This study presents the primary outcomes of the neurological and emotional responses to inhalation and foot baths using the clary sage aroma. Clary sage inhalation produced varying effects on EEG (electroencephalography) depending on the concentration used, inactivating  and  waves while activating  waves, γ waves, RSMR, SEF50 and SEF90. Inhalation is more effective at enhancing individual performance and focus than promoting relaxation. The clary sage foot bath activated  waves and RSMR, while inactivating  waves, γ waves, SEF50, and SEF90. The foot bath approach has a calming impact on the mind and body, as well as reducing arousal and stress. While the advantages of clary sage inhalation and foot bath therapy are distinct, both involve the activation of RSMR, which enhances focus at work and aids in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Although the emotional features of clary sage oil vary according to the dose used for inhalation, it was typically assessed as a feminine and refreshing aroma, and the clary sage foot bath was evaluated as a pleasant, invigorating, refreshing, feminine, soft, and calming fragrance. When clary sage was used in the foot bath therapy, it evoked a stronger emotional response than when it was inhaled. These findings suggest that a clary sage foot bath can be used to enhance work-related focus while also relaxing the body by activating  waves and inactivating SEF50 and SEF90.

This study assessed the measurement technique of odorous substances using a GC/MOS system with MOS sensor at the detector and the method detection limits were determined for odorous substances such as hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde, toluene, m,pxylene, and o-xylene. The portable GC/MOS system was able to separate and measure about 16 out of 22 odorous substances including sulfur compounds, aldehydes, and VOCs. The peak values for hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene showed a nonlinear relationship with concentration and a correlation coefficient of 0.95 or higher was confirmed. The method detection limits for hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde, toluene, m.pxylene, and o-xylene using the portable GC/MOS system were determined to be 0.005, 0.023, 0.016, 0.004, and 0.051 ppm, respectively. It is expected that the system can measure odor samples with concentrations of least 50 ppb without additional pretreatment or concentration processes.

This study investigated the odor emission characteristics of fertilizer manufacturing facilities. The characteristics were evaluated by measuring the odor concentration at the outlet and site boundary of the complex fertilizer and organic fertilizer manufacturing facilities. The evaluation process utilized the air dilution sensory method and PTR-ToF-MS. The complex odor dilution factor ranged from 100 to 120 times at the outlet of the compound fertilizer manufacturing facility. Specifically, the concentrations of Ammonia and Aldehydes were relatively high as designated odor substances. For the organic fertilizer facility, the dilution factor for complex odors was measured up to a maximum of 3,000. And, designated odorants such as Ammonia and Hydrogen sulfide were measured at levels up to parts per million (ppm). The odor contribution assessment of the fertilizer manufacturing facilities showed that the complex fertilizer facility exhibited similar contributions from Aldehydes and Sulfur compounds. On the other hand, the organic fertilizer facility had the highest contribution of over 62% from Sulfur compounds. As odor substances are easily changed and diffused according to weather conditions, it is difficult to obtain representative data according to the measurement time. Therefore, if continuous monitoring of odorous substances is performed using equipment that can be measured in real time without pretreatment, it becomes feasible to identify odor emission sources and regional spatio-temporal distribution. This information would then serve as a basis for analyzing odorant contamination characteristics and establishing appropriate countermeasures.

We used the measurement data derived from a proton transfer reaction time-offlight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to ascertain the source profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 4 major industrial classifications which showed the highest emissions from a total of 26 industrial classifications of A industrial complex. Methanol (MOH) was indicated as the highest VOC in the industrial classification of fabricated metal manufacture, and it was followed by dichloromethane (DM), ethanol (EN) and acetaldehyde (AAE). In the industrial classification of printing and recording media, the emission of ethylacetate (EA) and toluene (TOL) were the highest, and were followed by acetone (ACT), ethanol (EN) and acetic acid (AA). TOL, MOH, 2-butanol (MEK) and AAE were measured at high concentrations in the classification of rubber and plastic manufacture. In the classification of sewage, wastewater and manure treatment, TOL was the highest, and it was followed by MOH, H2S, and ethylbenzene (EBZ). In future studies, the source profiles for various industrial classifications which can provide scientific evidence must be completed, and then specified mitigation plans of VOCs for each industrial classification should be established.

This study was carried out to examine the concentration and distribution characteristics of total airborne bacteria (TAB) and airborne mold in non-regulated public-use facilities. The arithmetic mean (AM) of the TAB in all facilities was 356.5 ± 419.3 CFU/m3, and the geometric means (GM) was 157.8 CFU/m3, which did not exceed the standard value of 800 CFU/m3. The highest concentration was 637.3 ± 372.0 CFU/m3 (GM: 534.9 CFU/m3) in the underground shopping mall. The AM of airborne mold in all facilities was 448.2 ± 429.6 CFU/m3 (GM: 285.4 CFU/m3), which did not exceed the standard value of 500 CFU/m3, but was close to it. In particular, subway station (AM: 661.5 ± 441.2 CFU/m3, GM: 540.0 CFU/ m3), large-scale store (AM: 587.6 ± 683.2 CFU/m3, GM: 297.8 CFU/m3), and private educational institute (AM: 528.8 ± 379.6 CFU/m3, GM: 373.7 CFU/m3) exceeded the standard. Operational taxonomic unit of 16S rDNA and ITS2 rDNA region was analyzed to profile bacteria and mold component in the air of the public-use facilities. As a result, Pseudomonas and Morganella are the major bacterial groups. Regarding mold, Aspergillus, Candida, Malassezia, and Penicillium are the major groups. Component of each airborne bacterial and mold groups varied depending on the type of public-use facilities.

Some plant pathogenic bacteria species are environmentally high-risk organisms that have a negative impact on agricultural production. Experiments with these pathogens in a biosafety laboratory require safety protocols to prevent contamination from these pathogens. In this work, we investigated the efficacy of using UV-C irradiation for the purpose of sterilizing an important plant pathogenic bacterium, Erwinia pyrifoliae, in a laboratory setting. For the test, the pathogen (1.71 × 108 CFU/ml) was inoculated on the surface of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and the inoculated media were placed on a work surface in a biosafety cabinet (Class 2 Type A1) as well as on three different surfaces located within the laboratory: a laboratory bench, a laboratory bench shelf, and the floor. All the surfaces where the media were placed were in range of the UV-C beam projected by the UV lamp installed in the ceiling of the BSL 2 Class biosafety laboratory. Measurements of the reduction rate of bacteria under UV-C irradiation were conducted at different time intervals: after 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours, respectively. The reduction rate of bacteria ranged from 90% to 99% after 10min irradiation, from 97.8% to 100% after 30 minutes of irradiation, from 99.1% to 100% after 1 hour of irradiation, and from 99.99% to 100% after 2 hours of irradiation. After 3 hours of irradiation, the pathogen was completely killed in all the test conditions. In the cases of the laboratory bench and the shelf of the laboratory bench, the effectiveness of UV-C irradiation differed slightly between the site where the bacteria located vertically under the lamp and the site where the bacteria were located 1 meter away horizontally from the site under of the lamp.

This review comprehensively summarizes the livestock odor reduction method by dietary manipulation, in-housing management, and manure management. The gut microbial metabolism of animals can be stimulated by low-crude protein feeding and the addition of probiotics, enzymes, plant extracts, and/or organic acids to their feed. These methods can result in reduced odor emissions from manure. For in-housing management, it is important to maintain the proper breeding density in the barn facilities, regularly remove dust and manure, and periodically clean the barn facilities. A barn using litter on the floor can reduce odor at a relatively low cost by adding adsorbents such as zeolite, biochar, etc. Although masking agent spraying can be the simplest and quickest way to control odors, it is not a fundamental odor mitigation strategy. Odor emissions can be reduced by installing covers on manure slurry storage facilities or by acidifying the manure slurry. It is necessary to install a solid-liquid separator in an enclosed facility to minimize odor emissions. Other methods for reducing odor emissions include covering manure composting plants with semi-permeable membranes or using reactor composting technology. In order to minimize odor emissions in the liquid manure composting, sufficient oxygen must be supplied during the fermentation process. Furthermore, the odor reduction effect can be achieved through the liquid manure pit recharge system which supplies matured liquid manure fertilizer to the slurry pit in the pig house.