The safety & health can not be accomplished by only one side's effort of labor and management. To establish high level of occupational safety & health system, we have to recognize the extent of participance and need to study about how to keep the labor-management cooperation in good condition. The purpose of this paper is to make better suggestions such as how to improve the labor-management cooperation and how to establish the efficient occupational safety & health law through studying the labor-management cooperation system in the occupational safety & health.

노인장기요양보험제도는 비전문적인 가족 요양을 계획적인 전문적 요양, 간호서비스 제공 등으로 대체함으로써 노인의 신체기능호전, 사망률 감소 등으로 삶의 질을 크게 향상하고, 요양시설에 대한 부담을 보험화해서 가족의 부양 부담을 경감하며, 여성 등 비공식 요양인의 기회비용과 노동손실을 줄여 경제적 편익과 경제, 사회 활동에 매우 필요한 제도이다. 특히 급성기 병상에서 요양병원이나 요양시설로 서비스 전달체계가 효율적으로 운용되고 무엇보다 노인의료비 절감효과가 크다. 그러나 사회복지서비스 전반에 미칠 문제로서 법제도 이분화, 포괄범위의 문제, 관리운영주체 및 전달체계 등과 같은 몇 가지 중요한 과제를 해결해야 한다. 첫째, 법제도의 이분화로 시설서비스에 있어 노인복지법과 보건의료관계법 사이에서의 문제를 해결하여야 한다. 둘째는 대상자 범위 및 관리운영 체계로 노인장기요양보험 대상자의 단계적 확대가 필요하며, 관리운영 체계는 지역사회 중심의 통합적 서비스 제공을 통해 지자체의 서비스 책임을 강화하고, 시설 및 인력 인프라의 확충을 통해 서비스 질적 수준 향상을 도모하여야 할 것이다. 셋째는 요양시설의 경영의 문제로 정부지원에 의해 운영하던 방식을 이제는 경영이라는 의식의 전환이 필요하며, 무엇보다도 시설의 운영조직을 구축해야 한다. 노인요양시설 대부분이 직계식(수직적) 조직 형태를 띠고 있는데 노인장기요양에서는 라인 앤드 스탭(line & staff)조직으로 변경하여 노인요양시설로 하여금 시장지향적으로 유도하며 고객가치를 창출하는 이용자 중심적 노인장기요양서비스를 제공하여야 할 것이다.

Islamic international law is a branch of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). Due to the classical doctrine of the notion of‘ Jihad,’there have been misconceptions and Islam has been painted as a religion encouraging violence and war. This paper appeals for the reconsideration of the classical doctrine, which was adopted at a time when there was a state of war between Islamic and non-Islamic states. Going back to the roots and referring to the Qur’an and the Sunnah: the two primary sources of Islamic law, the paper argues that Islam prohibits aggressive war and that the essence of‘ jihad’ is‘ self-defense.’After elaborating the essential conditions of the right of self-defense, the paper concludes that Islamic international law can contribute much to the present world order by providing moral and ethical values that modern international law is lacking.

The creation of the Iraqi Special Tribunal in December 2003 by Iraqi authorities who were at the time under the legal occupation of the Coalition Provisional Authority marked the emergence of a new form of internationalized domestic tribunals. The Iraqis succeeded in incorporating the full range of modern crimes into their domestic codes alongside some carefully selected domestic offenses, while amending domestic procedural law in some key ways to align the process with established international law related to the provision of full and fair trials. The subsequent investigations and the beginning of trial proceedings generated major debates about the legitimacy of such a domestic forum within the context of human rights norms and the law of occupation. In particular, there was a major strand of thought from outside Iraq that the most legitimate and appropriate forum would have been an international process under the authority of the United Nations. This article examines the arguments made by the Iraqis who demanded a domestic process based on their inquisitorial model, setting them in the broader context of the emerging trends in international criminal law. Through a detailed and unique analysis of the provisions of human rights law and underlying Iraqi procedural law, it criticizes the arguments made by some that assume the illegitimacy of the tribunal under established international norms. The article provides the most detailed explanation of the law of occupation as it emerged following World War II to conclude that the establishment of the Tribunal as an independent court, and its subsequent validation by sovereign Iraqi domestic authorities, was completely valid and proper. The overarching theme of the article is that the imposition of artificial standards and the complete revocation of the preexisting Iraqi judicial structures would have created a process deemed wholly illegitimate by the Iraqi people and judiciary that would have undermined the establishment of the rule of law in Iraq. The author’s personal interactions with the judges serve to support the conclusion that the Tribunal is capable of serving as the doorway through which the detailed body of international criminal law is introduced to the broader Arabic speaking world.

Lotus-type porous nickel with cylindrical pores was fabricated by unidirectional solidification under an Ar gas atmosphere using the thermal decomposition method of the compounds such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and titanium hydride. The decomposed gas does form the pores in liquid nickel, and then, the pores become the cylindrical pores during unidirectional solidification. The decomposed particles from the compounds do play a rule on nucleation sites of the pores. The behavior of pore growth was controlled by atmosphere pressure, which can be explained by Boyle's law. The porosity and pore size decreased with increasing Ar gas pressure when the pores contain hydrogen gas decomposed from calcium and sodium hydroxide and titanium hydride, ; however it they did not change when the pores contain containing carbon dioxide decomposed from calcium carbonate. These results indicate that nickel does not have the solubility of carbon dioxide. Lotus-type porous metals can be easily fabricated by the thermal decomposition method, which is superior to the conventional fabrication method used to pressurized gas atmospheres.

International human rights discourse has largely ignored the decentralization of political, fiscal and administrative authority currently taking place across the developing world. By reference to Indonesia’s recent transition from a highly centralised system of government to a system of regional autonomy (called Otonomi Daerah, or “Otda”), this article demonstrates the importance of more closely examining the relationship between international human rights and decentralization. In particular, it is argued that an understanding of international human rights can shed light on the dynamics of decentralization and, vice versa, examining decentralization can inform our understandings of international human rights. The essay explains the historical, political and economic context of Otda and briefly describes its current legal framework. It then explores the varied impacts Otda has had on international human rights in Indonesia and how Otda can, in turn, highlight some of the limits and possibilities of international human rights.

The Article 24 of the United Nations Charter prescribes the responsibility of the Security Council in maintaining the peace and security of the international community. Due to emerging threats against international peace, such as terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and increasing recognition of the ‘ human security’concept, the Security Council now needs to diversify approaches to international security, such as prevention by establishing new international norms through quasi-legislation activities, in addition to a conventional approach of response to crisis such as peace keeping. Thus, the reform of theSecurity Council must be considered so that the Security Council could deal with such new threats more effectively as well as more legitimately.

As the primary mode of long distance transport between nations, international air transport plays an essential role in the development and prosperity of the global economy. While other services sectors have benefited immensely from the multilateral trading system, the air transport services have long been dominated by restrictive bilateral arrangements since the Chicago Conference of 1944. Following the successful deregulation of its domestic air transport regimes, the United States initiated an Open Skies campaign toward international air services liberalization in 1990s. The conclusion of the U.S.- EU Open Skies Agreement in April 2007 represents a landmark in the liberalization of international air services. This historic deal not only heralded a new era in transatlantic aviation, but also strengthened the path-dependence of air transport services liberalization. As a major economic power and potential aviation power, China would benefit immensely from the liberalization of air services. However, base on actual conditions, a controllable and phased-in approach toward liberalization is a more rational choice for China at present.

What is an Islamic view of women’s rights? Is there an authentic Islamic interpretation of this issue? The central argument of this article is that there is no unique Islamic view of women’s rights and even more, that according to the very nature and spirit of Islamic law itself, there should be no such version. The article starts with an overview of states’ international obligations with regard to protection of women’s rights. It continues with some examples of implementation of these obligations in several states proclaiming Islam as official religion and source of legislation. This part of the article demonstrates diversity of views existing among such states and insists on the fact that it is not religion itself, but its misuse by patriarchal totalitarian regimes that impedes any development towards improvement of the situation of women in some Muslim states. Finally, the article suggests that international lawyers shall abandon sacralizing religiously framed defences of certain states and be in contrast more attentive and sensitive to difficulties faced by other Muslim states in their effort to reform and reinterpret Islamic law.

Until the year 2000, there was no specific statute enacted in Jordan that regulates unfair competition. In the year 2000, the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law No. 15 of 2000 was enacted. The Law deals with the issue of unfair competition in a very generic way. In addition to the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law, the principal statutory source of protection is implemented through the general rules and principles of civil law, particularly, tort law and injurious acts. Although the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law purports to implement a general legal regime on unfair competition, it includes very little in terms of substantive or procedural protection of unfair competition. Presently, the Jordanian legal system provides only very limited protection which is not adequate to accommodate unfair competition cases. Therefore, statutory changes are needed.

한국의 특허 정책은 특허권자를‘고객’으로 규정해야 하는 특허청이 주도적으로 수립, 집행해 온 ‘내부자 거버넌스’체제라 할 수 있다. 필자는 특허청의 역할에 대한 재평가가 절실하다고 보며, 특허제도의 문제를 4가지로 나누어 각각에 대한 개선안을 제시한다. 먼저 특허권의 절대적 독점성과 관련된 개선안은 (i) 독자 발명의 항변권의 도입, (ii) 과실 추정 규정의 삭제, (iii) 특허 심사∙등록 제도의 개편, (iv) 최선의 실시 형태 기재 의무화, (v) 조약의 효력 등 5가지이다. 이 가운데 독자 발명의 항변권은‘발명의 유인’을 훼손하지 않으면서도 특허 독점의 사중 손실을 줄일 수 있다는 장점이 있으며, 특허를 조사하고 침해를 회피하기 위한 정보 비용을 줄일 수 있다는 점에서 제도 도입을 긍정적으로 검토할 필요가 있다고 본다. 그리고 특허 품질을 보장하기는 힘들면서도 많은 비용을 요구하는 현행‘정밀 심사’를‘여과 심사’방식으로 변경하여, 부실 권리의 절대적 독점성이 주는 폐해를 간접적으로 막을 필요가 있다. 두 번째 제도 개선안으로는 (i) 특허 심사 평가를 위한 독립 기구 신설, (ii) 출원인의 선행 기술 제공 의무화, (iii) 포상금을 통한 정보 제공 촉진 제도 등을 통해 특허청의 심사를 개선하자는 것이다. 세번째 개선안은 특허 발명의 사회적 활용을 촉진하기 위한 방안으로 (i) 정부 사용을 위한 강제실시의 확대, (ii) 재정에 의한 통상실시권제도의 개정, (iii) 공공연구 성과의 활용 촉진 방안, (iv) 개방형 라이선스 도입을 제안한다. 마지막으로 규제 포획 문제와 직접 관련된 특허청의 운영 개선을 위해 (i) 책임운영기관 제도의 수정, (ii) 특허심판원의 독립 운영 또는 폐지 방안을 제시한다.

사이버 범죄라는 말 속에는 이제 다양한 범죄유형이 포함되어 있으므로 그 유형별 특색에 맞춘 법적 규율이 논의되어야 한다. 그러면서도 사이버 범죄는 그 유형을 불문하고 사이버를 지탱하는 정보통신기술의 제약을 받는다는 공통점이 있으므로 법적 규율의 논의가 적절하려면 반드시 그런 기술적 속성을 반영하여야 한다. 사이버 범죄를 유형별로 구분하여 보자면, 명예훼손을 포함한 인격권침해, 저작권침해물이나 음란물 등 유해정보의 유통범죄, 사이버 사기 등 경제범죄와 같이 현재 빈발하고 있는 범죄유형들뿐만아니라, 가장 위험할 수 있는 사이버 테러 범죄도 다루어질 필요가 있다. 이상의 유형별 차이에 따라, 형사적 처벌 외에 민사적 문제까지 수반되는가 여부, 블로킹이나 필터링과 같은 기술적 조치가 범죄예방 수단으로 동원될 수 있는지 여부, 기존 법규범을 사이버에도 그대로 적용할 수 있느냐 여부, 한국이 국제적 동향을 따르고 국제규범을 정립하는데 노력하여야 하는지 여부 등에서 많은 차이가 발생하게 된다. 그러나 동시에 중요한 사실은, 한국에서 사이버 범죄가 가지는 중요성은 다른 외국들에 비하여 상대적으로 크므로 일정한 경우에는 한국이 가장 먼저 법규범을 정립해나갈 필요도 있다는 점이다.