Since the publication of Erwin Panofsky's Studies in Iconology in 1939, the controversial term 'iconology' has replaced the conventional term iconography as a new art historical methodology. However, Panofsky's real legacy lies not in the invention of a new methodology, but in the popularization of art history by applying simple terms and a synoptical table of 'iconological interpretation.' Panofsky's concept of iconology was inherited from that of Aby Warburg who extended the methodological boundary of the study of art while focusing on the complexities of social context in the 1910s. By adopting the old term 'iconology' used in a study of artistic symbolism, Warburg coined the term 'ikonologische Analyse,' to explain his method of analyzing visual motifs in connection with social life outside art. Panofsky contributed to popularizing an art historical methodology, with which to interpret visual motifs through a systematic strategy of relating images to concepts, which follows a simple process from 'pre-iconographical description' through 'iconographical analysis' to 'iconological interpretation'. While adapting himself as an immigrant art historian to the unfamiliar academic atmosphere in the Unites States, Panofsky endeavored to make his theory of iconology more lucid and accessible to a general audience. By using major technical terms in English instead of German that conveys a multitude of meanings, Panofsky was able to popularize his art historical methodology. Panofsky's writings made a significant contribution to a shift in art history from an academic discipline to a new object of public interest in the 20th century.

This paper investigates the influence of chronophotography on twentieth-century modern art. Etienne-Jules Marey, nineteenth-century French physiologist, invented chronophotography to analyze the locomotion of animals. Although Marey’s experiments with photography were resulted from his scientific intention to investigate movements, his chronophotography has a substantial impact on twentieth-century art. First of all, French academic artists had corrected the leg positions of galloping horses by referring to photographic records provided by Marey and Eadweard Muybridge. However, scientific instantaneous photography was not well received by the art world. It had to counter fierce criticism from the artists, Auguste Rodin in particular, and writers who believed in artistic conventions. Since Marey’s death, a number of artists have reevaluated the significance of his photography and adopted it in expressing their individual visions of modernity. František Kupka in Puteaux Group was one of the first avant-garde artists who were deeply influenced by Marey’s photography. Marcel Duchamp referred to Marey’s chronophotography, which introduced him to the idea of mechanization as an alternative to a sensible beauty. Italian Futurists also used Marey’s photography as their visual reference to express the dynamic sensation of the passage of time. Giacomo Balla was familiar with Marey’s photography and directly influenced by his chronophotography. While taking Marey’s image as a model, Anton Bragaglia tried to overcome the limit of his instantaneous photography by stressing the continuous trajectory of movement, with which to address photodynamism. Despite its strong impact, Marey’s photography encountered stiff resistance from the art world, which valued the conventions in art over the novelty in technology. It should be noted that Umberto Boccioni criticized Bragaglia’s active use of photography because Boccioni did not accept photography as art medium. The apparent conflicts and ambivalence in accepting Marey’s photography by the Futurists, who promoted the idea of dynamism, show the complex relationship between art and science, art and photography.

鄭板橋는 중국 청대 화단의 金農, 黃愼등 ‘揚州八怪’의 한 사람으로 이름은 燮, 字는 克柔, 板橋는 그의 號이다. 강 소성 흥화인으로 지식인 가정에서 태어나 6살 때 이미『사 서오경』을 숙달할 정도로 총명하였다. 20살에 陸種園에게 서예를 배운 이후 詩, 書, 畵방면에 뛰어나 속칭 ‘三絶’로 불리었다. 특히 蘭, 竹, 石, 松, 菊등의 그림을 잘 그렸는데 그중에서도 대나무 그림이 특출하다. 중국 청대 화단에 새로운 바람을 불러일으킨 ‘양주팔괴’의 대표적인 인물인 정판교는 1736년 진사가 되여 시인묵객들 과 사귀면서 예술적 시야를 넓혔다. 1741년에 산동 范縣의 縣令으로 있는 동안 백성들의 고충을 해결해 주어 청렴한 관리로 백성들의 사랑과 존경을 받았다. 그러나 건륭 31년 (1766년) 潍县현령으로 있다가 부호들의 모함으로 파직하 여 고향으로 돌아온 후, 여생을 청빈하게 살면서 시, 서, 화, 篆刻등의 예술혼을 꽃 피웠다. 그의 詩詞는 모두가 색다른 방식을 추구하였고, 서법은 ‘六分半書’라는 서체를 이루었다. 난초와 대나무 그림은 당시 풍습을 이어받지 않았고, 山水, 花鳥畵등에서도 비범함을 보였다. 전각에도 고박한 筆意를 나타내었다. 그리고 만년에는 대운하와 소금 거래로 경제적 번영을 이룬 양저우에서 그림 장사를 한 기인이기도 하다. 그러므로 그는 중국미술사와 중국문학사에서 중요한 지위를 차지하고 있다. 그는 石濤와 八大山人을 계승하여 자신의 의식이 겸비된 사상을 나타낸 도전적인 화가였으며, 그러므로 당시 의기소 침한 분위기의 예술계에서는 그를 전혀 어울리지 않는 ‘怪 人’이라 불리었다. 필자는 정판교의 일생과, 관직생활, 서화 예술 등을 폭넓게 살펴, 첫째는 시대적인 괴이함, 둘째는 개 성의 괴이함, 셋째는 서법에서의 괴이함, 넷째는 작품을 상 품화하는 괴이함으로 그의 ‘怪’의 근원을 살폈다. 동시에 필 자는 정판교가 ‘怪’를 나타내기 이전의 啓蒙時期, 즉 ‘不怪’ 의 시기와 ‘六分半書’를 시작으로 ‘怪’를 인정하는 시기의 書 畵풍모를 살폈다. 괴이함은 이성을 잃은 그의 언행 등을 살펴볼 때, 우수한 서화가는 필수적으로 감성충돌과 예술 감각의 깨달음이 실질적으로 나타난 점이라고 생각된다. 이 것이 소위 말하는 ‘怪’의 서화 표현이다. 그는 앞서간 사람들의 전통적인 기초 위에서 이를 계승 발전시켜 진일보한 작가이다. 이는 일종의 대담함과 결단력. 그리고 방종한 예술풍격의 표현이다. 결론적으로 정판교는 古樸한 창작목적과 前·後의 심원한 예술정신을 계승한 ‘천하를 위무하는 노력하는 작가’였으며 詩·書·畵를 결합시키는 작자였음을 인정한다.

This paper examines two key elements of “contraction” and “expansion” in relation to the way in which Wonil Rhee used space in his curatorial practice. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze’s notion of "the fold (le pli)" in a close reading of one of his last texts published in 2010, it explores the implication of the elements in the theoretical context of Rhee's curatorial practice. Along with such concepts as “postcolonialism,” “Asianness,” “technology,” and “creative paradox,” the elements serve to deconstruct confrontations between west/non-west, the cultural colonizer/the cultural colonized, thereby challenging conventional boundaries. The logic of resistance and confrontation in Rhee's early curatorial practice has gradually given way to that of “hybridization, openness, intersection, assimilation, conciliation, and communication” through metaphors such as “thermocline” and “poktanju” (bomb drink; a kind of cocktail comparable to American boilermaker), which he addressed in the exhibition at ZKM in 2007. This show provided a turning point presenting the “pocket model,” that Rhee drew from Deleuze's concept of the fold. Analyzing the exhibitions Rhee curated after the ZKM show, this paper delves into the notion of flexible space, which constantly oscillates between “contraction” and “expansion,” a space that operates like the fold of Deleuze. There is a cycle of innumerable inflection in the world of the fold, creating decentralized, uncertain, and diverse spaces. The inside of the fold is the space of potentiality where differences keep arising but are not realized. This space is after all realized from potential space through the systemization and rearrangement of time. The fold is like the “organ without the body” or the “egg.” This paper suggests that Rhee’s “thermocline” or the “pocket model” unfolds the movement of creation where the fold transforms itself through a repetition of “contraction” and “expansion.”

This paper explores a psychoanalytic reading of the characteristics of Nan Goldin's photography. Goldin, as one of the most prominent artists in new documentary photos in America, has been highly evaluated by her subjects of love and death in her tribes, who are mostly homo-sexual, drag queens, AIDS patients, and drug addicts. She emphasizes her work as a visual diary of her daily life, and attempts to capture a proper memory of her entourage. Upon the loss of her old sister Barbara at the age of 13, Nan left her family and began to take photographs as a desperate effort to forget her tragic loss. Her sister Barbara's premature death due to her suicide left her an indelible trauma, on which she has perpetually pondered. Trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event. Sigmund Freud theorized it from physical wounds to psychological symptoms, which might be caused by a depressed sexual desire in early ages and repeats unconsciously in dreams and actions. There are debates on its unique characters, which neither be represented, nor properly remembered, nor verbally claimed, nor clearly experienced. However, Michael White and Judith Herman believed that linguistic expressions could help to heal trauma and that making narrative stories about lives could consolidate the role of the subjectivity. Psychoanalytic studies on trauma and its therapy sheds light on Nan Goldin's photographs of her friends with daily routines. The artist might work as the subject of the story telling. However, her photographs lack the context to develop stories, while providing little concrete meanings or messages. Instead, Goldin communicates with the viewer through her feelings to the image. As the narrator, Goldin strengthens herself as the subject of the emotion and it could enhance sympathy between the artist and the viewer.

This paper examines the Japanese contemporary art’s affinity with subculture by looking into the work of Aida Makoto (1965-), who employs visual and narrative elements drawn from Japanese contemporary subculture in expressing his explicit ‘anti-modern’ or ‘anti-western’ view. The flourishing subculture in contemporary Japanese society could have been resulted from the lack of modernist culture or system. This can be related to the troubling issue of modernity in Japan, which was once the earliest ‘modernized’ nation in Asia, yet totally defeated in WWII. Although the seminar of ‘kindai-no-chokoku (overcoming modernity)’ held in 1942 did not produce any productive discussion on overcoming the west, it served as a theoretical background to justify the Japanese invasionist policy and the eventual fantasy to overcome the West. Upon the forced ending of WWII by the attack of two atomic bombs, however, the issue of modernity in Japan in relation to the west became more complicated. Aida approaches complicated the issue of modernity in Japan by touching on the following four aspects;a hatred of the generalized notion of western modernity, a resistance to Modernism as an artistic style, a cynicism about Japanized Modernist art, and an unresolved relationship between Japan and ‘modernity,’ addressed by ‘kindai-no-chokoku.’ It should be noted that Aida’s adoption of subculture reveals his evasive view avoiding modernist methods. By drawing on Japanese subcultural media such as manga, animation or games, which is largely (science-)fictional, tragi-comic, slapstick or nonsensical, Aida attacks modernism by curtailing its seriousness. Instead of providing a serious criticism of modernism, Aida’s work widens the gap between the historical reality and what is represented. By means of exaggerated and comical attacks, Aida ironically achieves a gradual deconstruction of the authoritarian modern.

우리의 근대사는 급변하는 세계정세에 따라 조선왕조가 몰락되고 일본 침략기를 거쳐 대한민국의 건국과 미국 군정을 거쳤다. 올바른 민주주의로 가기 위한 여정에서 예술가인 작가로 살면서 제작한 작 품 속에는 작가가 감수한 시대상이 반영될 수밖에 없다. 그러나 시대 를 초월하여 자신만의 고유한 세계를 작품에 투영함으로써 시공간적 한계를 극복하며 본질적 가치를 추구한다면 작가 혼은 더욱 빛을 발 하게 된다. 종교의 교리가 내포된 작가와 작가의 작품을 연구, 분석한다는 것 은 쉽지가 않다. 그러나 그림에 표현된 작가의 의도는 그림으로, 작 가의 생애나 작가의 기록된 말로써 연구될 수 있다. 장욱진의 경우 부인이 현존해 있고 많은 제자들과 지인들이 있으며, 양질의 도록이 나 그의 말을 기록한 책과 함께 비교적 많은 자료들이 있다. 장욱진의 그림에 나타난 불교관련의 본격적인 연구는 석사학위 논 문 1~2편 정도와 장욱진에 관한 불교관련 평문이 몇 편 정도이다. 그 래서 장욱진의 불교미학에 관해서는 불교와 연관 있는 그림과 함께 이들 평문도 참고하였다. 본 연구가 한국 근대 화단에 이름을 올린 많은 화가들이 그린 그림에 나타난 불교미학 연구에 실낱 같은 도움 이나마 되어주기를 기대하면서 이 논문을 작성하였다. 2010년 장욱진미술문화재단이 주관하여 용인시 구성면 마북리 장 욱진가옥에서 개최된‘부처님 오신날’전시회에 유족의 부탁으로 ‘장욱진 화백의 먹그림에 나타난 선(禪)사상’이라는 글을 전시 안내 장에 넣었다. ‘장욱진의 그림에 나타난 불교적 미학의 세계’를 조명 하는 원고에 많은 부분이 인용되었음을 밝혀둔다.

This paper investigates the biblical and political implications of Ai Weiwei's work entitled <S.A.C.R.E.D.>, which was shown at the 55th Venice Biennale in Venice, Italy, 2013. With the biblical Passion images and metaphor of Christ, Ai is finely depicted as Christ and martyr while having suffered during his detention by Chinese authorities for 81 days. Tracing back to such biblical theme as suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ, Ai has played in six large boxes called Supper, Accusers, Cleansing, Ritual, Entropy, Doubt, into which the viewer can peek to see him eating meal, asleep in bed, taking a shower, on toilet with two uniformed guards. The title is reminiscent of religious artifacts by the Italian Old Masters in the church of Sant'Antonin, which represent the invisible holiness. The installation in individual boxes in the church should be interpreted in the context of Christ's Passion such as Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, Last Supper, Arrest, Mocking, Crucifixion, Deposition, and Lamentation implied in the Stations of the Cross and the Temptations of St Anthony, to whom the church is dedicated. Through the religious images, the viewer can assume Ai's propaganda to the concrete figures of Christ and the Saint to create his own self-portrait. Conceived with the wooden-stool sculpture <Bang> in the German pavilion and with <Straight>, his massive accumulation of crushed rebars from the children's schools collapsed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake at the Zuecca Project Space, Ai in <S.A.C.R.E.D.> can be interpreted as having made a dialogue between the martyr and the dissent artist. <S.A.C.R.E.D.>, Ai's first work made in response to his own trauma and memories during his detention, has surprisingly positioned him as Christ, a saint, and a martyr, although he denied it. This study aims to explore Ai's use of the biblical iconography as metaphor, which reinforces his own torture, claustrophobia, enclosure, surveillance, and humiliation, especially in relation to his detention.

The semiotic, one of Julia Kristeva's most important propositions, refers extensively to the pre-Oedipal phase, which signifies the beautiful chaos that cannot be fully described by the discipline of the symbolic. The semiotic released in the symbolic expands the limit of the subject and society, exhibiting the revolutionary power, which provides possibilities of exits, and brings about changes. By de-constructing coercive order, this revolutionary power elicits the lawless ethics where no empowered law exists. Kristeva regards art as atypical passage, through which the semiotic can come to the fore even in the symbolic. In contrast especially to literature that uses language as a medium, visual art can surpass the linguistic limitation because it is positioned as 'the thing going beyond a name even without a name' in the symbolic. Focusing on Jackson Pollock, Hans Haacke, and Robert Wilson, this paper examines the stereoscopic understanding of the semiotic, which Kristeva explained from the perspective of the visual representation of the semiotic. This paper also conducts analysis on Yayoi Kusama's work, which successfully achieves the representation of the semiotic. Art resuscitates the signification of creation and negation, diverging from identity by endlessly de-constructing history, concepts, ideologies, philosophy, and aesthetics, inherited through the representation of the semiotic. Art has the power to subvert the symbolic value system and create a new equilibrium and harmony, thereby conducive to a socio-political revolution. Therefore, art can create a lawless space, which retains a dynamic potential to exclude socio-cultural contrivance.

As the great catastrophe in the modern and contemporary history of China, the Cultural Revolution(CR) is an object, which must have sutured the past of darkness. At the same time it is a continuous event and also a scar of memory. In other words, for history is “a dialog between the past and the reality”(E.H.Kar), CR intervenes in the reality and, on the contrary, the reality recomposes CR. From this point of view, CR is a historical event, which so far is not ended, and it is an object of memory, which is still being composed at the moment.As the saying: “Poetry is greater than history”(Aristoteles), artistic works more intensively refect the past. The works related to CR can not be an exception. And CR is endlessly exposed in the contemporary Chinese fne arts and the works of the contemporary Chinese artists—Wang Guangyi, Yue Minjun, Zhang Xiaogang and others are proved to be those who suffer from the trauma of CR and who feel no liberty from CR. For example, CR probably is a symbol showing the “identity” of the Chinese artists. And the diversity of the symbol is the experience and pattern of the dialog between artistic works and CR (i.e., intervention in reality). For example, with withering of grand-narrative and appearance of micro-narrative, the CR critical works of Guan Zhoudao were the root of the Chinese fne arts in the late 70s and early 80s. In the contemporary cultural situation, the literary works about CR actively analyzed the history (CR) from the personal point of views and explained in the way of monolog and micro-method led the 1990s’ works. In this way they tried to recompose the history “randomly”, like looking at reality with their own eyes. In this process, CR is continuously exposing new features and the real facts are appearing before us as unfamiliar phenomena. This is a way of combination and “reappearance” of contemporary arts and reality. In conclusion, the purpose of this article is to make it possible to see a section of the contemporary Chinese fne arts through the study of the icon image of CR and to analyze the way of fne arts recomposing the history and the intervening in the reality. In this sense, the author has entitled the article “Icon and Form”. It means how to reshape (the present) the typically formed icon of the CR (the past).

정치적 의미를 비교적 잘 나타내는 초기 남송원체화(南宋院體畵)는 이당(李唐)에 의해 그 체계가 세워지고 소조(蕭照) 등의 제자를 통해 더욱 발전하였다. 본 연구는 이당의 직제자인 소조가 고종(高宗, 1107∼1187)의 하명을 받아, 조훈(曹勳, 1098∼1174)이 지은 서응고사(瑞應故事) 를 토대로, <서응도(瑞應圖)>를 제작했다는 명대(明代) 장축(張丑)의 청하서화방(淸河書畵舫) 등의 문헌들을 근거로, 회화의 정치적 역할을 재조명한 것이다. “서응(瑞應)”이란 임금의 어진정치가 하늘을 감응시켜 나타내는 길한 징조를 의미하는 것으로, 소조는 서응고사(瑞應故事) 의 내용을 최소4권 이상 그린 것으로 추정된다. 현존하는 “서응도 시리즈” 중, 본 연구에서 시각자료로 참고한 작품은 2009년 중국가덕춘계(中国嘉德春季)경매에 출품되었던 전(傳) 소조의 <서응도(瑞應圖)>이다.<서응도(瑞應圖)>에는 고종의 황제 즉위가 하늘의 뜻이고 민심 또한 고종에게 있음을 12가지의 일화를 통해 나타내고 각 장면과 장면 사이에, 그에 해당하는 설명을 삽입시켰다. 12가지 일화의 주제는 다음과 같다. ① 탄육금광 (誕育金光) ⑦ 황라척장 (黄罗掷將)② 현인몽신 (顯仁夢神) ⑧ 추사퇴사 (追師退舍)③ 기사거낭 (騎射舉囊) ⑨ 사중대 (射中臺)④ 금영출사 (金營出使) ⑩ 사중백토 (射中白兔)⑤ 사성우호 (四聖佑護) ⑪ 대하빙합 (大河冰合)⑥ 자주갈묘 (磁州竭廟) ⑫ 탈포견몽 (脱袍見夢) 한편, <서응도(瑞應圖)> 제작을 하명할 당시는, 고종이 남송을 건국한 전후의 시기로, 국가의 존립이 매우 위태로운 상황이었다. 왜냐하면, 금국(金國)의 계속되는 공격뿐만 아니라, 금국의 포로로 있던 선황(先皇)인 흠종(欽宗, 1100∼1156) 세력들과의 첨예한 갈등을 겪고 있었기 때문이다. 이러한 정황으로 볼 때, 고종에게 황권강화 정책은 매우 시급한 과제였음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 고종은 황권계승의 정당성을 확고히 하기 위해, 부황(父皇)인 휘종(徽宗, 1082∼1135)을 최 측근에서 모셨던 조훈에 게 ‘고종의 황권 계승이 하늘의 뜻임’을 확고히 하는 서응고사 를 쓰게 하였다. 그러나 고종은 이 정책의 파급력을 더욱 신속히 넓히기 위해 그림의 시너지 효과를 이용하는데, 그것이 바로 소조에게 하명한 <서응도> 제작이다. 따라서 치밀한 구도와 전개 방식으로 제작한 <서응도>는 황제로서의 자격 조건을 완벽하게 갖추었다는 정치적 메시지를 인상깊게 나타냄으로써, 회화의 정치적인 역할을 성공적으로 보여준다.

This paper examines a number of Korean artists-Whanki Kim, Po Kim, Byungki Kim, Lim Choong-Sup, Min Byung-Ok and etc-working in New York in the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on their motivations to head for the U.S. and their life and activity in the newly-emerged city of international art. The thesis was conceived based upon the fact that New York has been one of the major venues for Korean artists in which to live, study, travel and stay after the Korean War. Moreover, the United States, since 1945, has had a tremendous influence upon Korea politically, socially, economically, and, above all, culturally. This study is divided into three major sections. The first one attends to the reasons that these artists moved out of Korea while including in this discussion, the long-standing yearning of the Korean intelligentsia to experience more modernized cultures, and American postwar cultural policies that stimulated them to envision life beyond their national parameters, in a country heavily entrenched in Cold War ideology. The second part examines these artists' pursuit of abstraction in New York where it was already losing its avant-garde status as opposed to the style's cutting edge cache in Korea. While their turn to abstraction was outdated from New York's critical perspective, it was seen to be de rigueur for Koreans that had developed through phases from Art Informel in the 1960s to Dansaekhwa (monochromatic paintings) in the 1970s. The third part focuses on the artists' struggle while caught between a dualistic framework such as Korea/U.S, East/West, center/margin, traditional/modern, and abstraction/figuration. Despite such dichotomic frames, they identified abstract art as the epitome of pure, absolute art, which revealed their beliefs inherited from western modernism during the colonial period before 1910-1945. In fact, their reality as immigrants in America put them in a diasporic space where they oscillated between the fixed, essentialist Korean identity and the floating, transforming identity as international artists in New York or Korean-American artists. Thus their abstract and semi-abstract art reflect the in-between identity from the diasporic space while demonstrating their yearning for a land of political freedom, intellectual fulfillment and the continuity of modern art's legacy imposed upon them over the course of Korea's tumultuous history in the twentieth century and making the artists as precursor of transnational, transcultural art of the global age in the twenty-first century.