Orancistrocerus drewseni Saussure (1857) and Eumenes pomiformis Fabricus (1781), were identified by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with mass analysis with the aid of venom gland and sac-specific EST libraries constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Arginine kinase was the most predominant protein in both wasp venoms. Along with the full-length arginine kinase, a truncated form, which was known to have paralytic activity on a spider, was a common predominant protein in the two wasp venoms. Insulin/insulin-like peptide-binding protein was abundantly found only in E. pomiformis venom and the EST library, which might be due to its unique behaviors of oviposition and provision. It seemed that some venom proteins are secreted into venom fluid from venom gland cells via exosomes, not by signal sequence-mediated transport processes. Amphipathic α-helical peptides (10-15 amino acids) were predominantly transcribed in the venom gland/sac than protein components, and showed cell lytic activities against insect cells, mammalian cells, bacteria, and fungi. Phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase, which are known to be the main components of wasp venoms, were found in both wasp venoms. In addition, a dendrotoxin-like peptide known to be a K+ channel blocker was also found in the venom of E. pomiformis.

수렵과 채집은 구석기시대부터 존재하였던 생계 형태로 농경의 비중이 높아진 청동기시대에도 일정한 역할을 담당하였다. 청동기시대 수렵의 종류로는 활수렵과 창수렵, 함정수렵 등이 있는데, 이 가운데 함정수렵의 비중이 높아졌던 것이 신석기시대와 구별되는 청동기시대 수렵의 특징이다. 함정수렵은 수렵에서 손실되는 노동력을 절감함과 동시에 수렵의 시점을 자유롭게 결정할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 장점을 고려하면 청동기시대에 농경의 비중이 높아짐과 동시에 수렵활동에 투입할 수 있는 노동력의 비율이 감소하였기 때문에 함정수렵을 채택하였던 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 그리고 청동기시대 채집의 양상을 추정할 수 있는 자료는 없지만, 수렵처럼 노동력을 절감하는 방향으로 변화하였을 가능성이 있다고 생각한다. 즉, 농경활동을 통해 구축된 협업체계를 통해 단시간에 많은 사람이 채집활동을 실시함으로써 결과적으로 노동력을 절감하는 형태로 변화하였을 것으로 추정한다. 청동기시대에 수렵과 채집에서 변화가 발생한 시점은 청동기시대 후기로 판단되는데, 이 시점은 수도작이 확산되는 시기에 해당한다. 수렵과 채집에서 확인되는 변화가 노동력의 효율적 사용이라는 점에서 전작보다 수도작의 확산으로 발생한 사회변화가 보다 컸던 것으로 생각한다.

The latest report on draft genome of Brassica rapa sequence has been published. To elucidate the functions of a large population of these genes and to search efficiently for agriculturally useful genes, the Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting system was used. The FOX library was transformed into rice by Agrobacteriummediated transformation. Approximately 1,150 FOX-rice lines were generated. Genomic PCR analysis indicated that the average length of FL-cDNAs was 900∼1,200 bp with functional annotation of many unknown function (35.5%). Most of the randomly selected transgenic rice lines showed overexpression (92%) and barely mRNA expression in the wild type Gopum. Moreover, 94% of the 850 transgenic rice lines were moderately tolerant (slightly yellow) to cold and 9 lines were tolerant (seedling light green). For the salinity evaluation, most of the transgenic lines (85%) were highly susceptible whereas seven lines were tolerant. In addition, morphological evaluation of rice lines showed minimal phenotypic alteration (12%). About 25.1 and 22% were earlier in terms of days to heading and chlorophyll contents, respectively. Further, 18% of FOX rice lines showed lower chlorophyll contents. Filled grains, number of tillers, panicle length, culm and plant height were relatively less variable among the lines. These results provided useful genes for functional analyses in the mechanisms of identified transgenic tolerant lines.