Magnetohydrostatic equilibria, in which the Lorentz force, the plasma pressure force and the gravitational force balance out to zero, are widely adopted as the zeroth order states of many astrophysical plasma structures. A magnetic flux-current surface is a surface, in which both magnetic field lines and current lines lie. We for the first time derive the necessary and sufficient condition for existence of magnetic flux-current surfaces in magnetohydrostatic equilibria. It is also shown that the existence of flux-current surfaces is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the ratio of gravity-aligned components of current density and magnetic field to be constant along each field line. However, its necessary and sufficient condition is found to be very restrictive. This finding gives a significant constraint in modeling solar coronal magnetic fields as force-free fields using photospheric magnetic field observations.

The current study aimed to explore how students’ L2 writing self-efficacy and interest contribute to strategy use and writing performance. An exploratory factor analysis with 212 Korean college students’ self-reported motivation scores revealed three underlying constructs of self-efficacy, communicative interest, and instrumental interest. Subsequent multiple regression analyses indicated significant positive relations between self-efficacy and the five types of strategy use. Communicative interest appeared to positively contribute to use of planning,monitoring, and compensatory strategies. Instrumental interest was a predictor of retrieval and compensatory strategies. L2 writing strategy use was a statistically significant but minor contributor to L2 writing performance. The current study also suggests that students’ instrumental interest and communicative interest should be balanced. Further research is needed to identify mitigating effects of L2writing strategy use for motivation and performance development.

The purposes of this study are to understand the influence of L1 on learning Korean negation and a developmental sequence of Korean negation forms through examining English and Japanese learners of Korean. In particular, we aim to investigate whether linguistic distance between L1 and L2 affects learning Korean negation. Forty English and twenty Japanese students who were learning Korean in colleges participated in the written production test. As a control group, forty Korean native speakers took the written test. We observed that the English and the Japanese groups produced less number of long form negation sentences than the Korean adult group did. The English group showed a developmental pattern to advance from short to long forms, while the Japanese group demonstrated the opposite tendency. These results suggested that an influence of L1 negation structure on L2 learning coexisted with that of a general developmental sequence. The pedagogical implications of the findings are two-fold:1) the findings would provide practical suggestions for instructing Korean negation forms in multilingual classrooms and 2) the findings would help researchers and language teachers understand the learning patterns of Korean by L2 learners.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most popular and economically important ornamental plants due to its huge diversity in growing habits, wide range of colors, and different patterns of flower. In the present study, we conducted the karyotype analysis in four naturally occurring genotypes of Chrysanthemum boreale. Karyotype studies based on the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNAs. Four chrysanthemum genoteyps showed an aneuploid chromosome number of 2n=18+2 (111016 and 111021) or a diploid of 2n=18 (121001 and 121002). All the genoteyps had the same karyotype formula of 14 metacentrics and 4 submetacentrics. In 111016, the chromosome length during somatic metaphase ranged from 3.11 ± 0.26 μm (shortest) to 3.94 ± 0.20 μm (longest), with a total length of 32.94 μm. The chromosome length at the mitotic metaphase ranged from 3.11 to 6.46 μm, with a total length of 32.94 μm in 111016 and 51.05, 32.81, and 46.00 μm in 111021, 121001, and 121002, respectively. The 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals recorded different in all four wildly grown genotypes of C. boreale. This information can be useful in cultivar improvement, as well as in elucidation of the evolution of the chrysanthemum.

Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses of the family Reoviridae, a highly diverse family of pathogens of humans and animals. In this study, we identified the lapine rotavirus from diarrheic feces of rabbits by polymerase chain reaction. In order to determine the genetic characteristics of the Korean strain, the sequences of the VP4, VP7, and NSP4 genes were determined and compared with those of reference sequences. Results of sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that our strain was a G3P [3] rotavirus carrying the group C gene encoding NSP 4 proteins. This is the first report of an outbreak and molecular characterization of lapine rotavirus in Korea.

Pile foundations constructed by the fiber reinforced polymer plastic piles have been used in coastal and oceanic regions in many countries. Generally, fiber reinforced polymer plastic piles are consisted of filament winding FRP which is used to wrap the outside of concrete pile to increase the axial load carrying capacity or pultruded FRP which is located in the core concrete to resist the bending moment arising due to eccentric loading. In this paper, the analytical procedures of hybrid concrete filled FRP tube flexural members are suggested based on the CFT design method. Moreover, the analytical results are compared with the experimental results to obtained by the previous researches. The results of comparison analyses are performed to estimate the accuracy of the analytical procedure for hybrid FRP-concrete composite compression test, members under eccentrical loading.

본 논문은 알브레히트 뒤러의 작품 제작 과정 및 결과물에 나타난 동물의 이미지를 통해 작가의 자연과 예술에 대한 사상의 단면을 살 펴보고자 한다. 뒤러가 남긴 수많은 작업들 –목판화, 동판화, 회화, 드 로잉 등 –에 나타나는 여러 가지 동물들은 작업의 시기와 종류에 따 라 다양한 역할을 보여준다. 작가의 변화하는 예술관을 나타내기도 하며 때로는 새로운 경험의 기록이 되기도 한다. 자연에 대한 철저한 관찰과 모사에서 출발하는 뒤러의 회화나 판화 는 그 제작 과정에서 수많은 드로잉을 남겼다. 특히 동물의 부분적 혹은 전체적인 모사는 단순한 스케치나 습작 이상의 의미를 지니며, 주로 기독교적, 신화적 주제를 담고 있는 뒤러의 판화와 회화 속에서 새로운 상징적 의미를 부여받는다. 이러한 동물의 이미지들은 작가의 상상력으로 재조합되거나 화면의 곳곳에 배치되어 작품의 의미를 더 욱 풍부하게 만든다. 한편, 특정 동물의 등장은 특히 관객을 향하는 시선 처리를 통해 화면 속의 내러티브와 관객을 연결하고 정서적 공 감을 유발하는 매개의 역할을 하기도 한다. 뒤러의 자연과 동물에 대한 접근 방식은 레오나르도 다빈치로 대표 되는 이탈리아 르네상스의 태도와는 차이점을 보인다. 이탈리아 르네 상스에 직간접적인 영향을 받았던 뒤러는 다빈치와 마찬가지로 자연 의 비례에 대해 천착하며 관찰에서 비롯된 상상력을 강조했지만, 그 의 자연에 대한 근본적인 관심사와 회화적 표현 방식은 달랐다. 다빈치가 동물들의 해부학적 구조, 움직임의 관찰을 통해 자연의 보이지 않는 원리와 패턴을 탐구하고자 했다면, 뒤러는 자연에 존재하는 개 체들의 표면적 특성의 이해와 세부적인 묘사에 주력했다. 뒤러의 “동물들 무리 속에 계신 동정녀(The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals)”와 “아담과 이브 (Adam and Eve),” 즉, 천상 과 인간의 타락을 각기 상징하는 두 작품 속에서 동물들을 통해 표현 된 자연에 대한 깊이 있는 관찰과 심볼리즘의 결합은 르네상스적 자 연주의와 고딕적 상상력을 조화시킨 뒤러 작품 세계의 핵심을 보여준 다고 할 수 있다.

Demographic transition drives changes in consumer demand for food products. This study examines how rising incomes and population trends affect spending on food purchased for home. The objective of this study is to characterize the relationships between selected socio-demographic factors and food selection among South Korean households. Panel data from Rural Development Administration (RDA) in South Korea in 2010 was used (n=971). Household food purchases were classified into one of the five food groups from Composition of Foods of RDA. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of household size and income based on the expenditure share on each food group. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS/ PC version 9.3. Results show that household socio- demographic characteristics have a strong influence on food purchasing, with the purchase of vegetables and fruit, and processed food and pre-packaged being particularly sensitive.

Up to now the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of only three species of clitellate have been available. We have determined the complete mitogenome sequences of the elusive Burmese giant earthworm Tonoscolex birmanicus (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), which is endemic to Myanmar. The 15,170-bp long genome contains the 37 genes typical of metazoan mitogenomes [13 protein-coding genes (PCG), two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes] and one major non-coding region. All of the 37 genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. The arrangement of the T. birmanicus mitogenome is identical to that of two within-ordinal species Lumbricus terrestris and Perionyx excavates. All 13 PCGs start with the ATG. For the stop codon, only six PCGs end with the TAA, whereas the remaining ones ends with the incomplete stop codon, T. Genes overlap in a total of 14 bp in five locations, and harbor a total of 16 bp of intergenic spacer sequences in nine locations.

The little sized ant species, Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) is the only species belonging to genus Vollenhovia in South Korea, and it is endemic in East Asia encompassing Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan and has recently invaded into North America. In this species, the queen caste shows polymorphism in its wing form, the queen with normal wings called the long-winged (L) queen and short-winged (S) queen with aberrant small wings, and the two morphs are thought not to coexist in nature, however the morphology of workers and males of the two wing morphs are indistinguishable. We obtained a L gyne from a S colony that had been maintained in the laboratory. In addition, we compared the genome size of entire castes of the two wing morphs using flowcytometry. Our results confirm that the two wing morphs are obviously the same species, and moreover, the wing morph may be determinated by the epigenetical process.

The genus Panonychus has been reported only two species, P. ulmi and P. citri, in Korea. Two new species, P. mori Yokoyama, 1929 and P. caglei Mellot, 1968 were firstly identified from jujube orchards in Gyeongsan and kudzu vine in Byunsan peninsula in Korea. Morphological differences among four species have been described especially in aedeagus shape. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of both the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were compared between four species. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and COI sequences using neighbor-joining method showed that P. mori and P. caglei were most similar to each other and more closely related to P. ulmi than P. citri. In addition, species-specific primer sets of each species were designed based on ITS2 sequencesand can be used to diagnose species in this genus.

Effective treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires administration of appropriate empirical therapy based on etiologic, clinical, and radiological fea- tures. However, in Korea, CAP is poorly characterized, and data on viral CAP are particularly sparse. Therefore, im- proper use of antibiotics is common, and is detrimental the potential for development of bacterial. Thus, we investigated clinical and radiological findings for discrimination of viral CAP from bacterial CAP. Etiologic, clinical, and radiologi- cal data from 467 patients with CAP at Chungbuk National University Hospital from October 2010 to September 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Viruses were identified in 23 cases (11.4%); the influenza virus A was the most common virus detected (N=18, 25.4%), followed by the respiratory syncytial virus A (N=14, 17.9%). Bacteria were identified in 48 cases (23.8%); Streptococcus-pneumonia was the most common (N=24, 25.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (N=20, 21.3%). Depending on hospitalization time, the fol- lowing significant differences were observed between viral and bacterial CAP: on admission, (1) high fever (≥ 38.5°C), (2) purulent sputum, (3) white blood cell count, (4) C- reactive protein levels, (5) and bilateral lung involvement on chest X-ray were higher in bacterial CAP; and at discharge, (1) duration of high fever and (2) radiologic improvement within three days were higher in viral CAP. Regarding sea- sonal patterns, both viruses and bacteria have been identi- fied with relative frequency in the winter season. This study described the etiological, clinical, and radiological findings of viral and bacterial CAP. Conduct of additional large- scale, prospective investigations will be required in order to improve the appropriate treatment of CAP.

공항 포장의 경우 항공기의 하중과 규모를 비롯하여 여러가지 극한 상황에 놓이기 때문에 공항용 구조 물은 높은 신뢰성이 담보 되어야 한다. 그러므로 공항 콘크리트 포장용 유지보수 재료는 높은 수준의 성능과 내구성이 요구된다. 부분 유지보수가 적용된 부분의 재파손이 빈번하게 발생하는데 접합면이 떨어지는 형태가 주를 이룬다. 부착강도는 부분 유지보수 재료의 성능을 평가 할 수 있는 매우 중요한 특성이라고 할 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 기존 공항 콘크리트 포장과 부분보수 재료와의 전단부착강도와 인장부착강도를 측정하 였다. 부분보수재료는 기존 공항용으로 사용되던 폴리머콘크리트와, 새로 고안된 PMC(Polymer Modified Concrete), 기존 도로용 보수재료로 사용되는 LMC(Latex Modified Concrete)를 대상으로 하였다. 전단부착강도는 Slant shear test, 인장부착강도는 Splitting tensile test를 각각 이용하였다. 또한 열팽창계수와 건조수축의 차이에 따른 포장재료와 부분보수재료의 부적합성의 결과로 부착강도가 시간에 따라 저하된다. 실험을 통해 접합면의 노화에 따라 재료별 부착강도의 변화를 비교하였다.

This article compares recent topical and methodological trends in second language research published in two domestic (English Teaching and Modern English Education)and two international journals (Language Learning and The Modern Language Journal) from 2007 to 2012. The journals were selected in consideration of the extent to which the area of language teaching and learning is given prominence, impact factors at the time of data collection, and comparability in the total number of articles during the period. A total of 867 articles were analyzed by two raters cooperatively in terms of data collection/analysis methods, target language skills, and research themes. Results reveal that there has been a significant change in domestic research over the past six years when compared to surveys before 2007. Overall, with some emerging region-specific issues and orientations, researchers in Korea seem to have embraced a greater diversity of topics and methods that are comparable to the international trends.

Price skimming practices, false claim on products, false information/communication, marketing overseas, and deception on products in marketing have received signifi cant attention by the researchers of ethics in marketing studies. This research considers these phenomena as marketing instruments that grossly violate the practice of ethics in this domain. The two most crucial parts in marketing that have received greater attention are product safety and advertising. The paper also examines Ethical Marketing as the ability to make marketing decisions that are morally right and acceptable to all. In order words, ethics in marketing explains how moral standards can be applied in marketing decisions. It seeks to answer the research question by looking at some fundamental business ethics theories, namely, Virtue ethics, Utilitarian, and Deontological approaches to business ethics. Nevertheless, ethics in business is very controversial as many hold different view about what makes up the standard morals that corporations should take and so it is necessary for any organization to formulate its ethical codes to follow.