어두운 곳에서 눈의 굴절상태가 근시쪽으로 변화하는 야간근시와 조절력， 암소초점 및 동공크기의 상관성을 알아보기 위하여 안과적 질환이 없는 20-61 세 정상인 21 명 (42 안)을 대상으로 조절력， Mesotest II b를 이용한 야간근시도， 대비감도 및 눈부섬감 도， 적외선 동공측정계를 이용한 일반조명과 암살에서 동공크기 및 근거리겸영법에 의한 암소초점을 측정하였다. 조절력이 높을수록 야간근시가 증가하고 (r = -0.823, p<O.OOO1) 암실에서 동공직경 이 클수록 야간근시 가 증가하였으며 (r = • 0.336, p = 0.029) 암소초점 이 높을수록 야간 근시가 증가하였다 (r = 0.820, p<O.OOO1). 암실 조건에서 측정한 대비감도 및 눈부심감 도는 야간근시 가 높을수록 증가 (CS : r = -0.343, p = 0.026; GS: r = -0.445, p = 0.003) 하 였으며， 나이가 증가할수록 감소 (CS : r = -0.408, p = 0.007; GS: r = -0.520, p = 0.0004) 하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 조절력， 암소초점， 및 야간의 동공직경 등이 야간활동에 불편을 줄 수 야간근시， 대비감도 및 눈부심감도 등에 영향을 줄 수 있으며， 특히 나이증가에 안내 매질의 흔탁과 같은 기타 요인에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

In this paper, the intensity ratio of [O I] λ6300 and Hα lines, which plays an important role in the study of warm (or diffuse) ionized interstellar medium, is calculated assuming collisional ionization equilibrium (or coronal equilibrium). The calculated ratio is compared with the previous works, and with the observations, obtained by Reynolds (1989) and Reynolds et al. (1998) with the Wisconsin Ha Mapper facility, toward the directions that sample the faint interstellar emission-line background. The comparison confirms that most of the Ha originates from nearly fully ionized regions along the lines of sight rather than from partially ionized H I clouds or layers of H II on the surfaces of H I clouds.

This was aim to study the changes of components by different parts and maturity of tomato. Tomato include the green pigment chlorophyll, the yellow pigment-carotene. the red pigment lycopene and the other component. These colors of tomatoes are reported to have important functional roles to promote health in human. The main objective of this study was to define changes in the content of the four tomato maturation that is ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotene, lycopene. A ascorbic acid contents of tomato fruits was the highest at 50th day. Chlorophyll contents of tomatoes fruits was the highest at 10th days after flowering. α-carotene contained low-quantity while all growth period. β-carotene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, 1036.97μg. Lycopene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, 5800μg.

Near-infrared imaging photometry supplemented by optical spectroscopy and narrow-band imaging of the H II region Sh 2-128 and its environment are presented. This region contains a developed H II region and the neighboring compact H II region S 128N associated with a pair of water maser sources. Midway between these, the core of a CO cloud is located. The principal ionizing source of Sh 2-128 is an 07 star close to its center. A new spectroscopic distance of 9.4 kpc is derived, very similar to the kinematic distance to the nebula. This implies a galactocentric distance of 13.5 kpc and z = 550 pc. The region is optically thin with abundances close to those predicted by galactocentric gradients. The JHK_s images show that S 128N contains several infrared point sources and nebular emission knots with large near-infrared excesses. One of the three red Ks knots coincides with the compact H II region. A few of the infrared-excess objects are close to known mid- and far-infrared emission peaks. Star counts in J and K_s show the presence of a small cluster of B-type stars, mainly associated with S 128N. The JHKs photometric properties together with the characteristics of the other objects in the vicinity suggest that Sh 2-128 and S 128N constitute a single complex formed from the same molecular cloud, with ages ~ 106 and < 3 X 105 years respectively. No molecular hydrogen emission was detected at 2.12 μm. The origin of this remote star forming region is an open problem.

Optical imaging and spectroscopy of G353.2+0.9, the brightest part of the giant H II region NGC 6357, shows that this H II region is optically thin, contains "300 M⊙ of ionized gas and is probably expanding into the surrounding medium. Its chemical composition is similar to that found in other H II regions at similar galactocentric distances if temperature fluctuations are significant. The inner regions are probably made of thin shells and filaments, whereas extended slabs of material, maybe shells seen edge-on, are found in the periphery. The radio continuum and Hα emission maps are very similar, indicating that most of the optical nebula is not embedded in the denser regions traced by molecular gas and the presence of IR sources. About 1050 UV photons per second are required to produce the Hβ flux from the 1l.3'x10' region surrounding the Pis 24 cluster that is south of G353.2+0.9. Most of the energy powering this region is produced by the 03-7 stars in Pis 24. Most of the 2MASS sources in the field with large infrared excesses are within G353.2+0.9, indicating that the most recent star forming process occured within it. The formation of Pis 24 preceded and caused the formation of this new generation of stars and may be responsible for the present-day morphology of the entire NGC 6357 region.

Anomalies in the far-infrared [C II] 158 μm line emission observed in the central one-kiloparsec regions of spiral galaxies are reviewed. Low far-infrared intensity ratios of the [C II] line to the continuum were observed in the center of the Milky Way, because the heating ratio of the gas to the dust is reduced by the soft interstellar radiation field due to late-type stars in the Galactic bulge. In contrast, such low line-to-continuum ratios were not obtained in the center of the nearby spiral M31, in spite of its bright bulge. A comparison with numerical simulations showed that a typical column density of the neutral interstellar medium between illuminating sources at hv ~ 1 eV is NH ≲ 1021 cm-2 in the region; the medium is translucent for photons sufficiently energetic to heat the grains but not sufficiently energetic to heat the gas. This interpretation is consistent with the combination of the extremely high [C Il]/CO J = 1-0 line intensity ratios and the low recent star-forming activity in the region; the neutral interstellar medium is not sufficiently opaque to protect the species even against the moderately intense incident UV radiation. The above results were unexpected from classical views of the [C II] emission, which was generally considered to trace intense interstellar UV radiation enhanced by active star formation.

X-ray plasma ejections often occurred around the impulsive phases of solar flares and have been well observed by the SXT aboard Yohkoh. Though the X-ray plasma ejections show various morphological shapes, there has been no attempt at classifying the morphological groups for a large sample of the X-ray plasma ejections. In this study, we have classified 137 X-ray plasma ejections according to their shape for the first time. Our classification criteria are as follows: (1) a loop type shows ejecting plasma with the shape of loops, (2) a spray type has a continuous stream of plasma without showing any typical shape, (3) a jet type shows collimated motions of plasma, (4) a confined ejection shows limited motions of plasma near a flaring site. As a result, we classified the flare-associated X-ray plasma ejections into five groups as follows: loop-type (60 events), spray-type (40 events), jet-type (11 events), confined ejection (18 events), and others (8 events). As an illustration, we presented time sequence images of several typical events to discuss their morphological characteristics, speed, CME association, and magnetic field configuration. We found that the jet-type events tend to have higher speeds and better association with CMEs than those of the loop-type events. It is also found that the CME association (11/11) of the jet-type events is much higher than that (5/18) of the confined ejections. These facts imply that the physical characteristics of the X-ray plasma ejections are closely associated with magnetic field configurations near the reconnection regions.

본 연구의 목적은 Sternberg의 정신자치제 이론에 근거하여 영재학생과 일반학생의 사고양식의 차이를 조사하고, 사고양식 유형에 따라 두 집단이 가지고 있는 지구과학 개념을 비교 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 과학영재학교 1학년 120명과 일반계 고등학교 2학년 122명을 대상으로 총 65문학의 자기보고식 사고양식 검사와 서술형 지구과학 개념검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 과학영재학생은 입법적, 사법적, 무정부제, 전체적, 진보적 사고양식이 우세하여 새로운 과제를 선호하고 자기 자신의 방식으로 문제를 해결하는 특성을 나타내었다. 반면에 일반학생은 행정적, 과두제, 보수적 사고양식이 우세하여 이미 짜여진 구조나 지침에 따라 문제를 해결하는 특성을 나타내었다. 사고양식 유형에 따른 지구과학 개념을 비교한 결과, 과학영재 집단과 일반학생 집단 모두 Type I 사고양식의 학생들이 Type II 사고양식의 학생들 보다 지질학 분야와 천문학 분야 공통적으로 심도 있고 복합적인 개념을 나타내었다.

This paper deals with false friends-the source of their sound image (signifiant) is the same, but the concept image (signifie) is differentfound in Korean and Chinese. It is well-known that these false friends frequently cause negative transfer. I demonstrate that the false friends between Korean and Chinese can be classified into four types: ① no semantic resemblance type, ② partially overlapping type, ③ semantic inclusion type I (Korean over Chinese), and ④ semantic inclusion type II (Chinese over Korean). The result of the contrastive analysis of each type shows a striking difference. In the actual communications, false friends between these two languages may lead to misunderstanding. In order to prevent negative transfer due to false friends, students are advised to carefully check the differences in meaning and function.

Disk galaxies abound with intermediate-scale structures such as OB star complexes, giant clouds, and dust spurs in a close geometrical association with spiral arms. Various mechanisms have been proposed as candidates for their origin, but a comprehensive theory should encompass fundamental physical agents such as self-gravity, magnetic fields, galactic differential rotation, and spiral arms, all of which are known to exist in disk galaxies. Recent numerical simulations incorporating all these physical processes show that magneto-Jeans instability (MJI), in which magnetic tension resists the stabilizing Coriolis force of galaxy rotation, is much more powerful than swing-amplification or the Parker instability in forming self-gravitating intermediate-scale structures. The MJI occurring in shearing and expanding flows off spiral arms rapidly forms structures elongated along the direction perpendicular to the arms, remarkably similar to dust spurs seen in HST images of spiral galaxies. In highly nonlinear stages, these spurs fragment to form bound clumps, possibly evolving into bright arm and interarm H II regions, suggesting that all these intermediate-scale structures in spiral galaxies probably share a common dynamical origin.

This study investigated the foreign language listening test anxiety of 66 Korean high school students. The subjects were randomly assigned to Non-test Group (absence of a test atmosphere) and Test Group (presence of a test atmosphere). Foreign language listening test anxiety in both groups was measured by the foreign language listening test anxiety scale I (FLLTAS I) and they answered questions related to the FLLTAS II after taking a listening test. Based on the change in mean scores of the FLLTAS I and II, the data were analyzed with repeated measures and the results suggested that the subjects indeed felt foreign language listening test anxiety and significantly experienced an increase in anxiety levels after taking a listening test regardless of the absence or presence of a test atmosphere and subject's differences in listening proficiency levels. Regarding the relationship between foreign language listening test anxiety and foreign language listening test performance, the results revealed that they are negatively related. Also, a factor analysis showed that 'tension over English listening or English listening tests' and 'lack of confidence over English listening or English listening tests' are the main factors contributing to foreign language listening test anxiety.

In vitro maturation of denuded porcine immature oocytes can be enhanced by co-incubation with spermatozoa even before fertilization. This study was to determine whether the addition of spermatozoa into the culture medium could influence the nuclear maturation of porcine cumulus-enclosed germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from follicles of 3- to 5-mm diameter. Porcine COCs were cultured in tissue culture medium containing spermatozoa. After 48 h culture, oocytes were examined for evidence of GV breakdown, metaphase I, anaphase-telophase I, and metaphase II. The proportion of oocytes reaching at metaphase II was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the oocytes cultured in media containing spermatozoa compared to those in media without spermatozoa (52.3% vs 12.5%). No difference in the percentage of metaphase II was observed among the different periods of spermatozoa exposure and among the spermatozoa from different species. The proportion of oocytes reaching metaphase II was significantly different between high and low concentrations of spermatozoa. The present study suggests that manunalian spermatozoa contain a substance(s) that improves nuclear in vitro maturation of porcine cumulus-enclosed GV oocytes. Enhancing effect of spermatozoa for in vitro maturation of oocytes is a highly dose-dependent.

병재배 느타리버섯의 품종 다양화를 위해 단핵균주교잡에 의해 육성된 소담느타리의 주요특성은 다음과 같다. 가. 소담느타리는 애느타리1호와 수한느타리1호의 단핵균주 교잡에 의해 육성 된 품종으로 균사생장 적온은 25∼30℃이고 버섯발생 및 생육온도는 14∼16℃이다. 나. 갓색은 회색이고 얕은 깔대기형이며 발이수가 많다. 다. 배양일수는 20℃에서 20일, 초발이 소요일수는 3일이며 가늘고 짧은형으로 농가실증시험에서 병당 수량은 148.2g으로 높은 편이었다. 라. 균사활력이 강해 배양이 빠르므로 적기에 발이유기가 요구된다.

이 논문은 과거의 산업 포트폴리오 수익률이 어떻게 확률추세(stochastic trend)로부터 전체 주식시장과 두 가지 거시경제 변수(경기동행지수와 산업생산)들을 예측할 수 있는 지를 알아보는 데에 초점을 두고 있다. 먼저, 산업들의 포트폴리오 수익률과 전체 주식시장 수익률이 VAR모형을 토대로 볼 경우 Granger 인과관계를 갖고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 이 분석의 결과에서 건설, 금속, 무역, 반도체, 보험, 비금속광물, 서비스, 섬유, 식료, 운수/창고, 유통, 의류, 자동차부풀, 전기전자, 정유, 조선, 종이/목재, 증권, 컴퓨터, 통신, 화학 등 21개 업종은 각 산업별 포트폴리오 수익률이 전체 주식시장 수익률을 수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이들 21개의 산업별 포트폴리오 수익률은 경제적으로도 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 즉, 당월(t)의 비금속광물과 정유, 금속 포트폴리오 수익률 등은 다음 월(t+1)의 전체 주식시장 수익률과 음(-)의 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 역사적인 데이터를 살펴볼 때, 이들 산업 제품의 가격의 상승은 향후 경제에 악영향을 주기 때문인 것이다. 반면에, 의류 및 무역 등의 경우에는 반대로 이들 산업들의 포트폴리오 수익률이 전체 주식시장 수익률과 양의 상관관계를 나타내 이들 산업들에 있어서 높은 수익률은 향후 경제가 상승국면이 예상됨을 나타내어 주고 있다. 이와 같은 산업별 포트폴리오 수익률과 거시경제변수 간의 높은 상관관계를 토대로 하여 전체 주식시장 수익률 예측을 가능하게 하는 업종 정보(sector information)의 점진적 확산(slow diffusion) 현상이 발생하게 되는 것이다.

본 연구에서는 원전기기의 내진안전성을 증가시키기 위해 면진장치를 적용한 기기의 진동대 실험을 수행하였다. 원전구조물과 유사한 진동수 특성을 가지는 실험모형을 제작하여 실험에 사용하였으며 구조물 내부의 기기를 모형화 하기 위하여 400kg의 강체를 사용하였다. 탁월주파수 특성이 상이한 3종류 지진파를 이용하여 진동대 실험을 수행하였다. 면진장치로는 마찰진자형 베어링(FPS)을 사용하였다. 입력지진의 최대가속도를 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.25g의 3단계로 변화시키면서 실험을 수행하였고 또한 1방향, 2방향 및 3방향 가진에 의한 거동을 분석하였다. 실험결과 지진파의 연직성분이 FPS의 면진성능에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었으며 펄스타입의 속도성분이 큰 근거리 지진인 경우 면진효과가 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 효율적인 RS 조제기술을 규명할 목적으로 실시하였다. 연구는 RS의 저장부위에 따른 발효품질 및 사료성분의 변화에 대하여 검토하였는데, 곤포한 1개월 후에 3개의 RS(bale No. 1, bale No. II 및 bale No. III로부터 부위별 (상층부, 중앙부 및 하층부)로 채취하였다. 건물 함량은 상층부에서 bale No. I, bale No. II 및 bale No. III이 각각 64.5, 87.6 및 로 bale No. II가

We analyze the dependence of the mass-to-light ratio of spiral galaxies on the present star formation rate (SFR), and find that galaxies with high present star formation rates have low mass-to-light ratios, presumably as a result of the enhanced luminosity. On this basis we argue that variations in the stellar content of galaxies result in a major source of intrinsic scatter in the Tully-Fisher relation (TF relation). Ideally one should use a 'population-corrected' luminosity. We have also analyzed the relation between the (maximum) luminous mass and rotational velocity, and find it to have a small scatter. We therefore propose that the physical basis of the Tully-Fisher relation lies in a relationship between the luminous mass and rotational velocity, in combination with a 'well-behaved' relation between luminous and dark matter. This implies that the Tully-Fisher relation is a combination of two independent relations: (i) a relation between luminosity and (luminous) mass, based mainly on the star formation history in galaxies, and (ii) a relation between mass and rotation velocity, which is the outcome of the process of galaxy formation. In addition to a 'population-corrected' Tully-Fisher relation, one may also use the relation between mass and luminosity, and the relation between luminous mass and rotation velocity as distance estimators.