In 2006, Cambodian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI) bred a high-quality tomato ‘Neang Pich’ variety. Since ‘Neang Pich’ is susceptible to Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), it is severely affected the production major tomato growing regions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seven S. rolfsii tolerant rootstocks on growth and yield in graft cultivation of ‘Neang Pich’ tomato. ‘Neang Pich’ seedlings were used as scion and non-grafted control. Six eggplant genotypes (‘2017053’, ‘2017062’, ‘17CJVC2’, ‘No. 80’, ‘VI041979A’, ‘VI041996’) and a commercial tomato variety (‘Hulk’) were used as rootstock. The grafted and non-grafted tomatoes were grown in a plastic greenhouse and open field. The survival rate of plants did not differ between plastic greenhouse (80.2%) and open field (79.5%). The top and root fresh weight of plants grown in a plastic greenhouse increased by 77% and 11% compared to the open field and the dry weight increased by 48% and 10%, respectively. The top (309 g) and root (18.9 g) fresh weight, and the top (90.5 g) and root (6.39 g) dry weight depending on rootstock were the highest in plants grafted onto ‘2017062’. The yield of tomatoes in a plastic greenhouse (19.5 MT/ha) was 65% higher than that of open field (11.8 MT/ha). The yield of tomatoes depending on rootstock were the highest in ‘2017062’ (17.8 MT/ha). The effect of cultivation practice and grafting on pH and sugar content (oBrix) of the fruit was non-significant difference (p0.05). The scion diameter, top fresh weight, fruit weight and yield (MT/ha) were significant difference (p0.05) in the interaction effect between tomato cultivation practices (plastic greenhouse and open field) and rootstock.

Pinus densiflora is a fixed-growth coniferous species that elongates its shoot once a year and finishes growing in early summer. However, it may produce additional shoots in the same year in response to external stimuli, called abnormal shoot growth. This study investigated the effects of open-field summer warming and drought on the abnormal shoot growth of P. densiflora seedlings. In March 2022, two factorial combinations were constructed, including two temperature treatments (control and 4°C increase) and two precipitation treatments (control and drought), with five replicates for each combination. The temperature treatment was performed for 87 days from May 14 to August 8, 2022, and the precipitation treatment was performed for 33 days from May 14 to June 15, blocking 100% of the ambient rainfall. The abnormal shoot occurrence rate and leaf unfolding stages were measured in November, and the shoot and root collar diameter growth rates were calculated by comparing the seedling height and root collar diameter measured in August (after the cessation of treatment) and October (after the end of growing period) with the initial values (i.e., May 2022). The abnormal shoot occurrence rate significantly increased under the warming treatment, showing a 410.6% increase in the warming plots (38.4%) compared to the control plots (7.5%). There was no significant difference in the shoot and root collar diameter growth rate regarding warming and drought treatments. Abnormal shoots may have been affected by high temperatures by inducing early transition to the next ontogenetic stage.

대량유살 기술을 통한 총채벌레 방제 기술이 시설 고추재배지를 중심으로 개발되었다. 이 기술의 핵심 요인은 효과적 유인제 개발에 있다. 집합페로몬에 의존하였던 유인전략은 노지 재배지에서는 뚜렷한 효과를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 노지 고추재배지에서 총채벌레의 대량 유살을 위해 새로운 유인물질의 추가가 필요하였다. 또한 노지재배지에서 집합페로몬의 유인력 감소 원인을 규명할 필요가 있었다. 새로운 유인 물질로서 methyl isonicotinate (MIN)이 제시되었고, 이 물질이 실내 유인행동분석을 통해 총채벌레에 대한 자체 유인력은 물론이고 집합페로 몬과 협력효과를 보였다. 이를 바탕으로 집합페로몬과 혼합물 형태로 노지 고추재배지에서 분석한 결과 총채벌레의 포획밀도를 증가시켰다. 특 히 이러한 증가는 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)에서 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 유인트랩에 집합페로몬의 함량 증가는 노지 고추재배지에 서 꽃노랑총채벌레는 물론이고 다른 총채벌레류의 포획밀도를 뚜렷하게 증가시켰다. 본 연구는 집합페로몬 유인력이 시설재배지와 노지재배지 사이에서 차이가 있으며, 노지 재배지의 경우 효과적 유인력을 발휘하기 위해서는 더욱 많은 집합페로몬 함량을 요구한다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 본 연구는 집합페로몬에 MIN을 추가하여 꽃노랑총채벌레에 대한 고효율 유인제를 개발할 수 있는 기술을 제시한다.

토마토반점위조바이러스(TSWV)는 총채벌레가 매개하는 대표적인 바이러스로 고추 등 여러작물에서 심각 한 피해를 준다. 노지고추에서 토마토반점위조바이러스 발생 경감을 위한 총채벌레 방제시기를 설정하고자 시기별 총채벌레 발생량과 토마토반점위조바이러스병 발생량을 조사하였다. 2023년 전북 익산 노지 고추포장 에서 청색끈끈이트랩을 이용하여 총채벌레 발생량을 조사한 결과 4월 상순부터 채집되기 시작하여 5월 하순과 6월 하순에 발생최성기를 보였다. 반면 고추 꽃에서는 정식 2주후부터 꽃당 10마리 이상 관찰되었다. 토마토반점 위조바이러스병은 정식 30일 이후 증상이 발생하기 시작하여 빠르게 확산되는 경향이었다. 따라서 노지고추에 서 토마토반점위조바이러스병 경감을 위하여 총채벌레 방제를 활착 이후부터 시작하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단 되었다.

공론(公論)이라는 개념은 영어의 ‘public opinion’과 대응하는 단어로, 공론과 공론정치를 다룬 여러 연구에서 다수가 참여한 논의와 토론을 거쳐 공정성이 확보된 의견이라는 뜻으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 유교적 ‘공(公)’의 개념은 행위에 내재된 도덕성과 관련되어 있어, 행위의 장을 가리키는 서구의 public 개념과 다르다. 그러므로 조선시대의 공론 개념은 ‘다수의 토론을 통해 형성된 공정한 의견’이 아니라, ‘천리(天理)를 따르고 인간의 본연지성(本然之性)에 부합하는 옳은 의견이기 때문에 모두가 동의하는 의견’이라는 뜻이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 유교적 공론 개념이 근대적 공론 개념으로 변화하는 과정을 추적하고자 개념사 방법론을 적용하여 『한성순보』·『한성주보』와 『독립신문』에 등장하는 공론 개념의 의미장을 분석하였다. 그 결과 공론 개념은 유교적 공 개념에 근거하여 언론을 설명하며 정당화하거나, 만국공론처럼 유교적 에토스에 근거해 국제관계를 이해하고 상상하기도 했다. 또한 근대국가를 지향하면서도 이를 정당화하기 위해 유교적 공 개념과 언표를 인용하는 방식으로 공론 개념의 의미장이 재배치되는 현상을 확인할 수 있었다.

Biological control as a tactic of environmentally safer agriculture has not been widely accepted by farmers. In Japan integrated biological control with native natural enemies is rapidly developing for greenhouse vegetables, because of high prices of commercially mass-reared biological control agents. We have studied the effective use of natural enemies at farm level, focusing on generalist predators, although there are differences in using natural enemies for augmentation in greenhouses and conservation in open fields. Recently, however, insectary plants (crops) have been considered as a key component for enhancing natural enemies. We have examined the effectiveness of candidate insectary plants on natural enemies and implemented biointensive IPM with insectary plants at farm-level. Our recent study suggested that some herbs and crops are highly effective on improving the survival and reproduction of generalist predators. By growing such plants in vegetable greenhouses and open-fields, natural enemy populations could be enhanced and thus stably persist even after targeted prey populations are exploited. Moreover, insectary plants may result in a shift of IPM from level I to level II.

This study was conducted to determine the major patent and analyze the patent trend of unmanned and automated agricultural production for the open field operation. As a result of conducting a search for patent applications related to these technologies, 1,080 valid patents were selected by evaluating the relevance of the patents and removing noise patents. As a result of the country-based analysis using the selected valid patents, it was found out that the largest number of patent applications were filed in the United States with 541 cases, followed by Japan with 326 cases, the European Union with 128 cases, and Korea with 85 cases. Upon classifying the valid patents into core technology, the path generation and tracking technology accounts for 33% with 353 cases; the implementing control with environmental condition technology accounts for 22% with 236 cases; the robot design technology accounts for 21% with 228 cases; the plant and environment sensing technology accounts for 19% with 206 cases; the yield and quality monitoring technology accounts for 5% with 58 cases. Finally, 10 core patents were selected by performing a patent index evaluation. The United States registered all of the 10 core patents. The results showed that Korea falls behind in the open field-related unmanned and automated agricultural production, compared to other developed agricultural countries.

노지 포장과 비가림 하우스 시설내의 지상및지중부 온도와 광합성 유효광량자속 밀도(photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) 조건이 블루베리 'Northland' 품종의 수체생육 및 과실 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 과실 생장은 비가림 하우스 재배에서 촉진되어 조기수확 및 수확기간이 단축되는 것으로 조사되었다. 지상 및 지중부 온도, PPFD가 블루베리 과실의 과립중과 과실크기에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 가용성고형물 함량은 완숙기 과실에서 노지 포장에서 높았고, 산함량은 비가림 하우스의 과실에서 유의하게 낮았다. 온도와 PPFD가 과실의 경도에 미치는 영향은 뚜렷하지 않았다. 완숙 과실의 총 안토시아닌 함량은 비가림 하우스의 과실에서 유의하게 높았다. 기능성 성분인 총페놀 함량과 항산화활성도는 과실 발육기간 동안은 노지 재배 과실에서 높았으나, 완숙 과실에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

Purpose : This study measured obiectively the accommodative responses stimulated by push-up method and minus lens method with the NVision-K 5001 open-field autorefractor, and compared the results with previously published data. Methods : Forty-five subiects aged 19 to 29 years (mean 22. 7±2.4 years) participated in this study. Three conditions were used to stimulate accommodation and accommodative responses were measured objectively by NVision-K 5001 : (1) push-up test under binocular viewing condition ; the target was placed at vergence ranging from 0-50 in 1D steps. (2) push-up test under monocular viewing condition ; the target was placed at vergence ranging from 1-50 in 1D steps. (3) minus lens test under monocular viewing condition ; a distant(6 m) target viewed through increasing powered minus lenses from 1-50 in 10 steps. Trial lens calibration procedures were also performed to assess the accuracy of the NVision-K 5001. Results : The calib1·ation of NVision-1< 5001 wilh trial lenses showed linear regression equation which was close to the idea! 1 : 1 line(y = -1.005x + 0.060, r2 = 0.999. p < 0.001). The accommodative responses measured with the NVision-K 5001 for the push-up and minus lens- stimulated accommodation progressively lagged behind the increasing acconunodative stimulus. 8oth push-up methods under monocular and binocular viewing conditions showed significanlly higher acconunodative responses than minus lens method(p < 0.001). Push-up method under binocular viewing condition demonstrated slightly higher accommodative responses compared with monocular condition, but the difference was not significant(p = 0.958). Conclusion : The objective accommodative responses stimulated by push-up and minus lens method and measured with open-field autorefractor showed good agreement with previously published data.

지진시 지진의 3가지 진동 성분이 나타난다. 즉 수평진동 성분, 지반의 연직 진동에 의해 발생된 상부 구조물과의 피드백의 의한 말뚝의 연지 진동, 그리고 연직 지반 진동에 의한 해수의 진동, 즉, 해진이 그것들이다 이들 진동들을 해양에 설치된 개단 강관 말뚝 주변에 유발된 간극수압의 크기와 관내토 폐색력에 영향을 미칠수 있다 지반과 말뚝의 진동은 유사 지진 진동으로써 흙과 말뚝을 진동시켜서 모델링할 수 있지만 연직 지반 거동에 의해 유발된 해진 진동은 해저면에 정현파 형상의 동수압을 가해주어 모델링할 수 있다 이 연구에서는 유사화된 지진과 해진시 압력토조에 설치된 개단강관말뚝에 유발된 간극수압의 발생양상과 이에 따라 관내토 폐색력의 저감원인을 관찰하였다 연직 지진 진동시 관내토 상단에서는 관내토 하단에서와 비슷한 크기의 간극수압이 발생하였으므로 관내토에서는 상향의 침토가 유발되지 않았으며수평지진 진동시 관내토에서는 상향의 침트를 유발시켜 관내토 폐쇄력을 20%정도 저감시켰다. 해진시 수심이 220m 이상의 심해에 설치된 개단 강과 말뚝의 경우 관내토 하부 지반과 관대토 상단과의 매우 큰 동수경사로 인하여 관내토 내에 상향의 침투가 발생하여 관내토의 폐색을 파괴시켰다.

We present test results of time-series CCD photometry to investigate the photometric precision of the BOAO (Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory) 1.8m telescope. A well-known field of the old open cluster M67, which includes two pulsating blue stragglers and two W UMa type binaries, was monitored for 3.5 hours on February 22, 1996. We have collected 148 V frames and 3 B frames. Photometric noises which consist mainly of photon noise and scintillation noise, were lowered down to about 1.9 mmag for stars of 10.m5 in M67 with exposure time of 20 seconds. From the C-M diagram for M67, a number of observational properties were derived; E(B-V) = 0.03, (V-Mv)o = 9.6, Age = 4 Gyr. We obtained light curves for four known variable stars and confirmed their variational characteristics. The pulsating blue stragglers show a low amplitude (about 0.01 mag) of light variation.

In this study, we investigated the effects of the eco-friendly chemical bio-sulfur, on the citrus melanose-causing pathogen, Diaporthe citri, and on the pest, Panonychus citri. In an open field experiment with a plot-scale application of the chemicals: Mancozeb, lime sulfur, lime sulfur + machine oil, and bio-sulfur, the control group showed 70.6% disease severity compared with 10.3% for the Mancozeb-treated group. Among the eco-friendly treatments, disease severity was the lowest for the group treated with lime sulfur + machine oil (32.2%) and was 53.9%, 58.8%, and 58.1% following treatment with lime sulfur, and bio-sulfur diluted 500 and 1000 times, respectively. The proportion of diseased fruit showed similar results, suggesting that bio-sulfur is an effective alternative to lime sulfur. Three days after treatment acaricidal effects on P. citri showed a 197.6% control survival rate whereas the machine oil, and bio-sulfur diluted 500 and 1000 times treatments showed rates of 2.9%, 5.8%, and 9.0%, respectively. After three days, the control value for bio-sulfur diluted 1000 times was 73.2% compared with the values for the machine oil (96.4%) and bio-sulfur diluted 500 times (94.6%) treatments. Therefore, we suggest that additional research is needed on the combined application of bio-sulfur and oils to enhance the additive control effect on citrus melanose and Panonychus citri.

Jeju islanders consume soybean leaves as a wrapping for slices of raw fish and pork, eating mainly the young, raw, but fully extended leaf. These leaves are known to contain several kinds of functioning compounds, such as amino acids, isoflavones, flavonoids and pterocarpans. Farmers grow soybean leaves, but different soybean varieties and their characteristics for soybean leaf production have not been studied. Therefore, this study compared agronomic characteristics and iso flavones among varieties grown in a green house and in an open field. The results were as follows: There were differences in agronomic characteristics among the varieties and between places grown; generally, indoor growing produced bigger and more abundant leaves of higher quality. There were also differences in isoflavone contents in soybean leaves. Soybean leaves harvested earlier contained higher amounts in total concentration. Plants grown outside showed slightly higher but, different concentrations of the compunds studied. These results indicate that it is possible to control the isoflavone levels with varieties used, and harvest time and place.