Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the pH(PZC) of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.

Seabirds have adapted to life in marine environments. More than 25% of the bird species observed in South Korea are seabirds, using the coast area of Korean peninsula as a stop-over and wintering, and breeding site. The aims of this review are to provide

This study explores cross-linguistic differences in online sentence production, working on the theory that the grammatical characteristics of a language customize the speakers’ usual manner of sentence construction and utterance. It is reasoned that a contrast between English and Korean syntax has a direct bearing on that process: The sentential subject is licensed by a tensed verb in English, while it is by an overt morpheme in Korean. This gives rise to a substantial difference in the speakers’ speech patterns: English speakers’ message formation and linguistic encoding center on a verb, while Korean speakers elect or utter a subject first and then draw a predicate. An experiment is conducted on the hypotheses that (a) English L1 speakers are disposed to make sentences based on verbal information, so they would choose a subject that is conceptually more intimate with a given verb; (b) In contrast, Korean L1 speakers’ sentence construction is topic-oriented, so they would first consider the contextual properties of each referent such as shared familiarity and previous topicality; (c) Korean speakers’ L1 patterns would be persistent in their L2 English processing. The results and some implications for English teaching are discussed.

The development of informatization impacts all sectors, including agriculture. Agricultural informatization builds the knowledge linkage structures of agricultural innovation systems globally. This study investigated the global knowledge linkage structures in agricultural innovation pertinent to information technology (IT) for agricultural research and development (R&D) investments and activities. We explored the longitudinal trend of systemness within the networked research relationships in the triple helix (TH) of the university, industry and government (UIG). We collected data from publications in the Science Citation Index (SCI), the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) to analyze the TH network dynamics. We also performed a scientometrics analysis to quantitatively identify the knowledge and insights of global agricultural innovation structures. These results could be informative for individual countries. Our findings reveal that the global knowledge linkage structures in the agricultural sector that are pertinent to IT fluctuate widely and fail to increase the capacity of agricultural innovation research due to a neglect of the network effects of the TH dynamics of UIG.

Paratlanticus ussuriensis enter prolonged diapause at an egg stage. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, can modify the diapause duration at initial diapause. Eggs enter initial diapause at 20℃, but continued early embryonic development at 30℃. Final diapause at a fully developed embryonic stage is obligatory regardless of temperature conditions. To determine temperature effects on diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs, we compared weights, DNA and RNA amounts of eggs incubated at either 20℃ or 30℃ for 50 days after oviposition. Both egg weight and total amount of DNA were constant at 20℃ but gradually increased at 30℃. However, total RNA level was rapidly increased at 15 days-old eggs at 30℃ and maintained high levels during further period whereas its level was constant at 20℃. In addition, we identified three heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b, hsp70c) genes of P. ussuriensis and determined those expression levels at different temperature conditions. The levels of hsp70a and hsp70b was not detectable until 20 days after oviposition at both temperature conditions, but highly increased at 50 and 60 days when incubated at 30℃. In contrast, hsp70c level was rapidly peaked at 20 days after oviposition, which is the time of initial diapause entrance. Our results suggest that high temperature breakdown initial diapause and a certain hsp gene, such as hsp70c, may involve in the initial diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs.

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, acts as a vector of more than 100 plant viruses. B. tabaci is known to harbor a primary endosymbiont (Portiera) and 6 secondary endosymbionts (Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Fritschea, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia and Wolbachia). These endosymbionts play important roles in the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses. Using PCR analysis, we identified endosymbiotic bacteria in various B. tabaci populations collected from different places of Korea. Distribution of endosymbionts was different according to the biotype of B. tabaci. Subsequently, their relative densities of endosymbionts were compared between TYLCV-viruliferous and non-viruliferous populations of the Q biotype using quantitative realtime PCR. We found that the densities of Portiera, Cardinium and Hamiltonella are higher in viruliferous than non-viruliferous whiteflies. Our results suggest the role of endosymbiont for the TYLCV transmission of whiteflies.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was recently introduced from Asia into North America (NA) where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 585 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China, and Japan using eight microsatellite loci. Based on analysis of multilocus genotype, gene diversity and number of alleles in NA were averaging 0.40 and 2.70, whereas in Asia averaging 0.55 and 4.32, respectively. The factorial correspondence analysis displayed that some Korean populations were closely related to the NA populations. Structure analysis resulted in two conspicuous clusters, NA and Asia, as the most likelihood number of clusters (K). Bayesian assignment tests revealed that Osan and Milyang populations were most likely assigned to the NA populations. Bottleneck test did not show significance of genetic bottleneck in all populations. We also discuss the invasive history of the soybean aphid in light of population genetics.

Tetranychid mites are one of the most diverse group including at least 1,200 species in the world. Species identification is difficult due to the small size and similar morphology within the group. We collected 17 species of spider mites from various host plants in different regions of Korea and determined species identity by the comparison of morphological characters and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). In addition, we report three new species that were firstly identified in Korea. Amphitetranychus quercivorus (Ehara and Gotoh) was collected from Mongolian oak plant in Daegu, Schizotetranychus miscanthi Saito was from the common reed plant in Ulleungdo, and S. cercidiphylli Ehara was from Bamboo plant in Jeju. Morphological identification of three species were similar with those of Japanese samples, but the ITS2 and COI sequences of A. quercivorus and the COI sequence of S. miscanthi were different with Japanese species at the rates of 1/419, 2/331 and 3/332 nucleotides, repsectively. S. cercidiphylli can be identified by the aedeagus shape of males but we firstly sequenced ITS2 and COI of this species. Our results can be used for the identification of spider mites which are important in plant quarantine.

We report the results of our high resolution optical spectroscopic monitoring campaign (⋋ = 3800 ~ 8800 Å, R = 30000 - 45000) of the new FU Orionis-type object HBC 722. We observed HBC 722 with the BOES 1.8-m telescope between November 26 and December 29, 2010, and FU Orionis itself on January 26, 2011. We detect a number of previously unreported high-resolution K I and Ca II lines beyond 7500 Å. We resolve the Hα and Ca II line profiles into three velocity components, which we attribute to both disk and outflow. The increased accretion during outburst can heat the disk to produce the relatively narrow absorption feature and launch outflows appearing as high velocity blue and red-shifted broad features.

우리나라 다큐멘터리의 강점과 문제점, 유통 현황과 대응 전략 등을 알아보기 위해, 전문가 심층인터뷰와 SWOT 분석을 통해 연구결과를 도출했다. 국내 다큐의 강점으로는 휴먼, 시사 다큐, 리얼리티 프로그램의 강세가 꼽혔고, 약점으로는 전문 기획역량이 부족한 점, 낮은 제작비와 짧은 제작기간, 소재의 다양성 부족, 포스트 프로덕션 작업의 취약성 등이 지적됐다. SWOT 조건에서 취할 수 있는 각각의 경쟁 전략을 도출해 본 결과, 강점⦁기회전략으로는 플랫폼 다각화에 따른 차별적인 다큐 제작과 HD 환경에 적합한 킬러 콘텐츠 제작의 필요성, 강점⦁위협전략으로는 정부의 해외공동제작 지원과 해외 영화제 및 마켓 참가 지원 등이 꼽혔다. 반면, 약점⦁기회전략으로는 다큐멘터리 전문제작 인력의 양성, HD 제작기반 시설에 대한 지원, 포스트 프로덕션에 대한 투자, 유통 전문가 양성 등, 약점⦁위협전략으로는 저작권 문제 해결, 다큐 제작 지원을 위한 펀드 조성 등이 시급한 전략으로 나타났다. 앞으로 우리나라에서 전문적으로 다큐 프로그램을 기획하고 다큐 포맷을 유통시킬 수 있는 독립적인 회사가 필요하다. 독창적인 기획을 가지고 이를 체계적인 포맷으로 가공한다면, 우리의 콘텐츠를 해외 시장에 전파할 수 있는 다양한 기회를 잡을 수 있을 것이다.

The effects of isotonic saline on corneal penetration, thickness, and injury, as well as lacrimal secretion in a rat model of dry eye were investigated, in comparison with distilled water. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal administration of atropine sulfate (20 mg/kg) and their eyes were exposed to dry (relative humidity 25-35%) air flow (2.4 m/sec), under Zoletil anesthesia, for 5 hr to induce dry eye. During the period of dry eye induction, distilled water or isotonic saline (5 μl) was instillated onto the cornea every 30 min. Corneal penetration was measured through fluorescein dye quantification, and corneal thickness and injury were examined under a microscope. Lacrimal (tear) secretion and mucin-like glyocoprotein excretion from goblet cells were measured using the Schirmer test and microscopy, respectively. In dry eye rats treated with distilled water, corneal thickness, tear secretion, and mucin-like glycoprotein excretion were decreased to 74.0%, 74.1%, and 46.3% of normal levels, respectively, resulting in marked corneal injury and a significant increase in corneal penetration. In comparison, treatment with isotonic saline resulted in recovery of lacrimal secretion, in spite of a slight improvement of mucin-like glycoprotein excretion, and thereby prevented corneal penetration of fluorescein by 10%. The results indicate that repeated instillation of isotonic saline could provide slightly greater protection from corneal injury, compared with distilled water by facilitating lacrimal secretion, in addition to relief of inconvenience and pain.

[Introduction] Mushroom constituents have been found to be highly effective in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases such as lipidosis, high blood pressure, and diabetes, which are closely linked to eating habits, and several varieties of functional foods have been developed from these constituents. As a result, doctors of Western medicine in particular, who in the past have been dismissive of herbal or Oriental medicine, are now tending to take a more proactive stance toward adopting the better aspects of alternative, complementary or traditional medicine. Natural remedies and folk medicines have been incorporated into the treatment of cancer, for example, and in the same way it has become common to incorporate mushrooms into treatment regimes before and after surgical interventions and alongside therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Mushroom chitosan, which is investigated in this study, is a novel functional ingredient made from the mushroom Flammulina velutipes (Curt.:Fr.) Sing., which is the most common edible mushroom to be artificially cultivated in Japan and has long been part of the Japanese diet. Unlike chitosans of crustacean origin, mushroom chitosan is rich in the main structural component β-glucan, and this dietary fiber is expected to have positive functions within the body. In particular, there are hopes that mushroom chitosan will inhibit cholesterol and fat absorption in the small intestine, and suppress total cholesterol and neutral fat levels in the serum. Previous human trials have confirmed the anti-metabolic syndrome efficacy of supplements containing mushroom chitosan. Here we report the ameliorative effects of mushroom chitosan in an animal model of genetic obesity and lipidosis. [Methods] Mushroom chitosan (RSK2, Ricom Corporation) was administered at different doses to Crj:(ZUC)-fa/fa rats an animal model of obesity and hyperlipidemia continuously for 10 weeks. The rats were kept at a temperature of 22±1ºC and humidity of 60±10%, and illuminated with fluorescent lamps for 12 h/day (07:00~19:00). Body weight, food consumption, body condition, and hematological and blood biochemical blood parameters were measured, and pathological examination (pathological analysis of hepatic lipid droplets) was performed using HE staining. [Results and discussion] Mushroom chitosan (RSK2) showed high efficacy in suppressing weight gain in Crj:(ZUC)-fa/fa rats presenting obesity due to genetic lipidosis. The smallest effective dose was 3 mg/kg. In addition, values for neutral fat, β-lipoproteins and total lipid due to ingestion improved to the normal values. Moreover, the pathological study of the liver revealed a decrease in lipid droplets appearing in the central zone of the hepatic lobule and a decrease in fat deposition in the liver in the group that ingested mushroom chitosan. The results also suggested that serum lipid levels were improved through egestion of excess fat with the feces. Mushroom chitosan (RSK2) was shown to be effective in controlling increase in serum lipids as it has lipase-inhibiting activity, and was shown to control fat deposition in internal organs through egestion of excess blood lipids with the feces. Mushroom chitosan is thus a functional food that is effective in preventing and treating contemporary lifestyle diseases.

Influenza virus infection is a zoonosis that results in high mortality in animals and humans. Several recent avian influenza outbreaks have posed a significant public health threat to humans because there have been many cases of direct interspecies transmission from birds to humans. Influenza virus infection causes acute respiratory failure, which is the main cause of death, while chronic influenza virus infection in the central nervous system results in neural dysfunction. Of particular interest, according to one report, a group of patients who recovered from influenza virus infection during pandemics showed neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinsonism. Thus, study of the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders caused by influenza virus infection is needed. In order to conduct necessary experiments, it is essential to reproduce neurological phenomena that are manifested by human patients who have recovered from influenza virus infection using laboratory animals. In this review, we will discuss some of the facts that should be considered when establishing an animal model for study of central nervous system responses to influenza virus infection using mice.

[Introduction] Matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), an ectomycorrhizal fungus has low activity for polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes such as amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase. Therefore, only glucose and a few other monoand di-saccharides can be used to grow this fungus. Then, we examined the possibility for the mass production of the mycelia using the saccharified rice bran as growth substrate. [Methods and Results] For the selection of Kouji-mold, 32 strains of Aspergillus spp. were tested. These fungi were cultivated in potato dextrose liquid (PDL) medium added rice bran and amylase activities were assayed. As a result, Kouji-mold from Isesou Mugi Kouji (Asp. oryzae) was selected to use for saccharification of rice bran. When the saccharified rice bran was used as the growth substrate, the mycelical growth was enhanced. In this mushroom, the dry weight mycelia increased at about 3.0 times (control : 50mg, saccharified rice bran : 160mg, 60days, 24℃) by using saccharified rice bran compared with that of the control without saccharified rice bran. From there results, we see that saccharified rice bran is a useful culture material for the mass production of matsutake mycelia. Chemical analysis in saccharified rice bran solution was done with TLC and HPLC. The large amounts of glucose and maltose were detected in the saccharified solution. Now, we are trying to hydrolyze of cellulose and hemicelluloses components in rice bran using Asp. kawachii or Asp. saitoi isolated from Shouchu kouji.

We develop a proto-model of an off-axis reflective telescope for infrared wide-field observations based on the design of Schwarzschild-Chang type telescope. With only two mirrors, this design achieves an entrance pupil diameter of 50 mm and an effective focal length of 100 mm. We can apply this design to a mid-infrared telescope with a field of view of 8 ̊ X 8 ̊. In spite of the substantial advantages of off-axis telescopes in the infrared compared to refractive or on-axis reflective telescopes, it is known to be difficult to align the mirrors in off-axis systems because of their asymmetric structures. Off-axis mirrors of our telescope are manufactured at the Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI). We analyze the fabricated mirror surfaces by fitting polynomial functions to the measured data. We accomplish alignment of this two-mirror off-axis system using a ray tracing method. A simple imaging test is performed to compare a pinhole image with a simulated prediction.