In this paper, we describe the control of safely grasping various objects using a three-finger gripper. An experimental device was constructed for the characteristic experiment of a three-finger gripper, a control system for closed-loop control was constructed, and experiments were conducted to obtain proportional gain and differential gain experimentally. As a result of the experiment, the proportional gain of the three-finger gripper was Kp=0.25, and the differential gain was Kd=5.0. As a result of the special experiment, the rising time was within 0.31 seconds, the steady-state error was within ±0.02 N, and the overshoot was within 0.03 N. By applying this to control the gripping force, it was possible to safely grip various objects. Therefore, we believe that applying the control method of this study to a three-finger gripper will enable it to grasp various objects safely.

Tracing the water snowline in low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) is important because dust grain growth is promoted and the chemical composition varies at the water snowline, which influences planet formation and its properties. In protostellar envelopes, the water snowline can be estimated as a function of luminosity using a relation derived from radiative transfer models, and these predictions are consistent with observations. However, accurately estimating the water snowline in protoplanetary disks requires new relations that account for the disk structure. We present the relations between luminosity and water snowline using the dust continuum radiative transfer models with various density structures. We adopt two-dimensional density structures for an envelope-only model (Model E), an envelope+disk+cavity model (Model E+D), and a protoplanetary disk model (Model PPD). The relations between the water snowline, where Tdust = 100 K, and the total luminosity, ranging 0.1–1,000 L⊙, are well fitted by a power-law relation, Rsnow = a × (L/L⊙)p au. The factor a decreases with increasing disk density, while the power index p has values around 0.5 in all models. As the disk becomes denser, the water snowline forms at smaller radii even at the same luminosity, since dense dust hinders photon propagation. We also explore the effect of viscous heating on the water snowline. In Model PPD with viscous heating, the water snowline shifts outward by a few au up to 15 au, increasing the factor a and decreasing the power index p. In Model E+D with lower disk mass, the effect of viscous heating is negligible, indicating that the disk mass controls the effect. The discrepancy between our models and direct observations provides insights into the recent outburst event and the presence of a disk structure in low-mass YSOs.

본 연구는 해양에서 선박 운항 시 발생할 수 있는 항행장애물, 특히 부유물과의 충돌 위험성을 예측하기 위해 몬테카를로 시뮬 레이션을 적용한 항행안전 충돌 확률 모델을 개발하는 데 중점을 두고 있다. 항행장애물은 해양에서 선박의 운항을 방해하거나 위험을 초 래할 수 있는 물체로, 선박 사고의 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 연구는 부유물 감김 사고와 관련된 최근 5년간의 해양사고통계 정보와 7년간 사 고 데이터를 분석하여 사고 발생 패턴을 파악하고, 이를 기반으로 위험성 평가 방법론을 검토하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 임의 의 제한된 해상 공간 내에서 표류하는 부유물과 이동 중인 선박이 접촉할 확률을 도출하였으며, 다양한 변수(부유물의 크기, 개수, 속도, 이 동하는 선박의 개수, 선박의 통항 패턴 등)가 충돌 확률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 표류하는 장애물의 속도보다는 장애물의 크기와 이동하는 선박의 개수에 따라 충돌 확률이 영향을 받음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 해양과 선박 데이터 기반 실행 가능한 모델 을 제안하며, 이를 통해 선박 운항의 안전성을 높이고, 사고 예방을 위한 효과적인 관리 방안을 제공하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.

Online infringement of Artificial intelligence (AI) generated content essentially constitutes IP infringement and should adhere to Article 50 of Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Law Applicable to Foreign-Related Civil Relationships. However, applying Article 50 to online infringement involving AI-generated objects presents a dual interpretation dilemma. The first dilemma pertains to the interpretation of the requested place of protection. The second issue concerns the redundancy of party autonomy in the article. Therefore, Article 50 should be reinterpreted with as emphasis on maintaining the territoriality of IP rights to make it applicable to online infringement of AI-generated objects. The place where protection is sought should be understood as the forum. If there are relevant factors, the affected cyberspace can be ‘collapsed’ into the court’s location. By employing the territoriality of IP, party autonomy should be limited to regulating the issue of damages.

9세기 신라 구법승은 당에서 어떤 불교 성물을 보았을까? 이 글은 신라 구법승과 같은 시기 당(唐)에 머물며 장안(長安)과 양주(揚州), 태주(台州) 등지에서 불교 경전과 서적 뿐 아니라 불화와 백묘 도상, 밀교 법구 등을 수집해 간 일본 구법승들의 청래목록(請來目錄) 을 살펴보았다. 입당팔가(入唐八家)라 알려진 일본의 9세기 구법승, 즉 사이초(最澄), 구카 이(空海), 조교(常曉), 엔교(圓行), 엔닌(圓仁), 에운(惠運), 엔친(圓珍), 슈에이(宗叡)가 작성한 청래목록을 읽으며 그들이 가지고 온 그림과 도구 등의 미술사 관련 물목을 정리하 고, 신라 불교미술과의 연관성을 탐색해 보았다. 9세기 일본 승려들이 입당한 주요 목적은 밀교 수법에 필요한 만다라와 도구 등을 구하는 것이었지만, 여정에 따라, 또 개인적인 관심사나 인연에 따라 천태(天台)나 선(禪) 등 비밀 교적인 그림이나 성물도 수집했음을 확인했다. 이들이 공들여 수집한 물건들 가운데에는 신 라 구법승도 관심을 가지고 보았을 것이고, 신라로 장래(將來)한 것도 있을 수 있다. 그런 관점에서 이 글에서는 화본(畫本)으로 전해진 밀교 도상이나 단감(檀龕), 즉 전단목(栴檀 木)으로 제작한 불감 등 그간 신라 불교미술 연구에서 주목해 온 항목을 재확인했다. 이에 더해 근래 주목을 받는 경주 출토 <범한다라니(梵漢陀羅尼)>(본관6860)가 사이초의 목록 에서 보이는 <범한양자수구즉득다라니(梵漢兩字隨求陀羅尼)> 등 범자와 한자 두 글자로 적힌 다라니의 유통과 관련이 있을 가능성을 제기했다. 그리고 조교와 엔교, 엔닌의 목록에 보이는 보리상(菩提像)과 수월관음상(水月觀音像)의 유통 양상을 주목했다. 이 외에도 목 록에 보이는 다양한 종류의 고승 진영, 오대산(五臺山) 및 천태산(天台山) 관련 유물, 인불 (印佛)과 인탑(印塔) 역시 앞으로 더 주목해 보아야 할 소재임을 제시했다.

We investigate the properties of AGB and post-AGB (PAGB) stars, planetary nebulae, and young stellar objects (YSOs) in our Galaxy through an analysis of observational data covering visual and infrared (IR) wavelengths. Utilizing datasets from IRAS, 2MASS, AllWISE, Gaia DR3, and the SIMBAD object database, we perform an in-depth comparison between observational data and theoretical models. For this comparison, we present various color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) in visual and IR bands, as well as IR two-color diagrams (2CDs). Our results demonstrate that the CMDs, incorporating the latest distance and extinction data from Gaia DR3 for a majority of sample stars, are effective in distinguishing different classes of stars. To improve the precision of our analysis, we apply theoretical radiative transfer models for dust shells around AGB and PAGB stars. A thorough comparison of the theoretical models with observations across various IR 2CDs and CMDs shows a significant agreement. We find that AGB and PAGB stars are among the brightest classes in visual and IR bands. Furthermore, most YSOs are clearly distinguishable from AGB stars on various IR CMDs, exhibiting fainter absolute magnitudes in IR bands.

We present a novel method that can enhance the detection success rate of interstellar objects. Interstellarobjects are objects that are not gravitationally bound to our solar system and thus are believed to haveoriginated from other planetary systems. Since the nding of two interstellar objects, 1l/`Oumuamua in2017 and 2l/Borisov in 2019, much attention has been paid to nding new interstellar objects. In thispaper, we propose the use of Heliospheric Imagers (HIs) for the survey of interstellar objects. In particular,we show HI data taken from Solar TErrestrial RElation Observatory/Sun Earth Connection Coronal andHeliospheric Investigation and demonstrate their ability to detect `Oumuamua-like interstellar objects. HIs are designed to monitor and study space weather by observing the solar wind traveling throughinterplanetary space. HIs provide the day-side observations and thus it can dramatically enlarge theobservable sky range when combined with the traditional night-side observations. In this paper, we rstreview previous methods for detecting interstellar objects and demonstrate that HIs can be used for thesurvey of interstellar objects.

Real world consumption is gradually being warped into an intangible form of digital virtual consumption. Virtual worlds, objects and experiences are often argued to be less valued or meaningful then their real reality counterparts. Though studies show how digital virtual consumption serves as ways of navigating and decoding normative boundaries of communal and cultural origin within virtual worlds. In this paper, we show how consumers balance their real-life responsibilities with consumption in virtual worlds. In an effort to better understand the phenomenon, we put forwards an analysis based on assemblage theory, which focuses on how agentic and communal capacities of component parts both enable and constrain various aspects of the consumption experience.