In preparation of porous carbon materials microwave oven brightening is one of the warming modes used ever. The various procedures that take place in microwave combustion process include carbonization, incitation, and recovery and thus carbon is defined. This paper compares ideal conditions of traditional warming methods, as well as their implementation potential, losses, and specifications. This porous carbon with heat treatment possesses various properties and they are well suited for energy applications which require constrained space such as hydrogen storage in solid-state and supercapacitors. The enhanced properties are chemical and thermal stability, ready availability, low framework density and ease of processability. The recent trend in class of porous carbons is Activated Carbons that are employed traditionally as adsorbents or catalyst supporters but currently, they found potent applications in fabricating for hydrogen storage materials and supercapacitors. These activated carbons are much enhanced form in class of porous carbon materials and they possess the capability to enable hydrogen economy, where the energy carrier is hydrogen. Therefore, the utility of activated carbons as a source for energy storage experiences a rapid growth at current trend and they possess significant advances. This investigation is based on detailed cost development data and electrical imperativeness applications.

The thermal death kinetics of the Black timber bark beetle, Xylosandrus germanus, was investigated to develop a heat treatment for control of infested wood packing materials used to export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative control method, laboratory experiments irradiating wooden blocks of Douglas fir (200×200×250mm), which were artificially infested with adults, with 2.45 GHz of microwave energy. All (100%) Ambrosia beetle adults were killed by both hot water treatments and microwave irradiation at 52˚C and 58˚C, respectively. Probit analyses estimated the internal wood temperature required to produce Probit (0.99) efficacy to be 64.7˚C (95% CI 62.4-69.9˚C) at one minute after microwave treatment.

Thermal death kinetics of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, was investigated to develop a heat treatment method that controls the pest in wood packing materials used in the export of goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, laboratory experiments were performed on blocks (200x200x250 mm) of Douglas fir artificially infested with live larvae and pupae irradiating the blocks with 2.45 GHz of microwave energy. One hundred percent mortality of larvae and pupae of Japanese pine sawyer was observed by hot water treatment at 64°C and 68°C, respectively. One hundred percent mortality of treated Japanese pine sawyer was achieved above 67°C for larvae and 70°C for pupae based on the measured wood temperature, regardless of the irradiation time.

Thermal death kinetics was examined to develop a heat treatment method to control the Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood packing materials for export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, we performed laboratory experiments on the blocks (200x200x250mm) of Douglas-fir artificially infested with live adults with subsequent 2.45GHz microwave energy irradiation. The 100% mortality of treated Pine wood nematode was achieved above 64℃ of the measured wood temperature, regardless of irradiated time. All measurement points in the blocks reached 64℃ within 84-312 seconds with microwave irradiation by wood weight. Likewise, the 100% mortality of nematodes were observed by hot water treatment on 62℃. We need further experimental verification, but commercial microwave (2.45GHz) treatment is a feasible alternative to conventional heat treatment to control Pine wood nematode on the wood packing materials for export goods.

Thermal death kinetics was examined to develop a heat treatment method to control the Alnus ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus, in wood packing materials for export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, we performed laboratory experiments on the blocks (200x200x250mm) of Douglas-fir artificially infested with live adults with subsequent 2.45GHz microwave energy irradiation. The 100% mortality of treated Alnus Ambrosia Beetle was achieved above 58℃ of the measured wood temperature, regardless of irradiated time. All measurement points in the blocks reached 58℃ within 84-312 seconds with microwave irradiation by wood weight. Likewise, the 100% mortality of breetles were observed by hot water treatment on 52℃. We need further experimental verification, but commercial microwave (2.45GHz) treatment is a feasible alternative to conventional heat treatment to control Alnus ambrosia beetle on the wood packing materials for export goods.

In the reaction of gas-solid phases, the microwave energy plays a role as a catalyst, because it causes friction between adjacent molecules and enables an unique characteristics of interior heating of the materials. When the dipole gases are adsorbed inside of the pore of carbon materials, the gases are decomposed by the microwave energy and reacted with the carbon atoms. Using this principle, we could make the activated carbon from coconut shell within 20 minute, and this residence time for activation is about 1/16 of rotary kiln. The BET surface area of activated carbon made by microwave is about 1,100m2/g similar to conventional method of rotary kiln. In this study, the power of microwave generator was 400~1000W, and the gas for activation was steam mainly.

This paper assesses the feasibility of producing fuel energy from sewage sludge via four processes: microwave-induced pyrolysis/gasification and conventional pyrolysis/gasification. Both pyrolysis and gasification produced gas, char, and tar. The gas produced for the gasification contained mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a small amount of methane and hydrocarbons (C2H4, C2H6, C3H8). However, the gasification produced higher carbon monoxide instead of the hydrogen. The microwave gasification generated higher heavy tar compared to other processes. As a light tar, benzene generated higher value for both the pyrolysis and gasification. The sludge char showed a vitreous-like texture for the microwave process and a deep crack shape for the conventional heating process. These results indicate that the gas produced from the microwave processes of wet sewage sludge might be usable as a fuel energy source, but this would require removal of the condensable PAH tars. The sludge char produced could also be used as a solid fuel or adsorbent.

황철석 시료로부터 Fe를 효과적으로 용출시키기 위하여 마이크로웨이브 에너지와 암모니아 용액을 적용하였다. 황철석을 마이크로웨이브에 60분 동안 노출시키자 적철석과 자류철석으로 상변환되었다. 그리고 암모니아 용액에 의하여 Fe가 최대로 용출되는 마이크웨이브 노출시간은 60분이였다. Fe 용출율이 99% 이상으로 나타나는 시료와 마이크로웨이브 노출 조건은 325-400 mesh의 황철석 시료와 60분에서였다. 그리고 암모니아 용출 조건은 0.3 M의 황산, 2.0 M의 황산암모늄 그리고 0.1 M의 과산화수소 농도에서였다. 고체-잔류물에 대하여 XRD 분석을 수행한 결과 황철석, 적철석 그리고 자류철석은 암모니아 용액에 의하여 완전히 제거되었지만 석영은 제거되지 않았다.

This study was carried out to develop an efficient process for the elimination of phenol pollutant from soils. An microwave-assisted process (MAP) and a conventional Soxhlet extraction method (SEM) were employed to extract phenol from two types of soils. The effects of extraction methods, aged time of the spiked soil samples, extraction solvent and extraction time on the extraction performance were compared. Our results demonstrate that the recoveries from standard soil spiked were at least 10% higher for MAP than those for the conventional Soxhlet. The extraction time by MAP requires significantly shorter time (1 min) than 18 h of the conventional Soxhlet. The recoveries from non-contaminated soil spiked with phenol were also almost identical for above results. The reduction of the extraction times with efficiency higher than that afforded by the conventional Soxhlet technique supports the suitability of the MAP method.