We provide the first report on Stigmaeopsis miscanthi Saito, which was identified from Chinese silver grass Miscanthus sinensis on Ulleung Island in Korea. This species is one of the S. celarius complex, which involves several cryptic species. S. miscanthi has longer second dorsal propodosomal setae (P2), which is an important characteristic for species identification in the genus Stigmaeopsis. We determined nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of S. miscanthi. The COI sequence differed by 0.6% between Korean and Japanese strains. The comparison between S. miscanthi and S. celarius showed that ITS2 and COI differed by 7.2% and 7.9%, respectively. In addition, species-specific primer sets of both species were designed to show the species classification within the genus.

The phylogenetic analysis the queen polymorphic Vollenhovia emeryi ant reveals derivation of the Wolbachia- free short-winged from the Wolbachia-infected long-winged. However, intriguingly, some Japanese short-winged colonies harbor Wolbachia. Wolbachia specific bacteriophage (WO) is also detected in more than half of the infected colonies with no clear distribution pattern across the host insect lineage. We hypothesized that 1) the infected Japanese short-winged is in the intermediate stage to complete loss of Wolbachia and 2) the phage invaded the host after the host insect diverged. To test the hypotheses, we studied the strain diversity using the multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of five ant colonies; three longwinged colonies from Korea and one long-winged colony and one short-winged colony from Japan. Both Korean and Japanese V. emeryi colonies show unexpectedly high level of Wolbachia strain diversity. However, the diversity is not significantly different between the long-winged and the short-winged against our first hypothesis. Phylogenies of Wolbachia show Korean strains and Japanese strains are largely monophyletic indicating prior infection before the host divergence. The strain diversity of the phage is also surprisingly high. Phylogenies of orf2 and orf7 genes are incongruent to that of Wolbachia and geographically distinct. This indicates that the phage is spatially static and the current infection pattern may be the consequence of local repeated gain and loss of the phage.

The ant species, Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) is endemic in East Asia and has invaded into North America. In this species, the queen caste shows polymorphism in its wing morphology; long-winged queen and short-winged queen, and two morphs are thought not to coexist in nature. This research is conducted to 1) deduce the phylogeographical structure of the two wing morphs in South Korea and to trace the distribution pattern from East Asia to North America, and 2) investigate the Wolbachia and WO phage infection frequency of the species. Either individuals or colonies of V. emeryi were collected from 80 locations, encompassing 68 locations in South Korea, 11 in Japan, and one in USA. Among the collected samples in South Korea, the long-winged morph is dominant and considered as the ancestral type, while the short-winged morph is very rare and derived character. The origin of the US population is neither Korea nor Japan at least in this study. However, we do not exclude the possibility that its origin is the other parts of Japan or the other countries. All of the long-winged morph are infected with Wolbachia, while the short-winged seems to be geographically partially infected. It suggests the possibility that the short wing trait is linked with the evolution of resistance to Wolbachia infection. Bacteriophage WO infection status has no correlation with host insect lineage.

Magnetohydrostatic equilibria, in which the Lorentz force, the plasma pressure force and the gravitational force balance out to zero, are widely adopted as the zeroth order states of many astrophysical plasma structures. A magnetic flux-current surface is a surface, in which both magnetic field lines and current lines lie. We for the first time derive the necessary and sufficient condition for existence of magnetic flux-current surfaces in magnetohydrostatic equilibria. It is also shown that the existence of flux-current surfaces is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the ratio of gravity-aligned components of current density and magnetic field to be constant along each field line. However, its necessary and sufficient condition is found to be very restrictive. This finding gives a significant constraint in modeling solar coronal magnetic fields as force-free fields using photospheric magnetic field observations.

The current study aimed to explore how students’ L2 writing self-efficacy and interest contribute to strategy use and writing performance. An exploratory factor analysis with 212 Korean college students’ self-reported motivation scores revealed three underlying constructs of self-efficacy, communicative interest, and instrumental interest. Subsequent multiple regression analyses indicated significant positive relations between self-efficacy and the five types of strategy use. Communicative interest appeared to positively contribute to use of planning,monitoring, and compensatory strategies. Instrumental interest was a predictor of retrieval and compensatory strategies. L2 writing strategy use was a statistically significant but minor contributor to L2 writing performance. The current study also suggests that students’ instrumental interest and communicative interest should be balanced. Further research is needed to identify mitigating effects of L2writing strategy use for motivation and performance development.

The purposes of this study are to understand the influence of L1 on learning Korean negation and a developmental sequence of Korean negation forms through examining English and Japanese learners of Korean. In particular, we aim to investigate whether linguistic distance between L1 and L2 affects learning Korean negation. Forty English and twenty Japanese students who were learning Korean in colleges participated in the written production test. As a control group, forty Korean native speakers took the written test. We observed that the English and the Japanese groups produced less number of long form negation sentences than the Korean adult group did. The English group showed a developmental pattern to advance from short to long forms, while the Japanese group demonstrated the opposite tendency. These results suggested that an influence of L1 negation structure on L2 learning coexisted with that of a general developmental sequence. The pedagogical implications of the findings are two-fold:1) the findings would provide practical suggestions for instructing Korean negation forms in multilingual classrooms and 2) the findings would help researchers and language teachers understand the learning patterns of Korean by L2 learners.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most popular and economically important ornamental plants due to its huge diversity in growing habits, wide range of colors, and different patterns of flower. In the present study, we conducted the karyotype analysis in four naturally occurring genotypes of Chrysanthemum boreale. Karyotype studies based on the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNAs. Four chrysanthemum genoteyps showed an aneuploid chromosome number of 2n=18+2 (111016 and 111021) or a diploid of 2n=18 (121001 and 121002). All the genoteyps had the same karyotype formula of 14 metacentrics and 4 submetacentrics. In 111016, the chromosome length during somatic metaphase ranged from 3.11 ± 0.26 μm (shortest) to 3.94 ± 0.20 μm (longest), with a total length of 32.94 μm. The chromosome length at the mitotic metaphase ranged from 3.11 to 6.46 μm, with a total length of 32.94 μm in 111016 and 51.05, 32.81, and 46.00 μm in 111021, 121001, and 121002, respectively. The 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals recorded different in all four wildly grown genotypes of C. boreale. This information can be useful in cultivar improvement, as well as in elucidation of the evolution of the chrysanthemum.

Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses of the family Reoviridae, a highly diverse family of pathogens of humans and animals. In this study, we identified the lapine rotavirus from diarrheic feces of rabbits by polymerase chain reaction. In order to determine the genetic characteristics of the Korean strain, the sequences of the VP4, VP7, and NSP4 genes were determined and compared with those of reference sequences. Results of sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that our strain was a G3P [3] rotavirus carrying the group C gene encoding NSP 4 proteins. This is the first report of an outbreak and molecular characterization of lapine rotavirus in Korea.

본 논문은 알브레히트 뒤러의 작품 제작 과정 및 결과물에 나타난 동물의 이미지를 통해 작가의 자연과 예술에 대한 사상의 단면을 살 펴보고자 한다. 뒤러가 남긴 수많은 작업들 –목판화, 동판화, 회화, 드 로잉 등 –에 나타나는 여러 가지 동물들은 작업의 시기와 종류에 따 라 다양한 역할을 보여준다. 작가의 변화하는 예술관을 나타내기도 하며 때로는 새로운 경험의 기록이 되기도 한다. 자연에 대한 철저한 관찰과 모사에서 출발하는 뒤러의 회화나 판화 는 그 제작 과정에서 수많은 드로잉을 남겼다. 특히 동물의 부분적 혹은 전체적인 모사는 단순한 스케치나 습작 이상의 의미를 지니며, 주로 기독교적, 신화적 주제를 담고 있는 뒤러의 판화와 회화 속에서 새로운 상징적 의미를 부여받는다. 이러한 동물의 이미지들은 작가의 상상력으로 재조합되거나 화면의 곳곳에 배치되어 작품의 의미를 더 욱 풍부하게 만든다. 한편, 특정 동물의 등장은 특히 관객을 향하는 시선 처리를 통해 화면 속의 내러티브와 관객을 연결하고 정서적 공 감을 유발하는 매개의 역할을 하기도 한다. 뒤러의 자연과 동물에 대한 접근 방식은 레오나르도 다빈치로 대표 되는 이탈리아 르네상스의 태도와는 차이점을 보인다. 이탈리아 르네 상스에 직간접적인 영향을 받았던 뒤러는 다빈치와 마찬가지로 자연 의 비례에 대해 천착하며 관찰에서 비롯된 상상력을 강조했지만, 그 의 자연에 대한 근본적인 관심사와 회화적 표현 방식은 달랐다. 다빈치가 동물들의 해부학적 구조, 움직임의 관찰을 통해 자연의 보이지 않는 원리와 패턴을 탐구하고자 했다면, 뒤러는 자연에 존재하는 개 체들의 표면적 특성의 이해와 세부적인 묘사에 주력했다. 뒤러의 “동물들 무리 속에 계신 동정녀(The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals)”와 “아담과 이브 (Adam and Eve),” 즉, 천상 과 인간의 타락을 각기 상징하는 두 작품 속에서 동물들을 통해 표현 된 자연에 대한 깊이 있는 관찰과 심볼리즘의 결합은 르네상스적 자 연주의와 고딕적 상상력을 조화시킨 뒤러 작품 세계의 핵심을 보여준 다고 할 수 있다.

Pile foundations constructed by the fiber reinforced polymer plastic piles have been used in coastal and oceanic regions in many countries. Generally, fiber reinforced polymer plastic piles are consisted of filament winding FRP which is used to wrap the outside of concrete pile to increase the axial load carrying capacity or pultruded FRP which is located in the core concrete to resist the bending moment arising due to eccentric loading. In this paper, the analytical procedures of hybrid concrete filled FRP tube flexural members are suggested based on the CFT design method. Moreover, the analytical results are compared with the experimental results to obtained by the previous researches. The results of comparison analyses are performed to estimate the accuracy of the analytical procedure for hybrid FRP-concrete composite compression test, members under eccentrical loading.

Demographic transition drives changes in consumer demand for food products. This study examines how rising incomes and population trends affect spending on food purchased for home. The objective of this study is to characterize the relationships between selected socio-demographic factors and food selection among South Korean households. Panel data from Rural Development Administration (RDA) in South Korea in 2010 was used (n=971). Household food purchases were classified into one of the five food groups from Composition of Foods of RDA. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of household size and income based on the expenditure share on each food group. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS/ PC version 9.3. Results show that household socio- demographic characteristics have a strong influence on food purchasing, with the purchase of vegetables and fruit, and processed food and pre-packaged being particularly sensitive.

Up to now the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of only three species of clitellate have been available. We have determined the complete mitogenome sequences of the elusive Burmese giant earthworm Tonoscolex birmanicus (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), which is endemic to Myanmar. The 15,170-bp long genome contains the 37 genes typical of metazoan mitogenomes [13 protein-coding genes (PCG), two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes] and one major non-coding region. All of the 37 genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. The arrangement of the T. birmanicus mitogenome is identical to that of two within-ordinal species Lumbricus terrestris and Perionyx excavates. All 13 PCGs start with the ATG. For the stop codon, only six PCGs end with the TAA, whereas the remaining ones ends with the incomplete stop codon, T. Genes overlap in a total of 14 bp in five locations, and harbor a total of 16 bp of intergenic spacer sequences in nine locations.