Climatic change affects agricultural, environmental and livestock production. Forage productivity is highly dependent on the weather change. The Pyeongchang region has more difficulty in cultivation of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids (SSH) than other warm regions because of the cold weather. This experiment was carried out to analysis the agronomic characteristics, productivity, and nutritive value of three cultivars of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids in the Pyeongchang region from 2021 to 2022. Two harvests were taken in each year, and the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, and nutrient content of the whole SSH crops were determined. The plant height ranged between 281-291 cm and 165-172 cm in the first and second harvest, respectively. Plant height of Superdan (291±49 cm) was the highest in the first cut and Dairy mens Dream (172±30 cm) was the highest in the second cut time. Stem diameter ranged from 9.5 to 8.8 mm with Superdan having a higher level than the other two cultivars. The Dairy mens Dream variety produced significantly higher dry matter yield (15,695 kg/ha) than those of Superdan (14,584 kg/ha) and Supergreen (14,300 kg/ha) over a two-year experimental period. In terms of nutritional quality, the crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of SSH cultivars were analysed. There were no significant changes in the content of CP, ADF and NDF ranges among the cultivars. In addition, the Superdan cultivar had slightly higher CP content (10.17%) and was followed by Dairy mens Dream (9.84%) and Supergreen (9.54%) in the second cut time of 2-year average. Dairy mens dream had lower ADF and NDF values than other cultivars; however, no significant differences amongst cultivars in fiber content were observed. Therefore, these three cultivars displayed the potential growth characteristics, DM yield and nutritive values in Pyeongchang region. Hence, the SSH cultivars have a potential to withstand the climatic change and improve SSH productivity in the study area.

This case study with 12 Korean high school emergent bilinguals (K-emergent bilinguals) illustrates how the pedagogical concept of translingual dialogic webbing can be conceptualized based on theories of dialogism and translanguaging. Through a concrete case of classroom activities using a picturebook, the Rough Patch, this article shows how the pedagogical concept of translingual dialogic webbing can be conceptualized and materialized in Korean high school English language teaching classrooms (Korean ELT). K-emergent bilinguals’ translingual classroom discussions as well as translingual and multimodal written responses revealed that translingual dialogic webbing could help Kemergent bilinguals draw on their available meaning making resources, including Korean, English, semiotic modes, cultural knowledge, and experiences, to navigate and construct more nuanced meanings with creativity and critical insights across time and space. By bridging translanguaging and dialogism, this study addresses the critical need for linguistic inclusivity and adaptability in Korean ELT, while embracing students’ diverse ideas, creativity, and the multilingual and multimodal realities of today.

The study on the efficiency improvement of qualification procedures for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites analyzed the differences between the European ECSS and the American NASA standards. ECSS allows flexible test tailoring to accommodate project-specific requirements, whereas NASA enforces strict standardized procedures to ensure high reliability. Additionally, ECSS prioritizes cost efficiency, while NASA emphasizes reliability. In terms of application scope, NASA focuses on private-sector collaborations, whereas ECSS is centered on cooperative projects within Europe. Based on this comparative analysis, this study proposes a qualification framework for Korean LEO satellites, categorizing 18 qualification test items into mandatory and optional groups. This approach is expected to enhance the reliability, performance, and stability of satellite systems. Therefore, the proposed Korean qualification test sequence should be implemented and incorporated into national defense standards. This will strengthen the systematic structure of the qualification process while maximizing efficiency in terms of testing time and cost.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced virtual reality (VR) content. However, existing integrations of VR and AI technologies have largely focused on the isolated applications of each technology, limiting the potential for creating content that meets the original purposes of AI technologies. This paper proposes a fairy tale VR game that integrates AI technologies to provide personalized and immersive user experiences. Key innovations include the implementation of interactive non-playable characters using OpenAI's ChatGPT, dynamic storytelling based on user choices, and realistic hand gesture recognition through the Meta Quest 2 controller. Additionally the game employs advanced AI systems such as GPT-4 and DALL-E to generate customized sentences and images, enriching the interactivity and educational value of VR environments. Our study makes a significant contribution to the literature by bridging the gap between traditional VR games and AI-driven interactivity, demonstrating how AI technologies can transform user engagement and immersion.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 강원도 강릉지역의 중학교 3학년의 굴절 상태를 분석하여 지역적 기초자료로 사용하고자 한다. 방법 : 남학생 208안, 여학생 117안 총 325 안을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였으며, 등가구면 굴절이상 정도의 분 류는 정시 기준은 –0.25 D ~ +0.25 D, 경도 근시 –0.50 D~ -2.75 D, 중등도 근시 –3.00 D ~ 5.75 D, 고도 근 시 –6.00 D 이상으로 나누어 분류하여 굴절 상태를 분석하였다. 결과: 근시 291안 평균 굴절력은 –2.94±1.91 D, 남학생은 –2.85±1.89 D, 여학생은 –3.11±1.94 D로 조사되었 다. 근시 정도의 분류를 비교했을 때 경도 근시는 –1.40±0.75 D, 중등도 근시는 –4.06±0.87 D, 그리고 고도 근시는 –6.78±0.89 D으로 나타났으며 총 325안의 평균 굴절력은 –2.63±2.03 D로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 근시의 평균 굴절 력은 경도 근시는 남학생 –1.37±0.71 D, 여학생 –1.47±0.82 D, 중등도 근시는 남학생 –4.03±0.86 D, 여학생 –4.11±0.89 D, 고도 근시는 남학생 –6.63±0.86 D, 여학생 –7.09±0.94 D으로 나타났다. 난시의 평균 굴절력을 비교해 본 결과 남학생 –1.43±1.00 D, 여학생은 –1.34±0.98 D로, 경도 근시는 남학생 –1.24±0.97 D, 여학생 –0.92±0.41 D(t=-2.10, p<0.050)로, 고도 근시는 남학생 –1.44±0.49 D, 여학생 –2.50±1.76 D(t=2.34, p< 0.050)으로 나타났다. 결론 : 학생들은 근시 범위 중에서 중등도 근시의 비율이 가장 높았으며 여학생에서 경도 중등도 그리고 고도 근시 범위 모두 더 높은 굴절력이 나타났고, 난시 비교에서는 고도 근시 범위에 해당되는 난시에서만 여학생이 높 게 나타났다. 앞으로도 시력 관리에 도움이 될 만한 연구가 계속되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding DDGS and full-fat soybean in the finishing diet on the performance, carcass characteristics and unsaturated fatty acid composition of Hanwoo steers. Thirty Hanwoo steers (average age, 26.4 months; weight, 756.69 kg) were assigned into Control (no additive), DS (DDGS supplemented) and FS (full-fat soybean supplemented). The feeding rate of DDGS and full-fat soybean was set at 10% and 5% in the finishing diet, respectively, and the in vivo trial was conducted for 122 days. The final body weight was 779.81, 774.20 and 791.95 kg for Control, DS and FS, respectively, and the average daily gain was not different among treatments. The feed conversion ratio was lower in FS compared to Control. Carcass cold carcass weight, backfat thickness, M. longissimus dorsi area and marbling scores were not different among treatments, and moisture, crude protein, and crude fat content in carcass were not different. The melting point of sirloin ranged from 25 to 26℃ among treatments. The saturated fatty acid, C18:0, was lower in the FS than in Control. C18:1, the main unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) in carcasses, did not show any difference among treatments, but C18:2 was higher in DS than in Control. Total UFAs were higher in the FS than in Control. Based on the above results, DDGS feeding was effective in improving feed conversion ratio and C18:2 content, and full-fat soybean feeding was effective in improving feed conversion ratio and increasing UFA content.

지금까지 한국의 긴나무좀아과에는 4속 6종이 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 3종의 한국 미기록종을 다음과 같이 보고한다: 배외긴뿔나무좀 (Crossotarsus niponicus (Blandford, 1894)), 이승악긴나무좀(Platypus contaminatus (Blandford, 1894)), 닮은긴나무좀(Platypus quercivorus (Murayama, 1925)).

This paper addresses a scheduling problem aimed at minimizing makespan in a permutation flow shop with two machines and an inspection process that must be conducted at least once every certain number of outcomes from the first machine. A mathematical programming approach and a genetic algorithm, incorporating Johnson's rule and a specific mutation process, were developed to solve this problem. Johnson's rule was used to generate an initial population, while the mutation process ensured compliance with the inspection constraints. The results showed that within a computation time limit of 300 seconds, the mathematical programming approach often failed to provide optimal or feasible solutions, especially for larger job sets. For instance, when the process times of both machines were similar and the inspection time was longer, the mathematical programming approach failed to solve all 10 experiments with just 15 jobs and only had a 50% success rate for 100 jobs. In contrast, the proposed genetic algorithm solved all instances and delivered equal or superior results compared to the mathematical programming approach.

This study assessed the effects of fescue toxicosis on ruminal metabolism and physiology in steers. Twelve ruminally cannulated Angus steers [body weight (BW) = 547 ± 9 kg] were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to six blocks. The steers were fed alfalfa cubes (1.5× NEm) and dosed (1 kg/d) with either endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (E+) or endophyte-free tall fescue seed (E-) via rumen cannula for 21 days. Ruminal dry matter (DM) content was tended to have a higher (p=0.052) in steers in E+ than in E- group. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate concentrations, as well as the acetate:propionate ratio, were higher (p=0.084, 0.095, and <0.001, respectively) in the E+ group, while propionate was lower (p<0.001). Ruminal pH and temperature were similar between treatment groups (p=0.62 and 0.95, respectively), but ruminal pressure was higher (p<0.001) in E-. Additionally, serum prolactin levels was lower (p<0.001) in the E+ group. These findings suggest that consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed may impair ruminal VFA absorption, potentially due to changes in ruminal motility.

Freshwater environments serve as crucial habitats for diverse microorganisms, playing essential roles alongside plants and animals within the ecosystem. Bacteria in these environments are particularly important for maintaining ecosystem functions. Among them, members of the phylum Pseudomonadota are known to be involved in processes such as nitrogen fixation, ammonia oxidation, and biofilm formation. Pseudomonadota comprises six classes: Acidithiobacillia, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Hydrogenophilia, and Zetaproteobacteria. This study reports 43 previously unrecorded species belonging to the phylum Pseudomonadota. They were isolated from various freshwater habitats in Republic of Korea. These strains were isolated and cultured using nine different standard media, with classification based on Gram staining, cell morphology, and biochemical characteristics. Species identity was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with a similarity threshold of 98.7% for designation as unreported species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 43 strains were distributed across three classes, 13 orders, 28 families, and 39 genera. This research emphasizes microbial diversity in freshwater ecosystems and provides valuable insights into ecological roles and potential novel functions of unreported bacterial species in Korea.

This Study developed a VR functional game that allows players to experience the life of a stray dog and analyzed the effects of this experience on improving awareness and perception of stray dogs. The game was designed to enhance realism by providing a first-person perspective as a stray dog and simulating various situations that stray dogs typically encounter. A pre- and post-survey was conducted with 20 adult participants to measure changes in perception. The results showed that after experiencing the game, participants demonstrated increased understanding of the realities faced by stray dogs, improved perceptions, greater interest in the issue, and a higher willingness to adopt stray dogs. These findings indicate that the design elements of the VR functional game—such as perspective, realism, and immersion— contribute positively to fostering empathy and improving perceptions toward stray dogs.

한국산 복숭아거위벌레속(딱정벌레목: 바구미상과: 주둥이거위벌레과)의 분류학적 재검토를수행한 결과 애복숭아거위벌레(Rhynchites (Rhynchites) fulgidus Faldermann, 1835)를 국내 처음으로 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 복숭아거위벌레속 2종(애복숭아거위벌레, 복숭아 거위벌레)의 형태학적 재기재를 제공한다. 또한, 한국산 복숭아거위벌레속 종들의 분류학사에 대한 고찰과 2종에 대한 분류 검색표를 제시한다.

무궁화(Hibiscus syriacus L.)는 여름에 크고 화려한 꽃을 피 우는 수종으로 전 세계적으로 주요한 관상수 중 하나로 재배되 고 있다. 분화 재배에 적합한 신품종 육성을 위해 꽃이 크고 개화 기간이 긴 품종 ‘근형’을 모수(母樹)로, 생육이 느리고 가지 정단부에 꽃눈이 집중적으로 형성되는 품종 ‘임진홍’을 수분수 (授粉樹)로 교배하여 단심이 크고 뚜렷한 신품종 ‘라온’을 개발 하였다. 육성과정은 2012년에 양친을 인공교배하여 총 36립의 종자를 수확하여 파종하였고, 2015년에 주요 형질을 평가하여 차대묘 9개체 중 2개체를 1차적으로 선발하였다. 2016년부터 2019년까지 1차선발된 2 개체에 대한 삽목증식과 안정성 평가 를 거쳐 최종적으로 ‘라온’을 선발하였다. ‘라온’은 중앙에 크고 뚜렷한 단심이 있는 백단심계 홑꽃이다. 꽃 직경은 84.2mm로 모수보다 작고, 가지의 길이생장이 연간 평균 13.8cm으로 모수 (연간 평균 33.0cm)보다 느리다. ‘라온’의 개화기간은 68일 정 도이며, 모수에 비해 꽃과 잎이 작고 수고가 낮아져 분화용으로 재배하기에 적합한 것으로 보인다. ‘라온’은 2020년에 제8378 호로 품종보호 등록되었다.

목적 : 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 대상으로 편심 크기를 변화하면서 동일 직경으로 가공한 렌즈의 가장자리 두께와 무게를 비교하고 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 고굴절률(High index, 1.60) 소재의 구면 및 비구면렌즈를 굴절력(-2.00, -4.00, -6.00 D)별로 240개 를 선정하였으며, 굴절력별 편심 크기를 0, 3, 6, 9 mm로 설정하고 동일한 직경의 원형으로 평산각 가공하여 가장 자리 두께와 무게를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 편심별 평균 가장자리 두께는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 가장자리 두께가 0.02 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, –4.00 D는 0.04 mm, –6.00 D는 0.05 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 0.02 mm, –4.00 D는 0.03 mm, –6.00 D는 0.04 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 편심별 평균 무게는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 무게가 0.05 g 증가하는 것으로 나타 났고, –4.00 D는 0.09 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D는 0.04 g, –4.00 D는 0.08 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 대상 렌즈의 굴절력별, 편심별 모두에서 굴절력 이 높아질수록 편심 크기가 커질수록 가장자리 두께와 무게가 점점 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 동일 굴절력의 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 동일 직경으로 가공하였을 때 편심의 크기가 증가하면 가장자리 두께와 무게도 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study conducted to investigate potential differences in the activity of genes involved in volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption, pH regulation, and energy metabolism in epithelial cells of forestomach administered either endophyte-infected (E+; 4.45 mg ergovaline/kg) or endophyte-free (E−) tall fescue seed. Twelve steers [body weight (BW) = 547 ± 9 kg] were fed alfalfa cubes at 1.5 × NEm and dosed 1 kg of ground tall fescue seed daily via rumen cannula for 21 days. On day 22, steers were slaughtered, and tissue samples were collected from the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Gene expression analysis revealed that monocarboxylate transporters (MCT), isoform 1 and MCT4 expression levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the rumen epithelium of steers dosed with E+ seed, while MCT2 expression remained unchanged. Similarly, sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE), isoform 2 expression was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the E+ seed, whereas NHE1 and NHE3 were unaffected by the seed treatment. Additionally, expression levels of down regulated in adenoma (DRA) and anion exchanger (AE), isoform 2 were lower (p<0.05) in the rumen epithelium of E+ steers, while putative anion transporter 1, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, isoform 1, 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, isoform 2, and sodium potassium ATPase pump, isoform 1 expression levels were not influenced by the seed treatment. Notably, gene expression in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum epithelia was unaffected (p>0.05) by seed exposure. These findings suggest that endophyte-infected tall fescue seed may impair ruminal VFA absorption in its dissociated state (pH > 5.8) by downregulating MCT1 and MCT4, along with suppressing NHE2, DRA, and AE2. Therefore, this mechanism may partially explain the reduced weight gain associated with fescue toxicosis in cattle.

Background: The cumulus cells (CC) play an essential role in protecting oocytes and providing molecular signals for meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation. Gonadotropins stimulate CC proliferation, promote the release of factors that resume oocyte maturation, and activate small G proteins. Among these, Ras, a GTP-binding protein, participates in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, division, and proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the Ras subfamily and gonadotropin receptor expression during porcine CC maturation. Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated in a medium supplemented with follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) for 44 hours. CCs were collected from the COCs at 0, 22, and 44 hours, and mRNA expression levels of gonadotropin and growth factor receptors (FSHR, LHR, EGFR), Ras subfamily members (H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, R-Ras), and Ras GTPases (RASA1, SOS1) were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: The results revealed that LHR and R-Ras mRNA expression significantly increased only at 44 hours compared to the 0-hour group (p < 0.05). Conversely, RASA1 mRNA levels decreased significantly at the same time points. No significant changes were observed in H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras , or SOS1 expression. Conclusions: In conclusion, the observed increase in LHR and R-Ras and the decrease in RASA1 provide new insights into the molecular dynamics of Ras subfamily members during porcine CC maturation, contributing to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying oocyte development.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 처음 발견된 Aulacophoroides hoffmanni (Takahashi, 1937)를 최초로 보고한다. 2024년 야외조사에서 한국의 서부 2개 지역의 등나무(Wisteria floribunda (Willdenow))에서 심각한 피해를 주고 있는 A. hoffmanni를 확인하였다. 무시성충의 상세한 형태 기재와 계측값을 제시하였으며, 생체 및 슬라이드 표본 사진을 포함하였다. 이 종은 등나무에 심각한 피해를 주고 있어 관상용 등나무의 주요 해충이 될 것으로 예상된다.

A 13-year-old female lion underwent a simple mastectomy for a rapidly growing abdominal mass, confirmed as mammary adenocarcinoma after histopathological examination. Mammary tumors are common in domestic cats but less frequently reported in African lions. This report presents the first documented case of mammary adenocarcinoma in an African lion in South Korea. The mass was successfully excised through stable anesthesia and surgery. This report adds to the limited literature on mammary tumors in large felids and discusses the need for tailored management strategies.

This research, grounded in the extended technology acceptance model, aimed to explore the relationships among factors influencing Korean EFL learners’ acceptance of ChatGPT for English learning in a voluntary usage context. To this end, a questionnaire was distributed to college students who had used ChatGPT for language learning, utilizing a convenience sampling method. A total of 400 responses were analyzed to test hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings revealed that learners’ perceived usefulness significantly predicted their intention to continue using ChatGPT, while perceived ease of use did not. Moreover, learners’ result demonstrability was found to be a predictor of perceived usefulness, whereas subjective norm was not. Both playfulness and output quality significantly influenced learners’ perceived ease of use. This study identified key factors that could enhance EFL learners’ acceptance of ChatGPT by improving perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, offering valuable insights for integrating ChatGPT into English education.

As the E-commerce market grows, the importance of personalized recommendation systems is increasing. Existing collaborative filtering and content-based filtering methods have shown a certain level of performance, but they have limitations such as cold start, data sparseness, and lack of long-term pattern learning. In this study, we design a matching system that combines a hybrid recommendation system and hyper-personalization technology and propose an efficient recommendation system. The core of the study is to develop a recommendation model that can improve recommendation accuracy and increase user satisfaction compared to existing systems. The proposed elements are as follows. First, the hybrid-hyper-personalization matching system provides recommendation accuracy compared to existing methods. Second, we propose an optimal product matching model that reflects user context using real-time data. Third, we optimize Personalized Recommendation System using deep learning and reinforcement learning. Fourth, we present a method to objectively evaluate recommendation performance through A/B testing.