In insect exoskeleton/cuticle, structural cuticular proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components of the procuticle. CPs are cross-linked by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2 (Lac2)- mediated oxidation of N-acylcatechols. We reported that two major CPs, TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, belong to the CPR family that contain the RR-2 consensus motif (Rebers & Riddiford), are essential for formation and stabilization of the rigid cuticle of Tribolium castaneum adults. In this study, we characterized and investigated functions of the third most abundant protein, TcCP30, in extracts of elytra. TcCP30 cDNA encodes a protein with 171 amino acid residues containing a putative signal peptide. Unlike TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, TcCP30 mature protein lacks an RR motif, with a very unique amino composition, 36% Glu, 21% His, 20% Arg and 16% Gly. TcCP30 gene is highly expressed right before and after eclosion (in 5 d-old pupae and 0 d-old adults). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that TcCP30 protein was present in rigid cuticle such as elytra and ventral abdomen but not soft cuticle such as hindwings and dorsal abdomen of adult T. castaneum. Injection of dsRNA for TcCP30 into late instar larvae had no affect on larval and pupal growth and development. However, the subsequent pupal-adult molt, more than 50% adults were unable to shed their exuvium and died entrapped in their pupal cuticle. In addition, the resulting adults exhibited wrinkled, warped and split elytra. TcCP30-deficient adults could not fold their hindwings properly because probably due to the malformed elytra. These results indicate that TcCP30 is critical for formation of rigid adult cuticle as well as development and growth of T. castaneum.

수경재배와 토양재배를 통해 키운 토란이 생리 형태학적으로 어떤 차이가 나는지 조사하였다. Hoa.+IAA를 처리한 수경재배는 질석, Hoa., 토양, 물에서 키운 토란보다 약 9%, 32%, 38% 및 60% 생장이 각각 촉진되었다. 물에서 재배한 토란은 5~6주 생장한 후의 Fv/Fm값이 0.54와 0.55를 나타내어 Fv/Fm값이 0.8 이상을 보인 Hoa.+IAA, 질석과 토양에 비해 약 32.5% 낮았다. Hoa.+IAA 처리구에서

Pteris cretica ‘Wilsonii’의 대량생산에 적합한 배양 환경을 구명하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 포자는 7주 안에 모두 발아하였다. Knop과 Hyponex배지에서 전 엽체 증식이 왕성하였지만, 전엽체의 생육에는 Hyponex 배지가 더 유용하였다. MS배지에서는 전엽체가 괴사하 였으며, 질소급원과 sucrose의 농도를 조절한 경우에도 sucrose 무첨가구를 제외한 모든 첨가구에서 전엽체가 괴사하였다. Sucrose 1%와 agar 0.6%를 첨가한 Hyponex배지가 전엽체의 증식과 생육에 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 접종방법을 달리한 결과, Hyponex배 지에서는 다져서 접종하는 전엽체의 증식 및 생육에 효과적이었지만, MS배지에서는 전엽체의 군집을 4등 분하여 접종한 처리구에서 전엽체의 증식 및 생육이 우수하였다. 고체배지에서 배양하는 것이 액체배지에서 배양하는 것보다 효과적이었다. 액체배양은 전엽체의 괴사를 유도하였다. 액체진탕배양한 전엽체는 생육은 우수하였으나 고체배양한 전엽체에 비하여 증식이 억 제되었다.

본 연구의 주목적은 공간그리드의 조형요소로서 3차원 유닛의 역할과 구성을 탐구하는 것이다. 따라서 공간그리드와 3차원 유닛의 상호관계와 역할, 유닛의 유형 및 구성방식과 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 파악된다. 또한 각각의 형태적 특성 및 조합이 공간그리드 전체의 형상에서 드러내는 효과를 확인하여 전반적인 형태구성의 틀을 제시하고자 한다.

본 연구의 목적은 건축물의 구조와 형상에 대한 접근방식을 다변화하는 매개로서 다면체를 탐구하고, 건축구조 디자인 요소로서 그 형태구성을 고찰하는 것이다. 따라서 자연계와 건축물에서 드러나는 다면체 형태를 살펴보고, 순수 래티스 다면체로 고찰 대상을 한정하여 그 형태학적 특성을 파악한다. 이를 토대로 건축구조 디자인 요소로서 다면체를 공간적 형태구성에 활용하는 방식을 제시한다.

gp130-Mediated signaling is involved in both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. but its direct role in the mecha nism of embryonic Meckel’s cartilage and associated mandibular development has not yet been elucidated . In this s tudy. we examined the influence of gp130 ablation on the morphogenesis of Meckel’s cartilage and subsequent d evelopment of mandible by evaluating the morphological and histological changes as well as the gene expression patterns in developing embryonic gp130 deficient Ullce The abla tion of the gp130 gene showecl 110 change in region- specific collagen mRNA expression except for a s light delay in its expression but caused shortened embry 。nic Mecke]'s cartilage, delayed hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation and subseqllent bony replacement with characteristic bending of the intramandibular Meckel's cartilage. The bending 0 1' Meckel's cartilage leads to a narrow mandibular arch at the rostral area with poor cortical plate formation. These fir띠 ings indi cate that gp130 is im p ortant for the normal morphogen않is 01' Meckel's cartiJage and sllbsequent mandib띠a‘ c1evelopmen

In the present study, to understand the process of abnormal pigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side of olive flounder P. olivaceus during early development, we investigated an time that staining on the blind side is initially observed with the naked eyes, counted the number of stained spot on the blind, and calculated the ratio of area stained on the blind side, and the ratio of fish pigmented on the blind side with growth. The present experiment was initiated at 24-day after hatching (dah), just after the starting of metamorphosis, in which fish mean size is total length (TL) 12.4±0.2 ㎜ and body weight (BW) 19.9±0.7 ㎎, and was finalized at 94-dah (TL 72.0±0.6 ㎜, BW 3,912.3±119.4 ㎎). The experimental animals were reared in FRP tank at 20±0.5℃ in water temperature and 30.9±0.1 psu. The experimental animals were feed with rotifer, Artemia nauplii and commercial food according growth stage. As results, the pigmented spots are composed with adult-type melanophores. The first spot was found in microscopy level at 38-dah (TL 18.3±0.4 ㎜, BW 57.6±4.1 ㎎), but the first staining spot observed with the naked eye was found 52-dah (TL 37.6±0.5 ㎜, BW 534.2±30.9 ㎎) around the pectoral fin and the caudal peduncle. The pigmented spots became more distinctive and expanded around the edge of rear on the blind side. The number of spots and the ratio of area stained on the blind side sharply increased between 31-dah and 80-dah, and between 66-dah and 94-dah, respectively. The ratio of fishes stained on the blind side increased between 45-dah and 73-dah, and then was stagnated to 94-dah. Therefore, these results concluded that the pigmentation on the blind side of olive flounder is not an temporary and reversible color change but an irreversible abnormal phenomenon that pigment cells is continuously differentiated on the blind side with growth for early development just after metamorphosis in artificial culture conditions.

The effects of red, blue, and far-red light by illumination of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth, morphogenesis and eleutheroside contents of in vitro plantlets of Eleutherococcus senticosus were examined. As a control, plantlets were grown under a broad spectrum white fluorescent lamp (16/8 h illumination). The length of plantlets grown under the red/blue LEDs was taller than those under fluorescent lamps. Leaf area, root length and fresh weight of plantlets were highest under blue light compared to other kinds of light sources. Chlorophyll contents in plantlets grown under fluorescent lamps were higher than those in plantlets grown under LED illumination. Production of eleuthroside B and E in plantlets was highest under blue LED. However, production of eleuthroside E1 was highest under fluorescent lamps. These results suggest that plant growth and eleuthroside accumulation can be controlled by wave length of light under LED illumination system.

도깨비고비와 참쇠고비의 포자발아에서 얻은 전엽체를 균질화하여 배양함으로써 전엽체 개체발생과 포자체 형성과정을 연구하였다. 배양 2주일이 지나자 균질화한 전엽체 세포들이 일차원의 필라멘트 형태를 형성하였고, 4주일째에는 다수의 가지를 뻗은 형태의 전엽체가 출현하였다. 배양 6주일째에 apical notch가 발달된 전엽체가 형성되었는데. 중심부에는 분열조직이 발달되었다. 8주의 배양기간이 지나자 전엽체의 중심부에서 장란기의 형성 없이 무수정생식에 의한 bud가 관찰되었다. 10주일이 지나자 무수정생식에 의한 bud는 포자체로 발달되었는데, flow cytometric 분석 결과 도깨비고비와 참쇠고비 모두에서 전엽체와 포자체는 동일한 ploidy level을 지닌 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 도깨비고비뿐만 아니라 참쇠고비 또한 무수정생식을 하는 양치식물임을 증명하는 결과로 생각된다.

Callus cultures from leaf explants of Gypsophila paniculata L. cv. 'Bristol Fairy' have been tested their growth and morphogenic capacity on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.l, 0.5, 1 and 3 mg/L 2,4-D. The frequency of callus formation ranged from 43.3% to 100%. The optimal 2,4-D concentration for promoting callus formation and growth was 0.5 to 3 ㎎/L. 4.2∼ 5.6% of adventitious roots were obtained with the use of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Calli grown well on 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D was the heaviest among the calli grown in various concentrations.