대류열전달은 겨울철 온실 열손실의 중요한 원인이 되며, 일반적으로 복사열에 의한 손실보다 더 크다. 스크린의 대류열전달계수를 자연상태에서 측정한 연구가 수행된 바는 있지만 상하면의 재질이 동일하고 공극이 없는 스크린에 대해서는 적용을 할 수 없는 방법이다. 이러한 재질의 스크린은 한국에서 많이 사용되고 있으나 대류열전달 특성을 파악하는데 많은 어려움이 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 공극이 없는 3가지 종류의 스크린에 대해 대류열전달계수를 구하였으며, 계수를 산정하기 위하여 복사열수지 이론에 근거하여 산정방법을 개발하였다. 실험장치에 스크린을 설치하고 일사량, 장파복사량, 대기온도, 스크린 및 흑색천의 표면온도, 풍속 등을 측정하였다. 스크린의 표면온도와 주변온도의 차이에 따른 대류열전달계수를 산정하였다. 풍속이 거의 없는 상태에서 온도의 차이가 증가함에 따라 계수는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

New triple tungstate phosphors NaPbLa(WO4)3:Yb3+/Ho3+ (x = Yb3+/Ho3+ = 7, 8, 9, 10) are successfully fabricated by microwave assisted sol-gel synthesis and their structural and frequency upconversion (UC) characteristics are investigated. The compounds crystallized in the tetragonal space group I41/a and the NaPbLa(WO4)3 host have unit cell parameters a = 5.3927(1) and c = 11.7961(3) Å, V = 343.05(2) Å3, Z = 4. Under excitation at 980 nm, the phosphors have yellowish green emissions, which are derived from the intense 5S2/ 5F4 → 5I8 transitions of Ho3+ ions in the green spectral range and strong 5F5 → 5I8 transitions in the red spectral range. The optimal Yb3+:Ho3+ ratio is revealed to be x = 9, which is attributed to the quenching effect of Ho3+ ions, as indicated by the composition dependence. The UC characteristics are evaluated in detail under consideration of the pump power dependence and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage chromaticity. The spectroscopic features of Raman spectra are discussed in terms of the superposition of Ho3+ luminescence and vibrational lines. The possibility of controlling the spectral distribution of UC luminescence by the chemical content of tungstate hosts is demonstrated.

Energy and environmental are always two major challenges for the sustainable development of the modern human being. For avoiding the serious environmental pollution caused in the fabrication process of porous carbon, a popular energy storage material, we reported a facile, green and activating agent free route hereby directly carbonizing a special biomass, Glebionis coronaria. A nitrogen doped hierarchical porous carbon with a specific surface area of up to 1007 m2 g−1 and a N doping content of up to 2.65 at.% was facilely fabricated by employing the above route. Benefiting from the peculiarly hierarchical porous morphology, enhanced wettability and improved conductivity, the obtained material exhibits superior capacitance performance, which capacitance reaches up to 205 F g−1 under two-electrode configuration, and no capacitance loss is observed after 5000 cycles. Meanwhile, the capacitance retention of the obtained material arrives up to 95.0% even under a high current density of 20 A g−1, illuminating its excellent rate capability. The fabricated nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon with larger capacitance than commercial activated carbon, excellent rate capability and cycle stability is an ideal cost-efficient substitution of commercial activated carbon for supercapacitor application.

After the permanent shutdown of K1 in 2017, decommissioning processes have attracted great attention. According to the current decommissioning roadmap, the dismantling of the activated components of K1 may start in 2026, following the removal of its spent fuel. Since the reactor vessel (RV) and reactor vessel internal (RVI) of K1 contain massive components and are relatively highly activated, their decommissioning process should be conducted carefully in terms of radiological and industrial safety. For achieving maximum efficiency of nuclear waste management processes for K1, we present activation analysis of the segmentation process and waste classification of the RV and RVI components of K1. For RVI, the active fuel regions and some parts of the upper and lower active regions are classified as intermediate-level waste (ILW), while other components are classified as low-level waste (LLW). Due to the RVI’s complex structure and high activation, we suggest various underwater segmentation techniques which are expected to reduce radiation exposure and generate approximately nine ILW and nineteen very low level waste (VLLW)/LLW packages. For RV, the active fuel region and other components are classified as LLW, VLLW, and clearance waste (CW). In this case, we suggest in-situ remote segmentation in air, which is expected to generate approximately forty-two VLLW/LLW packages.

We reach at conclusion that title of the 2021 GAN in Jeju Korea is “This Is Peace Island Care.” We have two reasons: one is that as we have basic assumption “ Jeju Island should need Peace Island Care in Asia Pacific region,” at village level beyond trauma of Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy (1947-1954), we try to illuminate Peace Island Village Care models to heal its trauma at grass roots level by both participants and villagers through Jeju World Peace Academy for 4 years (2016-2019) such as Jeju 4.3 damaged Buchonri, Dongkwang-ri, Ora-ri and Chungsoo ri assisting its resilience beyond its atrocities. It is important for us to connect the Peace Island Care models with other global care models globally. So, we introduce three village models to audience at the Toronto GAN Biennial conference : This Is Long Term Care 2019. It says “Transforming Ageing Together, a global approach to This Is Long Term Care 2019.

팽이의 신품종을 개발하기 위하여 모균주 ASI 4103과 4111으로부터 포자를 수집하여 단핵균주를 얻고 이들의 교잡을 통해서 꺽쇠연결체가 확인된 교잡주 총 36점을 선발하였다. 교잡주를 대상으로 3회에 걸쳐 재배시험 결과, 수량이 우수하고 생육후기에도 갓이 피지 않는 황금색 우량계통 ‘Fv15a31’을 최종선발하였으며, 생산력검정 시험을 통해 2018년에 농작물 직무육성 품종 심의회를 통과했고 2019년에 ’아람‘이란 명칭으로 출원하였다. 주요특성은 갓 색깔이 황금색이고 대는 연한갈색이며, 갓 모양은 안으로 더 말린 반구형으로 대조품종과 형태적으로 차이를 보인다. 균사배양 최적온도는 25oC이며, 대조품종에 비해 여러 온도범위에서 아람의 균사력이 우수하였다. 또한 자실체 수량은 병당(1,100 ml) 237.7±9.54g으로 대조 품종보다 높았고 버섯발생이 2일 빨랐다. 갓에 반점이 없어 외관상 대조품종보다 품질이 우수하였다. 대치배양과 유전적 다형성 검정 결과, 아람이 다른 갈색 및 백색품종들과 유전적으로 구별되는 것을 확인하였다.

Protecting and preserving the natural and environmental treasures of Jeju Island is, eventually, the collective responsibility of the people of Jeju, all levels of the government, corporate and the environmental NGO sectors. Jeju Island has a vibrant environmental NGO sector with about 80 NGOs providing a variety of active environmental services. All efforts and services to conserve the environment of Jeju Island for the benefits of future generations need to be galvanized within the overarching environmental governance where all three sectors actively participate and make collective decisions within the three key elements of sustainable development: people, planet & profit. The key ingredient for promoting networking and collaborative opportunities between environmental NGOs, government entities and corporations is to improve their trust on one another. Given the current status of environmental NGOs - governments - corporations relations, it will take time to develop such trust, but if small measures are undertaken, mutual understanding & respect between the leaders of NGOs, government and corporations will grow and eventually result in mutual trust.

Many Korean scholars have praised progressive initiatives in the current Korean National Curriculum (KNC) and Korean National English Curriculum (KNEC), although they also state that the actual teaching practices have changed little. With each new iteration of the KNC it is apparent that the Korean Ministry of Education (MOE) is encouraging a pedagogical agenda that reflects the necessities of situated learning and ‘student-centered’ approaches to teaching and learning. The MOE’s inclusion of ‘micro-teaching’ in tertiary teacher training program reviews also illustrates its increasingly active measures to affect educational change in Korea. Concomitant with the recent MOE initiatives, there has been a growing interest in practices of critical literacy/pedagogy in English education over the past 15 years in Korea. The purpose of critical literacy is to educate students to be knowledgeable, creative, and active participants in a democracy for the purposes of increasing social justice and agency. Thus, it becomes possible, and desirable, to undertake a theoretical analysis of the language and intent between the KNC/ KNEC and theories of critical literacy. This paper analyzes the language ant intent of the KNC and KNEC to determine the extent to which they reflect the theories and pedagogies of critical literacy. Results of this analysis indicate that that critical literacy supports the goals of the curricula and suggest that it should be included in tertiary teacher education programs.

This study empirically examined the effect of female director on tax aggressiveness of listed insurance firms in Nigeria. The main objective of this research was to empirically investigate the effect of female board members on tax aggressiveness, determine the composition and representation of female directors on the board of insurance companies, find out how tax aggressive are listed insurance firms and apply the BLAU (1977) index method to measure female director representation as a departure from conventional approaches specifically in the Nigerian context in the reference period, 2014 to 2018. The population of the study consists of all the quoted insurance firms as at 31st December, 2016. A sample of twenty eight (28) quoted insurance firms was selected and data were collected over the period. Inferential statistic consisting of the General Method of Moment was used for the data analysis. The results obtained reveal that board size is negative and exerts significant impact on tax aggressiveness in insurance firms in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the Federal government has to come up with a policy to respond to the marginalization of female on the insurance firm corporate board in Nigeria. The aim of this policy thrust should be targeted at reducing politics and biasness against women on the corporate boards of listed insurance firms.

In this work, we study physical and mechanical properties of oxide films formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy by plasma anodization at different temperatures. It is found that the higher the electrolyte temperature, the lower is the breakdown voltage of oxide layer. This is probably because films formed at higher temperatures are thinner and denser. Moreover, electrolyte temperature plays an important role in the physical properties of the films. As the electrolyte temperature increases from 20 to 50℃, the hardness of the oxide layer increases. Friction test against steel balls indicates that wear scars become narrower for films formed at higher temperatures because the films are harder, as indicated by the Vickers hardness. The thinner and denser nature of the oxide film formed at 50°C is also advantageous for heat transfer when film is used as a heat sink. Laser flash test results show very fast heat transfer for AZ91D with plasma anodized oxide layer formed at higher temperatures.

에클레시아[ecclesia (ἐκκλησία)]의 성경적 개념과 오늘날 현대교회 의 차이를 다루는 교회 문헌의 세 가지 경향을 밝힌 연구에 기초하여, 본 연구는 교회가 성경적 에클레시아와 약간 다른 조직이라는 것을 인정하는 네번째 접근을 취하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 성경적 에클레시아의 형태, 기능, 목적을 탐구하기 위해 신약의 에클레시아를 분석하고 구약의 카할 [qahal ( קה ל )]과 연결한다. 천국과 그 계시에 연결되어 성령의 인도 하에 이 땅에서 사는 것뿐 아니라 예루살렘과 유다의 한계를 넘는 에클레시아의 팽창을 조사한다. 에클레시아에 적용되는 성전, 몸, 신부의 비유뿐만 아니라, 성경적 에클레시아의 단일성과 다양성을 관찰하고 논의한다. 본 연구의 결론은 남한과 북한의 선교적 관계와 아시아의 다른 현대적 접근을 참고하여 논의된다.

The obligation to exchange views within the UNCLOS did not play its systematic role. The disputing parties are uncertain about the scope, mode, and standard of the obligation to exchange views, with adjudicators demonstrating their subjective tendencies. The low threshold of the provisional jurisdiction of maritime disputes, the emergence of jurisdiction over hybrid disputes, and the congenital deficiency of the dispute settlement mechanism of the UNCLOS address the obligation to exchange views which has not fully reflected the initial legislative intention and aim of the UNCLOS. The South China Sea Arbitration initiated by the Philippines demonstrates that the obligation to exchange views may be perfected and improved, to some extent, by enhancing the parties’ obligation of disclosure and the tribunal’s obligation of review. Where relevant unilateral or bilateral agreements exist regulating such type of disputes before the disputing parties initiate the compulsory arbitration procedure of the UNCLOS, the obligation to exchange views should be conducted with sufficient regard for the existence of such agreement.

온실에서 겨울철 야간에는 열손실을 줄이기 위한 목적으로, 여름철 주간에는 차광을 위한 목적으로 스크린을 사용하고 있다. 온실의 냉난방 에너지 절감효과에 큰 영향을 미치는 스크린의 장파복사 방사율과 흡수 율은 온실에 설치할 적절한 스크린을 선택하는데 있어서 중요한 요소가 되며 이러한 특성값들을 정확하게 측 정할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 외부 환경조건에서 스크린의 장파복사 특성의 측정과 관련된 연구가 일부 수 행된 바 있지만 모든 종류의 스크린에 적용할 수 있는 방법은 아니고 공극이 있는 스크린 자재에만 적용이 가능한 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 순복사계 및 야간복사계를 사용하여 온실 스크린의 장파복사 흡수량과 방사량을 측정하고, 방사율, 흡수율 및 투과율을 결정하는 새로운 방법을 제시하였다. 특성값의 측정은 공극이 0인 4가 지 종류의 스크린 자재에 대하여 수행하였다. 모든 자재가 장파복사 방사량이 흡수량보다 높게 나타났다. PE, LD-13, LD-15 and PH-2의 장파복사 방사율은 각각 0.439±0.020, 0.460±0.010, 0.454±0.004, and 0.499±0.006 범위로 나타났다.