Background: Research has been conducted on pain neuroscience education (PNE) for the relief of pain and symptoms associated with chronic neck pain (CNP). Focusing on the neurophysiology and neurobiology of chronic pain, pain processing, and particularly the function of the central nervous system for chronic pain, PNE helps patients to understand the causes of pain. Objectives: To investigate and systematically review interventional studies on the effectiveness of PNE for patients with CNP and to analyze the effect size by performing a meta-analysis. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Methods: The following databases and electronic collections will be searched for primary studies without time limits: PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library. Reference lists from identified studies will be manually hand-searched for additional relevant works. Patients 18 years of age and older with nonspecific neck pain lasting 3 months or longer will be included in the study, with exclusion criteria as follows: cancer pain, fractures of the spine or surgical intervention, cognitive impairment that does not allow the patient to follow the PNE program, pregnancy, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and other related pathologies that may prevent full participation in the PNE program. There are no geographic restrictions; however, non- English studies will be excluded. Discussion: This study aims to evaluate the effects of PNE on pain and disability in chronic neck pain. Its results will help clarify whether the use of PNE alone can improve chronic pain. The advantages of systematic reviews include clear definitions and inclusion and exclusion criteria, standardized search formats, and objective independent reviews.

Background: The effect of mobilization on lumbar back pain has been fully described in several clinical aspects, but evidence for muscle strength would be still less clear. Objective: To assess the effect of lumbar mobilization on lower limb strength in healthy individuals. Methods and Analysis: Healthy people aged 18-65 will be included regardless of race or sex. Original peer-reviewed primary reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be included. Electronic databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Pedro, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov will be searched from inception until July 30. Only studies published in English will be included in this review. Two reviewers will complete the screening for eligibility independently, and the other two reviewers will also complete the risks of data extraction and bias assessment independently. Lower Limb strength will be assessed as primary outcome, and particular intervention or participant characteristics will be assessed as the secondary outcomes. Meta-analysis will be conducted using Review Manager 5.3.3, and evidence level will be assessed using the method for Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Outcomes will be presented as the weighted mean difference or standardized mean difference with 95% CI. If I2 ≤ 50%, P>.1, the fixed effect model will be used, otherwise, random-effects model will be used. Ethics and dissemination: This review might not be necessary ethical approval because it does not require individual patient’s data; these findings will be published in conference presentations or peer-reviewed journal articles. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020150144.

The international and domestic revenue keep growing constantly, and nowadays the international casino game industry is getting upgraded utilizing IT technology. In contrast, due to many constraints and limitations, Korean IT society has not paid attention to the casino IT area. Slot machine is one of popular gaming systems in the casino. In this paper, we present our design and implementation of protocol analysis system for SAS 6.0 protocol. Slot machine accounting system (SAS) is an international standards protocol and provides auditing, management, and additional service for slot machines. Our protocol analysis system design experience provide in-depth understanding on slot machine and its accounting requirement than a simple conceptual introduction of protocol. Also, the key difficulties of SAS protocol implementation and performance requirement is examined. Our system successfully works in small portable embedded system and showed its benefits, showing benefits for debugging and reverse-engineer a real work problem with commercial system. The engine of the analysis software will be the base of real SMIB (slot machine interface board) system for commercial use.

미취학 아동의 창의적 사고, 다양한 경험 기반의 학습 활동, 그리고 인성 및 감성 중심의 교육에 대한 욕구를 충족시켜줄 수 있는 새로운 교육 방식으로써 체감형 교육 방식의 보급이 활발해지고 있다. 체감형 학습은 사용자의 움직임이나 감각을 통해 디지털 교육 콘텐츠를 조작하는 인간-컴퓨터 인터랙션을 활용한 교육 방식이다. 그러나 사람의 움직임이나 목소리 같은 음성/영상 인식의 정확도가 높지 않아 실제 교육 시스템 적용에는 한계를 보인다. 이러한 한계점의 극복을 위해 인간과 서비스 콘텐츠 사이에 매개체를 두고 이를 통해 사람의 움직임을 가속도, 각속도와 같은 숫자 값으로 변환/전송하여 인터랙션 하는 매개 인터페이스 개념이 제안된다. 본 연구에서는, 교육 시스템의 대상인 미취학 아동의 행동을 관찰하고 프로토콜 분석을 통하여 사용자 중심의 매개 디바이스 디자인 요구사항을 제안한다. 분석 결과, 미취학 아동들은 물체를 조작하는 데 서툴고, 무의식적으로 물체를 만지작거리거나 기대는 행동을 보였다. 또한 물건을 사용할 때 그에 종속되어 행동의 부자연스러움을 보였다. 따라서 체감형 교육을 위한 매개 디바이스는 사용자의 익숙하지 않은 조작을 보조할 수 있어야 하며, 디바이스 사용 중에도 자연스러운 행동을 유지할 수 있도록 디자인되어야 한다.

본 연구는 지불계수를 이용하여 시험포장 구간의 품질을 평가하고 이에 따른 피로수명의 변화를 분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 특히 품질관리가 어려운 아스팔트 함량을 지불규정 기준인자로 선정하여 지불계수를 산출하였다. 먼저 아스팔트 함량이 피로수명에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 아스팔트 함량에 따른 피로수명의 연관성을 분석하였다. 이후 총 2회에 걸쳐 시험포장 구간에서 시료를 채취해서 지불계수를 산출하여 시험포장 구간의 품질을 평가하였으며, 지불계수에 따라 시험포장 구간의 품질에 차이가 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 시험포장 구간에 포설된 아스팔트 혼합물을 이용하여 시편을 제작, 피로수명을 분석하였다. 그 결과 지불계수가 높은 시험포장의 피로수명이 월등히 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 통계이론을 이용한 지불계수가 실제 포장의 피로수명을 반영한다는 것을 의미한다고 사료된다. 또한 시험포장 구간에 아스팔트 혼합물을 납품한 플랜트의 배합보고서와 동일한 시편을 제작하여 휨 피로시험을 실시하여 1, 2회차 시험포장의 피로수명들과 비교하였다. 그 결과 배합보고서를 기초로 제작한 시편의 피로수명이 시험포장 구간의 피로수명에 비해 월등히 높음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 입도나 기타 요인에 따른 공용성 감소현상이 발생 할 수 있음을 나타내는 것이라 사료된다. 따라서 지불규정을 적용중인 미국과 같이 입도, 공극률 등을 지불규정 기준인자로 선정하여 최종적인 지불계수를 산출하는 것이 보다 정확한 도로포장의 품질을 평가할 수 있을 것이다.

Slotted ALOHA(S-ALOHA) is widely used in local wireless network. We analyze the performance of contention-based model in wireless LAN using S-ALOHA protocol. We analyze the performance of binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm under the slotted ALOHA

This study was aimed to establish the evaluating protocol and standard assessment for genetically modified (GM) hot pepper and to find out a proper statistic method to analyze for equality of agricultural characters between GM and non-GM pepper lines. GM and non-GM hot pepper lines were cultivated in two GMO fields in the middle region of Korea and total of 52 agricultural characters were collected during the plant growing season for 4 years, 2007 to 2010. Levene’s test was conducted to confirm the homogeneity of raw data before statistic analysis. Two-way ANOVA in the multivariate tests and t-test were conducted to analyze 52 agricultural characters in order to find out the equality between H15 and P2377. From the statistical analysis through two-way ANOVA, 16 out of 16 plant growth traits, 9 out of 18 green fruit traits and 7 out of 18 red fruit traits among 4 years and 9 out of 16 plant growth traits, 4 out of 18 green fruit traits and 3 out of 18 red fruit traits between H15 and P2377 have shown the statistic differences. With the same raw data of 52 agricultural characters, t-test was also conducted. Based on the result from t-test, only 1 out of 16 plant growth traits, 2 out of 18 green fruit traits and 1 out of 18 red fruit traits have shown the differences between H15 and P2377, so that it was concluded that there is no statistic difference between H15 and P2377 in terms of agricultural characters. Also, the t-test is a proper statistic method to analyze each trait between GM and its control lines in order to evaluate agricultural characters.