Parasitic rate of A. orientalis was calculated and compared with parasitic rate five years ago, immediately after release, and parasitic rate was also compared according to the distance away from the release point. In addition, haplotype of A. orientalis was confirmed and the association with life cycle characteristics was decided. The survey was conducted in 2022 and 2023. The parasitic rate of release point in Buyeo increased significantly from 3.6% in 18 years to 91.21% in 22. And the parasitic rate by distance from release point is 91.21% (200m), 44.46% (12km), and 65.75% (46km). At all points of survey, only haplotype C and D were found, and there was no significant difference between haplotype C and D in the parasitic rate and sex ratio.

배추나비고치벌(Cotesia glomerata L.)은 배추흰나비(Artogeia rapae L.)와 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella L.) 유충을 공격하는 내부기생 천적으로, 여름배추를 주로 생산하는 고랭지 채소밭에서 배추흰나비와 배추좀나방을 동시에 생물적 방제하기 위한 천적자원으로서 활용 가능성이 높다. 배추나비고치벌에 대한 온도별 생육반응과 성비, 먹이에 따른 수명을 실험실내에서 조사한 결과, 배추나비고치벌의 알-유충 기간 및 번데기 기간은 20℃에서 각각 12.1 ± 2.1일, 6.4 ± 1.8일이었으며, 생육온도가 높아질수록 짧아지는 경향을 보였다. 이를 바탕으로 산출한 알-유충 및 번데기 시기의 발육영점온도는 각각 7.7℃, 8.5℃였다. 여러 상이한 온도에서 사육한 배추나비고치벌 우화성충의 암수를 조사한 결과, 15℃에 서 61.0 ± 4.5%, 20℃에서 44.2 ± 1.0%, 25℃에서 39.0 ± 2.3%의 성비를 보여 온도가 낮아질수록 암컷의 발생률이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 배추나비고치벌 성충에 10% 설탕액을 급여한 결과 수명은 20.4 ± 0.2일이었으며, 아무것도 급여하지 않은 경우는 3.6 ± 0.1일이었다. 실내 대량 사육을 통해 확보한 배추나비고치벌 성충을 2007년부터 2018년까지 매년 8월 초에 고랭지 배추밭에 방사하고 노지 기생률을 조사하였다. 그 결과 햇수가 지날수록 노지 기생률이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다(Y=0.2696X+2.8633, R2=0.3994). 가장 높은 기생률을 보인 연도는 2013년의 7.6%이었고, 가장 최근인 2018년에는 6.5%의 기생률을 나타내었다.

콜레마니진디벌 머미는 처리한 온도조건(6, 8, 10 및 12 ± 1℃) 중, 8℃에서 저장 10일 까지 50% 이상의 우화율을 보였다. 머미 우화율이 가장 높았던 8℃에서 콜레마니진디벌 머미의 저장기간에 따른 기생된 기장테두리진딧물 머미 수를 조사한 결과, 저장 후 진딧물 기생율이 급격히 떨어지는 것이 확인되었으며, 13일 이상의 저장할 경우 평균 기생율이 20%를 넘지 못하였다. 머미 상태로 저장기간 3일부터 10일까지는 기생율의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 콜레마니진디벌 성충은 3일 이상의 저장은 생존율이 급격히 감소하는 경향을 보여 성충태로의 저온저장은 불가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 고치 형성 후 2일차 된 예쁜가는배고치벌 고치를 6, 8 및 10 ± 1℃ 에서의 저장 기간에 따른 우화율을 조사한 결과, 8℃에서 가장 높은 우화율을 나타냈으며 최대 63일까지 저장이 가능하였다. 8℃ 조건에서 저장기간이 길어질수록 산란기주인 담배거세미나방 2, 3령 유충의 치사율과 고치 형성 수가 급격히 감소하는 경향이었으며, 최적 저장기간은 2주 정도인 것으로 판단되었다.

본 연구는 감귤의 해충인 귤굴나방(Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) 의 포식 기생자 천적의 종류와 기생률을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 2013～2014 제주 감귤원에서 발견된 귤굴나방 포식 기생자 천적은 좀벌상과에 속한 총 7종을 발견되었다. 그 중 좀벌과에 속한 Sympiesis striatipes가 73%, Quadrastichus sp.가 22%로 우점하였다. 나머지 종은 Neochrysocharis sp., Ageniaspis sp., Pnigalio sp., Holcopelte sp., Trichomalopsis sp. (Pteromalidae) 등이었다. 천적의 평균 기생률은 관행방제 과원에서 10.7%, 무농약 과원에서는 32.2% 이었다.

최근 기후변화와 더불어 사과원 병해충 방제 횟수, 주변 식생 등의 변화로 인해 노린재류의 발생 밀도가 증가하고 피해가 점점 늘어나고 있다. 사과원 노린재류의 방제는 주로 살충제를 이용하고 있으나 이들의 강한 이동성과 농약 잔류, 작업자에 대한 농약 노출 등의 문제를 야기하는 단점이 있어 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 새로운 해충 방제 수단이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 사과원의 주요 노린재 중 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재의 알을 이용하여 사과원 주변의 알 기생봉을 탐색하고 이들에 대한 야외 기생률을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 저온 저장된 두 종의 알을 사과원에 배치하고 이후 수거하여 알에서 채집된 기생봉을 동정한 결과 썩덩큰검정알벌(Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead)로 확인되었다. 야외 기생률은 썩덩나무노린재의 경우 약 27%, 갈색날개노린재는 21%로 나타났다. 추후 이 기생봉에 대한 생태 특성, 인공 사육, 야외 방사 기술 등의 생물적 방제제로 활용하기 위한 다양한 연구를 진행할 예정이다.

Two species in Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are wellknown vector species of the pine wood nematode (PWN) in South Korea. In 2018, the surveys using sentinel logs with two Monochamus species larvae were made from early June to last September in Pinus densiflora forests of Pohang city, South Korea. The experiments were repeated 10 times in order to investigate parasitism patterns of the larval parasitoids of M. saltuarius and M. alternatus. Three plots were chose at interval distance of 20 m (0 m, 20 m, 40 m) from the edge to the center of the forests (i.e. forest depths) in one damage area of the pine wilt disease for each of three different locations. For each time of the exposure ten sentinel logs were hung along the tree heights (i.e. sentinel logs positions) (height: 0 m, 1.8 m, 3.6 m, 5.4 m, 7.2 m). As the results of the surveys six larval parasitoids in total were identified, and most abundant parasitoids were Spathius verustus and Cynopterus flavator. Analyses showed that the parasitism rate on larvae of two Monochamus species was not affected according to forest depth, but the parasitism rate was the highest in the third plot. Also the parasitism rate was the highest at 5.4 m height of a tree. Lastly, parasitisms rate on M. alternatus was higher than that of M. saltuarius.

Monochamus saltuarius Gebler (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a well-known as vector species of the pine wood nematode (PWN) in the northern areas of South Korea. In 2017, larval parasitoids of M. saltuarius and their parasitism patterns were investigated in Pinus koraiensis forests with consideration of sentinel logs positions (height: 0 m vs. 1.8 m), distances from the edge to the center of the forest (0, 20, 40, 60, 80m), and damage degrees of the pine wilt disease (infested area, buffer area, and uninfested area). In total six of larval parasitoids were collected: Spathius verustus, Sclerodermus harmandi, Cynopterus flavator, Heydenia testacea, Heydenia sp., Braconidae sp. The parasitism rate to larvae of M. saltuarius larvae was not affected by sentinel log positions. However, the parasitism rate was significantly higher in infested areas compared to the buffer and uninfested areas. In the infested area, the parasitism rate was increased with distance from forest edges.

As a broad-spectrum insecticide azadirachtin may cause acute toxicity and alter behavior of natural enemies. We evaluatedthe toxicity of azadirachtin on two egg parasitoids of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Ooencyrtusnezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), by pre-treatinghost eggs with five concentrations, i.e., 15, 10, 7.5, 5, and 2.5 mL/L. Azadirachtin significantly reduced parasitism byG. japonicum in 15 and 10 mL/L concentrations than other lower concentrations. Similar effect was also observed inO. nezarae. The parasitism reduction capacity (R) for G. japonicum was 40.8 and 33.1% in 15 and 10 mL/L concentrations,but it was 81.6 and 71.4% in O. nezarae, respectively. Based on the IOBC guideline, azadirachtin can be slightly ormoderately harmful to O. nezarae and slightly harmful or harmless to G. japonicum.

Parasitism of horsehair worm in mantids were investigated for two years, from 2012 and 2013. The mantids were collected from forty-nine sites from August to November. Twenty-one sites (42.9%) of the collected mantids were parasitized by horsehair worms. C. japonensis was recorded from T. angustipennis, T. aridifolia and C. fukuii. The C. japonensis parasitism of T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia were 27.0% and 10.7%, respectively. The infested number of C. japonensis was 1-9 per host. The body length of C. japonensis showed tendency to decrease with number of parasites, but not significantly different. Horsehair worms did not affect body, abdomen length and digestive system of host. However, egg possession of host was different, unparasitized T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia had more eggs (63.7%) than parasitized ones (2.6%). C. japonensis was parasitized as immature stage in late Aug. immature and adult stage in early Sept. and only adult in late Oct. Parasitism was the highest in late Sept.

The apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella(Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae),is an important pest of apple trees in Japan, Korea and China. It is very important to know the development time of overwinter pupae for predicting the adult spring emergence in apple orchard. In total 556 damaged leaves caused by P. ringoniella were collected three times in two locations, Pohang and Mungyeong, and then were reared in five incubators with 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃, RH 60±5%, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h, respectively. There were larvae, pupae of P. ringoniella and its parasitoids inside these damaged leaves. Larval population was 44% inside the curled leaves, but found all dead. Pupal population was 41%, but 41% were found dead. Parasitism was 14.5% ranged from 4.5 to 17.9%. This means that the winter survival was only 23.9%. Surviving pupal developmental rate was linearly related to the temperature treated. Lower threshold was estimated to 3.58℃ with degree-day accumulation to adult emergence of 153.8 DD. From this information, adult emergence was predicted during early April. However this estimation was only based on the partial data from which current experiments are on-going. Further sophisticated research outcome will produce better understanding of the overwintering moth development and its modeling.

애멸구(Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén))는 벼줄무늬잎마름병을 매개하여 심각한 피해를 야기하는 벼 해충으로 국내에서 월동하는 토착종 이며 중국에서 국내 서해안지역으로 비래하기도 한다. 본 연구는 애멸구의 분산과 개체군 동태의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 국내 16지역에서 2014년 4월과 7월에 애멸구를 채집하여 발생시기에 따른 날개형태의 비율과 홍집게벌 기생율 현황을 파악하였다. 수컷은 4월보다 7월에 단시형 의 비율이 유의미하게 낮았고, 암컷 단시형 비율은 차이가 없었다. 회귀분석 결과 4월의 단시형 비율이 위도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보 였다. 약충 및 성충의 기생율은 7월보다 4월에 높았다. 또한 서해안지역의 약충 기생율이 대체적으로 높은 경향을 보였다.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula)의 천적인 벼룩좀벌 일종(Anastatus orientalis Yang et Gibson(Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae))의 자연 상태에서 기생율을 조사한 결과: (1) 산동성 Yantai 에서 가장 높은 69.0%의 꽃매미 난괴가 기생 당하였고; (2) 최고 기생율은 33.0%로 북경시 하이디엔(Haidian) 지역에서 관찰되었고; (3) 기생봉의 알은 산시성의 양링(Yangling)에서 가장 빨리 부화하였으며, 천진시의 옌타이(Yantai)와 광앙(Guangang) 지역, 하북성의 친황다오(Qinhuangdao), 하이디엔(Haidian)에서 약간의 차이를 보였으며; (4) 성비는 채집된 지역에 따라 1.3에서 1.9로 다양하였고; (5) 꽃매미 난괴에 대한 기생율은 기주식물인 Populus sp., Salix sp. Toona sinensis에서 유의할 만한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으며, 최고기생율은 T. sinensis에서 64.3%로 나타났고, Ailanthus altissima에서는 27.4%로 가장 낮았다. (6) 꽃매미 알에 대해서도 꽃매미 알이 발견된 기주식물별로 차이가 없었고, 평균 30.0%의 기생율을 나타냈다.

Horsehair worm parasitism of mantids was investigated for two years, 2012 and 2013. The mantids were collected from forty-nine sites from August to November. Mantids collected from twenty-one sites (42.9%) including Amur silver grass plantation at Samjang-myeon in Sancheong, Gyeongnam province were parasitized by horsehair worms. C. japonensis was recorded from T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia and C. fukuii, a newly recorded species in Korea, was isolated from T. aridifolia. C. japonensis was found from T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia collected from Gyeongnam province (Jinju, Sancheong, Sacheon, Uiryeong, Hapcheon, and Goseong) and Sangju, Gyeongsbuk province. C. fukuii was isolated from T. aridifolia collected from Gunwi, Gyeongbuk province and Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi province. The C. japonensis parasitism of T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia was 27.0% and 10.7%, respectively. The number of C. japonensis in a host was from one to nine, but most was one from a host. The body length of C. japonensis showed tendency to decrease with number of parasites, but not significantly different. Horsehair worms did not affect body and abdomen length and digestive system of host. However, egg possession of host was different, that is, unparasitized T. angustipennis and T. aridifolia. had more eggs (63.7%) than parasitized ones (2.6%).

The present study was performed reviewing references determine the infection status of Korean freshwater fishes and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula. The most common infections of Korean freshwater fishes are flatworms (trematodes) and spiny-headed worms (acanthocephalans). Total 61 species of Korean freshwater fishes for infectious disease has been reviewed. Among them, 44 species of freshwater fish belong to Cyprinidae and 17 species for Cobitidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, Amblycipitidae, Synbranchidae, Centropomidae, Odontobutidae, Belontiidae, and Channidae. The Korean freshwater fishes had total 35 kinds of parasite pathogenic organisms (Acanthocephala opsariichthydis, Centrocestus sp., Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum orientale, Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Echinostoma sp., Genarchopsis sp., Holostephanus metorchis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus sp., Metorchis taiwanensis, Neoplagioporus zacconis, Palliolisentis chinanensis, Palliolisentis chunjuensis, Prosorhpynchus sp., Centrocestus armatus, Clonorchis sinensis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metorchis orientalis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Pseudexorchis major, Exorchis oviformis, Trachelobdella sinensis, Metagonimus miyata, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Clinostomum complanatum, Centrocestus asadai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma cinetorchis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Diplozoon nipponicum, Metagonimus takahashii, Carassotrema koreanum, and Echinostoma hortense). Maximum infections belonged to Pseudorasbora parva as Cyprinidae had 19 kinds of parasite organisms, including Centrocestus armatus, Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum complanatum, Clonorchis sinensis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Exorchis oviformis, Holostephanus metorchis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Metorchis orientalis, Metorchis taiwanensis, Pseudexorchis major, Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Metagonimus sp. and Prosorhpynchus sp. Human foodborne trematode infections are an important public health concern in Korea. In the future, under the climatic extremes on Korean peninsula such as floods, drought and temperature variability, in particular, the susceptibility of freshwater fishes to infection will be decreased.

Social parasitism was occasionally found some Polistes species as well as Vespa species like Vespa dybowskii. In this summer, we newly discovered interspecific facultative parasitic relationship between two closely Polistes species, Polistes djakonovi and Polistes mandarinus, in a rural area of Machi-ri (N35°47′35.05″ E127°15′30.48″), Wanju-gun of Jeonbuk, South Korea. Individuals of P. djakonovi closely resemble individuals of P. mandarinus in their color pattern. Accordingly, the morphological similarity between two species should motivate the parasitism for the invader species. We obviously recognized case of typical social parasitism as follows. 1) P. mandarinus dwelling together in a nest of P. djakonovi, 2) A discovered yellow cocoon cap of P. mandarinus in the nest (cf. color of cocoon cap of P. djakonovi is white). Wecollected 2 females of P. mandarinus among all 30 individuals (14 females and 16 males) in the nest. However, we could not comprehend their ecological characteristics because this phenomenon was discovered after removing of this nest.

A polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, which specifically parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, delays the larval development and metamorphosis in Plutella xylostella. Nutritional deprivation by the wasp may induce these developmental alterations in growing host. This study focussed on the change of insulin signaling of the parasitized host. The parasitized larvae exhibit a significant suppression in insulin-like peptide (ILP) expression, which was induced only by the injection of the CpBV. Reduced ILP expression significantly increased the blood sugar level (trehalose) level in the parasitized host, which was mimicked by starvation. Foxo was expressed in the parasitized larvae, but localized mostly in the nucleus. Overexpression of ILP gene in the parasitized larvae induced translation of Foxo to cytoplasm and significantly decreased trehalose level in the plasma. Interestingly, the overexpression of ILP gene significantly prevented the successful parasitization and allowed the host metamorphosis.