부피가 큰 테트라페닐보레이트를 대응 음이온으로 갖는 이온성 공액구조 고분자 전해질을 소듐 테트라페닐 보레이트를 이용한 폴리(2-에티닐-N-퍼플루오로헥실피리디늄 아이오다이드)의 이온교환반응을 통해 합성하였다. 여 러 가지 분석장비를 사용하여 고분자 구조를 분석한 결과, 합성한 고분자는 N-퍼플루오로헥실피리디늄 테트라페닐 보레이트 치환기를 갖는 폴리아세틸렌 주쇄 구조임을 알 수 있었다. 폴리(2-에티닐-N-플로로헥실피리디늄 테트라페 닐보레이트)의 전기-광학적 및 전기화학적 특성을 측정하고 분석하였다. 고분자의 흡수 스펙트럼에서 최대 흡수 피 크는 330nm와 466nm에서 관찰되었다. 전기화학적 특성 시험의 50 주기의 연속 스캔 실험을 통하여 본 고분자의 산화 및 환원 안정성을 확인하였다. 이 고분자는 도핑과 탈도핑 피크 사이에서 비가역적인 전기화학 거동을 보였 으며 동역학적 확산 거동을 보였다.

염화동 에칭 공정에서 발생한 철염 폐수를 전구체로 활용하여 마그네타이트(Fe3O4)를 합성하고, 이를 인산염 흡착 및 회수에 적용하였다. 합성 조건 최적화를 위하여 Box–Behnken Design를 적용한 반응표면분석법(Response Surface Methodology, RSM)을 활용하여 회귀모델을 구축하였다. 모델을 통해서 도출한 최적 합성 조건은 Fe3+/Fe2+ 비율 1.7, NaOH 농도 0.7 N, 숙성 시간 86.3분으로 확인되었다. 해당 조건에서 합성된 마그네타이트는 10.9 mg-P g-1 마그네타이트의 인산염 흡착 용량을 나타내었다. 기기 분석 결과, 최적화된 마그네타이트는 고순도 결정 구조와 초상자성 특성을 나타냈으며, 비표면적과 반응성이 향상된 것이 확인되었다. 또한 연속 회분식 반응조(Sequencing Batch Reactor, SBR)에 적용한 결과, 5회 반복 흡착–탈착 동안 평균 인산염 회수율은 46.6%로 나타났다. 유입 인산염 농도가 200 mg-P L-1의 고농도 조건에서도 회수율이 안정적으로 유지되어, 마그네타이트가 인산염 흡착제로서의 활용 가능성과 안정성을 입증하였다.

Enhancing the energy storage capabilities of supercapacitors (SCs) while preserving their electrochemical performance is crucial for their widespread application. Our research focuses on developing Sb-modified tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles via a scalable hydrothermal process, offering substantial potential in this domain. The tetragonal nanoparticle structure provides abundant active sites and a highly porous pathway, facilitating rapid and efficient energy storage. Additionally, tin's varied oxidation states significantly enhance redox capacitance. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate ATO's promise as an advanced SC electrode, achieving a peak specific capacitance of 332 F/g at 3 mA/cm2, with robust redox capacitance confirmed through kinetic analysis. Moreover, the ATO electrode exhibits exceptional capacitance retention over 2000 cycles. This study establishes ATO as a leading candidate for future energy storage applications, underscoring its pivotal role in advancing energy storage technologies.

In this study, anatase TiO2 nano sol (TNS, TiO2 Nano-Sol) was synthesized via a simple sol-gel method under low-temperature and ambient pressure conditions using TiOCl2 as a precursor. The structural and photocatalytic properties of the TNS were systematically investigated as a function of reaction time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the anatase crystal structure as the reaction time increased, while field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses verified the uniform formation of fine anatase nanoparticles, averaging less than 10 nm in size. The synthesized TNS sol enabled the fabrication of transparent TiO2 coatings that retained over 76 % transmittance in the visible light range, as verified by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through methylene blue (MB) degradation experiments, which showed that degradation efficiency was enhanced with longer reaction times. Notably, the TNS-48 exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation performance, being approximately three times higher than that of TNS-1 and about twice that of the commercial P25. This study demonstrates that the TNS sol synthesized through a simple sol-gel process can achieve high transparency and excellent photocatalytic properties without requiring hightemperature and high-pressure synthesis. It is expected to be applicable in various photocatalytic fields, such as functional coatings and electrode materials.

본 연구에서는 벼메뚜기 탈지 추출물을 이용한 친환경 적인 은나노입자(AgNPs)의 생합성 가능성을 확인하고, 합 성된 AgNPs의 물리·화학적 특성과 항균 활성을 평가하였 다. AgNPs의 형성은 용액 색상 변화와 함께, 448 nm 부 근에서 특유의 표면 플라스몬 공명 흡광 피크가 관찰된 UV-Vis 스펙트럼을 통해 확인되었다. DLS 및 zeta potential 분석 결과, 평균 입자 크기는 98.4±0.9 nm, zeta potential은 -22.8±0.5 mV로 안정적인 분산 특성을 나타냈다. TEM 및 HR-XRD 분석을 통해 구형의 결정성 입자가 관찰되었 고, FT-IR 결과에서는 단백질 유래 작용기가 AgNPs의 환 원 및 안정화에 관여한 것으로 나타났다. 항균 활성은 disk diffusion assay를 통해 확인되었으며, 합성된 AgNPs는 S. Typhimurium, E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus를 포함한 4종 식중독균에 대해 유의미한 항균 효과를 보였다. 이상의 결 과는 벼메뚜기 탈지 추출물이 AgNPs의 생합성 소재로 활 용 가능함을 시사하며, 향후 식품안전 응용에 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are promising photocatalysts with a broad light absorption range and high catalytic activity. However, conventional synthesis methods often involve toxic chemicals, limiting their environmental applicability. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly bio-templating method to synthesize hierarchical micro/nano-structured silver (MNAg) photocatalysts that uses plant leaves, including Nelumbo nucifera (lotus leaf), Rosa sp. (rose petal), and Limonium sinuatum (statice petal), as natural templates. By modifying the leaf surfaces with citrate functional groups, AgNPs were selectively formed along the microstructures of the templates, preserving their hierarchical morphology. MNAg photocatalysts were subsequently obtained through controlled calcination, and successfully retained the microscale structure of the original template. The surface morphology, chemical composition and crystalline structure of the MNAg were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the successful formation of hierarchical AgNPs. The optical behavior of the MNAg, characterized with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), demonstrated broadened absorption across the visible region, which is attributed to plasmonic coupling among the densely packed AgNPs, partially interconnected along the hierarchical surface. The photocatalytic performance of the MNAg materials was evaluated for methylene blue degradation under UV-Vis illumination. The MNAg derived from lotus leaves exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency. This study presents a sustainable route to hierarchical Ag photocatalysts, highlighting the potential of bio-inspired nanomaterials for environmental applications.

Waste utilization is not only a way to protect the environment and realize green chemistry, but also a means to create novel materials. In this study, based on waste grape seeds as the biowaste-derived carbon dots (G-BCDs), a straightforward one-pot green method was employed for the rapid detection of folic acid (FA). Owing to the internal filter effect and the static mixing quenching mechanism, the sensing principle of G-BCDs was effectively quenched by FA. The results showed fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 415 nm upon excitation at 330 nm with a quantum yield of 1.5%. Particularly, the FA sensing assay obtained a broad linear range of 2–220 μM and the limit of detection was 0.48 μM. In addition, the fluorescence probe was successfully utilized for detecting FA in tablets, blood, and urine samples, yielding desirable results, which indicated promising applications in the fields of biological and pharmaceutical analysis.

Using durian shell as a carbon source and triethanolamine as a nitrogen dopant, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were prepared via the hydrothermal method. First, by exploring different reaction times, reaction temperatures, and carbon source/dopant ratios to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots, it is concluded that the best process conditions are 200 ℃, reaction time being 15h, and the dopant addition amount being 2mL. Structure and characteristics of the synthesized CDs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, fluorescence (FL), ultraviolet–visible absorption, and Raman spectra. The N-CDs showed blue FL with a quantum efficiency of 4.28%. The FL characteristics of the N-CDs were utilized for ion detection, which demonstrated that MnO− 4 and Cr 2 O2− 7 ions caused distinct FL quenching through static quenching, while other ions had no significant quenching effect. The detection limits for MnO− 4 and Cr 2 O2− 7 were 37.5 and 46.2 nM, respectively. The N-CDs were subsequently employed to detect these ions in actual water samples, producing satisfactory results. Therefore, the preparation of N-CDs using durian shell as raw material and its application in practical detection work have good application feedback, which not only provides a new way for the reuse of fruit and vegetable wastes but also provides a new detection means for environmental monitoring pollutants.

This study introduces a cost-effective electrochemical exfoliation technique for producing highly crystalline graphene from graphite. By optimizing key exfoliation parameters, including voltage, electrolyte concentration, and temperature, the efficiency of the exfoliation process and the quality of the resulting graphene were significantly improved. To further enhance crystallinity, minimize defect sites, and achieve superior material properties, the as-prepared electrochemically exfoliated graphene (AeEG) underwent post-heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1500 to 2950 °C. When employed as a conductive additive, eEGs heat-treated at 1800 °C or higher significantly improved both cycle stability and rate performance in LIB coin cells, while maintaining a discharge capacity approximately 10–12 mAh/g higher than that of the control, which utilized Super P. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of an efficient conductive network and superior electron transport properties, driven by the high crystallinity and large aspect ratios of the heat-treated eEGs. These findings highlight the potential of eEG as a highly effective conductive additive for advanced battery industries, offering significant improvements in energy storage performance, specific capacity, and rate characteristics.

제올라이트, 특히 ZSM-5는 독특한 구조와 분자 체 특성으로 인해 산업적으로 매우 유용하며, 우수한 가스 분리 및 투과 증발 성능으로 높은 평가를 받고 있다. 그러나 ZSM-5 막의 제조 공정을 일관되게 재현하는 것은 여전히 도전 과제 로 남아 있다. 본 연구는 수열합성 조건(합성 시간: 24~72 h, 온도: 180~220°C)을 제어하고, 다양한 알루미나 지지체 비교하 며, 수열 처리 시 유기 구조유도체의 영향 분석을 통해 ZSM-5 막 제조의 신뢰성 향상을 목표로 하였다. 연구 결과, 합성 온 도 및 시간의 변화는 막 두께나 결정 크기에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 180°C에서 48 h 합성 조건에서 가장 우수한 가스 투과 성능이 나타났다. 다양한 알루미나 지지체 중에서는 N5 α-알루미나 모세관 지지체가 가장 높은 투과도를 나타내었다. 또한, 유기 구조유도체인 테트라프로필 암모늄 브로마이드(tetrapropylammonium bromide, TPABr)의 존재는 합성의 신뢰성에 상당한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 가스 투과 성능 평가 결과, 본 ZSM-5 막은 SF₆에 비해 N2 및 CO2에 대해 선택적 인 투과 특성을 보였으며, TPABr을 사용하여 합성한 막은 CO2/N2 선택도(α)가 약 4.6으로 나타났다.

This paper is devoted to synthesizing a new type of CDs (carbon dots) with excellent NIR (near-infrared) emission in a biological water environment synthesized from small molecules. Citric acid was adopted as the precursor and treated by one-pot hydrothermal process in DMF solution with the assistance of a microwave. Urea (MH) and ammonium fluoride (MF) were adopted as nitrogen sources to synthesize two types of CDs, respectively. These conditions contributed to generate nanostructured carbon with a higher content of Pyrrolic-N, enrich the functional groups, and exfoliate the ordered layerstacking structure, which finally contributed to the higher NIR absorption band at 808 nm. The physicochemical properties and photothermal conversion ability were fully evaluated by UV–Vis-NIR (ultraviolet–visible light-NIR) absorption and photothermal experiments. MF possessed stronger absorption property and temperature-rising effect in the NIR region than MH, but both exhibited desirable photothermal stability. Next, the in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that both MF and MH exhibited no significant toxicity for cells. NIR irradiation on CDs solution displayed an excellent killing effect on HeLa (breast cancer) and MCF7 (cervical cancer) cells but strongly depended on the concentration of CDs. MH had a weaker killing effect on MCF7 cells compared with MF in the same concentration. But HeLa cells suffered death from lower concentration of MH under NIR irradiation. Both MH and MF exhibited excellent therapy effects and no obvious tissue damage for these major organs of nude mice and BALB/C mice. Above all, both MF and MH with excellent photothermal effect under NIR irradiation had desirable NIR-triggered therapeutic effect on MCF7 and HeLa cells, while they also exhibited good biocompatibility without NIR irradiation.

The synthesis of functional carbon materials with controllable morphology and structure using a simple, effective, and green process starting from biomass has been an attractive and challenging topic in recent years. After decades of technological development, high value-added biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials with different morphologies and structures prepared by low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) have been gradually developed into a huge system covering different series in different dimensions, and are widely used in the fields of adsorption, electrochemical energy storage, and catalysis. However, due to a vague understanding of the fundamental structure–performance correlation and the absence of customized material design strategies, the diverse needs in practical applications cannot be well met. Herein, we reviewed the mechanism, modifications, and applications of the low-temperature HTC method for biomass. The synthesis mechanisms, structural designs strategies, and related applications of biomass-derived hydrochar are highlighted and summarized in different dimensions, including six major categories: zero-dimensional spherical structure, one-dimensional fibrous and tubular structure, two-dimensional lamellar structure, three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure, and special-shaped asymmetric structure. Then a sustainability assessment is conducted on the hydrothermal carbonization process. Finally, the controllable preparation of biomass-derived hydrochar is summarized and prospected for the application requirements in different fields.

Mesoporous carbon microspheres (CMs) have recently received much attention by virtue of their large pore size; open framework structure, high surface area, and idiosyncratic spherical nature, which contribute to chemical stability and electrical and thermal conductivity. The inherent difficulties of these materials can be reduced by surface modification techniques, resulting in a new system with ameliorated properties. Like other carbonaceous materials, CMs also have the upper hand in controlling composites’ physicochemical and morphological behaviours because of their carefully controlled size, thickness, surface properties, etc. We can explore the possibilities of these properties by fabricating supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, separation membranes, etc. The key focus of our review is to summarise the various synthetic protocols adopted for composite preparation, the difficulties, and the advantages of the method. In addition, we have tried to incorporate multiple applications and future perspectives of CM-based composites.

Synthesis of high-purity magnesium hydroxide using dolomite and bittern is important for use in various applications. We synthesized magnesium hydroxide using bittern and dolomite, which are domestic resources. In Bittern, there is a high concentration of Mg2+ ions, but the impurity Ca2+ ion content is also significant, requiring a purification process to remove it. There are two main methods for this purification. Firstly, there is a separation method that utilizes the difference in solubility between Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions by using sulfuric acid on dolomite. Adding MgSO4 solution from dolomite to Bittern removes Ca2+ ions as CaSO4. This process simultaneously purifies Ca impurities and increases the Mg/Ca ratio by adding extra Mg2+ ions. In this study, purified bittern was obtained by using dolomite and sulfuric acid to extract MgSO4, which was then used to purify Ca2+ ions. High-purity Mg(OH)2 was synthesized by optimizing the NaOH and NH4OH ratio as an alkaline precipitant. Mg(OH)2 synthesis technology made by effectively removing Ca ions from dolomite and bittern can contribute to domestic pilot production.