The radioactive cesium, released from the normal operation or the accidental operation of nuclear facilities, should be regularly monitored for environmental regulatory compliance. The 135Cs/137Cs isotopic ratios, potentially useful for long-term tracking Cs transport in seawater, can be used as a tool of understanding how radionuclides are transported from different nuclear production source terms and distributed in the ocean. The ultra-high sensitive mass spectrometers (TIMS, SF-ICP-MS and TQ-ICP-MS) have been used to measure the 135Cs/137Cs isotopic ratios. However, the radiochemical separation of Cs from the seawater matrix is essential for the analysis of Cs using the mass spectrometers. An automated radiochemical procedure for the separation of Cs in seawater was developed for the analysis of 135Cs/137Cs isotopic ratios using a sequential column chromatography with AMPPAN and AG50Wx8 cation exchange resins. National Instrument’s LabVIEW is a graphical programming language and a powerful tool for the instrument control. A virtual instrument system for the automated separation of cesium isotopes was developed by the state machine of the fundamental design patterns in LabVIEW. In this study, the conceptual designs of an automated separation system of cesium isotopes, its virtual instrument system based on the LabVIEW state machine architectures and an automated radiochemical procedure were described for the purification of cesium isotopes at trace levels found in seawater discharged from the various nuclear facilities.

Background: Outcome measures (OMs) are essential components of evidence- based practice as they help in implementing interventions and assessing changes in a patient's status before and after treatment. However, many therapists do not utilize OMs in their practice, and research on the factors that influence physical therapists' decisions regarding the use of OMs primarily consists of quantitative or survey-based studies. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to select research studies on OMs use among physical therapists through a systematic review, identify questionnaire characteristics, and assess the quality of items collection and research. Design: A systematic review. Methods: This study systematically collected survey studies on the use of OMs from five databases (KMBase, RISS, KCI, Pubmed, and Cochrane) based on the criteria of PRISMA's systematic review flowchart. The quality of the studies was assessed using the AXIS Tool. Results: A total of eight studies were selected. In most of the studies, the questionnaires were developed internally, validated through preliminary research, and reliability testing was not conducted. The items used within OMs were divided into 10 categories, with the highest frequency of questions centering around how to use OMs, and the lowest frequency regarding work environment and reasons. All eight studies were determined to be of good quality. Conclusion: The collected OMs questionnaires revealed variations in the item frequency. Future qualitative research and participant feedback are needed to develop a consistent questionnaire and validate its validity and reliability.

Biopiracy, largely defined as misappropriation and intellectual property control of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge, has long had profound adverse impacts on the lives of the people and communities in developing countries, including Southeast Asia, one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Given that patents are the main means used in most biopiracy cases to exploit resources and knowledge, this article will discuss its feasibility as the other policy instrument to tackle biopiracy in Southeast Asia and suggest how it should be established and/or improved. For this purpose, this article examines two policy instruments in the patent regime that can be and have been used to address the aforementioned problem: compulsory licensing and the disclosure requirement. Based on the analysis of these two instruments, this article discusses why compulsory licensing is an unlikely means of tackling the problem and suggests how a disclosure requirement can be established or improved to tackle biopiracy in the region.

본 논문은 코로나19(COVID-19)의 출현으로 새롭게 재정립되는 한국 교회의 선교적 행보를 꿈꾸며, 교회의 본질에 대한 ‘선교적 교회’의 적합성을 논하고, 교회 공동체의 핵심 주체인 평신도들의 선교적 그리 스도인(missional Christians)으로서의 소명(calling, 召命)을 발견 한다. 이에 따라 대럴 구더(Darrell L. Guder)가 제시하는 ‘선교적 공동체’의 사도직을 한국 교회의 평신도들에게 접목시켜 선교적 증인 공동체의 올바른 선교적 삶을 모색해본다. 평신도는 목회자와 더불어 세상에 파송된 하나님의 선교 동역자로 목회자와 함께 사도직을 부여받은 존재이며, 교회와 사회를 연결해 주는 유일한 통로이다. 이것을 인식하는 교회는 기존의 방식, 즉 교회 내부 중심의 프로그램들의 획기적인 변화에 초점을 맞추어 교회 지도층 들의 일괄적 프로그램 개발과 평신도들의 수동적 참여가 아닌, 평신도 들의 자발적 참여로 함께 만들어 가는 창의적 프로그램들이 요구된다. 따라서 교회의 핵심 주체인 평신도들이 세상을 향해 ‘증언의 도구’로 나아가 ‘세속적 임무(secular order)’를 충분히 감당할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

Background: Previous studies have been reported that when instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and the self-myofascial release technique were used on the muscles. However, studies that applied the IASTM and self-stretching to the gastrocnemius muscle are thought to be necessary but there is no such previous study. Objectives: To investigate the effects of IASTM and self-stretching on gastrocnemius muscle thickness and the range of motion of joint in dorsiflexion in healthy college student. Design: Quasi-experimental design (single blind). Methods: The subjects were healthy college students in their 20s with a healthy body. As for the experimental method in this study, comparison between before and after the experiment was performed to compare the effects of myofascial release using IASTM and stretching. The preliminary survey investigated the range of motion (ROM) of ankle joint of the subjects. The thicknesses of gastrocnemius muscles were measured using ultrasonography. One day after the preliminary survey, IASTM interventions and self-stretching interventions were randomly selected. If IASTM intervention is selected, the IASTM of the gastrocnemius muscle was applied for 5 minutes. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Subjects were asked to take a break for about one day after performing the intervention. Self-stretching was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle for 5 minutes identically. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Results: The thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly IASTM intervention, and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly IASTM intervention. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly the selfstretching intervention. The amounts of change in ankle dorsiflexion ROM through the IASTM was significantly greater than that through self-stretching. Conclusion: In order to immediately increase muscle flexibility in a short time, the IASTM is more effective although the self-stretching method is also effective.

Background: Cross-culturally adapted questionnaires may not be comparable to their original version. Objects: To examine concurrent validity of two health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments for the Korean versions of EuroQOL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument. Methods: A total of 139 cancer survivors from two rehabilitation institutes was recruited. All participants were registered for palliative rehabilitation care. Both instruments were concurrently administered by health care providers following the second bout of the rehabilitation cares. Rasch partial credit model and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used to investigate: 1) dimensionality, 2) hierarchical item difficulty, and 3) concurrent validity using correlations between two instruments. Results: For the WHOQOL-BREF, all items except negative feeling, pain, dependence of medical aid, were found to be acceptable, while all items of EQ-5D were acceptable. There was an evidence of negative correlations between EQ-5D and 4 domains of WHOQOL-BREF. Two correlations were strong (EQ-5D vs. physical health domain, ρ = –0.610, 95% CI = –0.716 to –0.475) and moderate (EQ-5D vs. psychosocial domain, ρ = –0.402, 95% CI = –0.546 to –0.236). Other two correlations were weak (EQ-5D vs. social relationship and environmental domains, ρ = –0.242, 95% CI = –0.401 to –0.075 and ρ = –0.364, 95% CI = –0.514 to –0.207, respectively). Item difficulty calibrations of the two measurements were ranged from –0.84 to 0.86 for the EQ-5D and –1.07 to 1.06 for the WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusion: The study provides some supports for the concurrent validity of the two Korean versions of HRQOL instrument, with evidences of weak to strong correlations between the EQ- 5D and four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF applied to various cancer survivors. Additionally, the cancer survivors appeared to have more of a tendency to view the EQ-5D items as being slightly more challenging than the WHOQOL-BREF items.

1641-1649년에 하르스되르퍼(Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, 1607-1658)는 8권으로 구성된 방대한 문학전집 『여성실에서의 대화놀이』(Frauenzimmergesprächspiele)를 완성하고 4번째 권에 《젤레비히》(Seelewig)를 수록하여 1644년에 출판한다. 당시 하르스되르퍼의 대본을 가진 《젤레비히》는 무대작품의 표현법들을 담아 슈타덴(Sigmund Theophil Staden, 1607-1655)의 음악과 함께 극작품으로 탄생된다. 따라서 ‘텍스트의 소통을 위해’ 《젤레비히》에서 사용된 개별 악기와 조성은 각각의 등장인물과 연계되어 상징적 의미와 정서적 표현을 가지며 텍스트의 내용과 전개처럼 음향적 내용과 전개로 소통력을 보여준다. 결국 제시된 악기와 조성의 상징적 의미와 정서적 표현은 바로크 뉘른베르크 오페라 «젤레비히»에서 소통된 당시 사회의 ‘문화적 소리’로 음악 사적 의미를 갖는다.

In this paper, we analyzed the safety on static and dynamic characteristics of a top-down evacuation instrument fixed on the exterior walls of a building using finite element analysis. For this purpose, the stress distribution characteristics of the H-beam structure were analyzed and the equivalent stress distribution, deflection displacement and natural frequency characteristics of the overall structure of the evacuation instrument were analyzed. The structures were applied with the materials of SS440 and SUS304. The static analysis results showed the elastic behavior with safety coefficients from 2.4 to 2.9, by confirming the structural safety. In addition, the analysis of the natural frequency characteristics confirmed that the vibration characteristics were higher than the external conditions of 20Hz.

The error between the speed display of the speedometer and the speed display of the navigation occurs in the process of driving the vehicle which makes most of the driver confused and also experience anxiety hence in this paper, by the car management law number 73 (2), tests were conducted with following procedures measured by standard speed tester to analyze the error clearly. The experiment was carried out by installing a car on a speed tester with a speed difference of 10km/h from 30 to 80km/h according to the manufacturer and the vehicle. The result was obtained by measuring differences of the speed display error between the speedometer and navigation when driving the car on the road at the same speed. With the standard speed gauge at 40km/h, error percentage of the speed tester and Morning was 15.9% (5.5km/h) and Sonata was 6.4% (2.4km/h). The error percentage between different car company models was 9.5%. With the standard speed gauge at 40km/h, the error percentage of speed displayed by navigation and Morning was 14.2% (5km/h) and Sonata was 5.3% (2.4m/h). The error percentage between different car company models was 9.6%(3km/h). It was shown that according to the standard safety and rules of the speedometer, the cars were manufactured considering the safety. The speed difference between the speed tester and the navigation was 1.7% (0.5km/h) for Morning, 0.6% (0.2km/h) and 1.1% (0.3km/h) for Trax.

The need for an efficient sampling technique to collect aquatic organisms has risen with the increase of interest in rice paddy fields, which have been recognized as important ecosystems supporting biodiversity. In the present study, a submerged funnel trap used with the assistance of attracting agents (fish meal and chemical light) was designed as an easy, objective and quantitative tool for collecting aquatic organisms in the rice paddy fields. The preference for collecting aquatic organisms as a means for attracting agents was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. Also, based on the data of previous research, we compared the community composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrates, which were collected using the quadrat method, and newly designed submerged funnel traps, by analyzing non-metric multidimensional scaling. The results showed that the catching efficiency of 18 of the total 65 taxa was affected by the attracting agents. 12 taxa including Pomacea canaliculata, Hippeutis cantori, Austropeplea ollula, Erpobdella lineata, Ostracoda spp. Branchinella kugenumaensis, Hydaticus grammicus, Rhantus pulverosus, Chironomidae spp., Rana nigromaculata, Cobitidae spp. etc., favored fish meal and 6 taxa including Ischnura asiatica, Coenagrionidae spp. Sternolophus rufipes etc., were attracted by chemical light. The submerged funnel trap used as a measurement tool for biodiversity was less applicable than the quadrat method; however, it was more effective for the selective collection of specific taxa. We expect that this newly designed trap can be a simple and quantitative method for collecting aquatic organisms, and could be used for long term and extensive surveys in rice paddy fields in the future.

기존의 개발되었던 국악 가상 악기들은 시김새를 표현하기 위해 키 스위치 방식을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 접근이 실제 음악에 적용되었을 때 음악에 적합한 표현이 불가능하다는 한계점 을 인식하고 이를 개선하고자 애프터터치를 이용하여 음고 조정이 가능한 가야금 가상 악기를 제 작하는데 목적이 있다. 연구의 과정은 다음과 같다. 먼저 가야금 가상 악기의 음원 녹음을 위해 25현 개량 가야금을 기준으로 음정과 셈여림을 정하고, 매 연주마다 다른 샘플이 재생될 수 있도 록 라운드 로빈 방식으로 구현될 것을 감안하여 총 225개의 음원을 녹음하였다. 가야금 가상 악기 는 Max For Live로 프로그래밍 되어 에이블톤 라이브와 연동하여 사용할 수 있도록 개발하였다. 시김새를 표현하기 위한 구체적인 방법으로 각 음마다 샘플을 재생하는 건반과 애프터터치를 조정 하는 건반을 할당하여 오른손으로 연주를 하고 왼손으로 음고를 변화시켜 시김새를 표현하였다. 본 논문은 시김새의 자연스러운 표현을 위한 제안으로 시작하였지만 손의 제스처가 개별적인 음의 높이를 조정할 수 있는 가상악기를 개발하기 위해서 애프터터치가 아닌 새로운 컨트롤러가 필요하 다는 결론에 도달했다. 시김새의 표현에 대한 가상악기에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어지고, 나 아가 국악기의 미디음원 사용이 활성화되어 국악기의 활용의 폭이 한층 더 넓혀질 수 있는 데 기 초 연구가 될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다.