Divergence time estimation over a robust phylogeny is a prerequisite for understanding their evolutionary biology. Recent empirical studies have found that molecular dating analyses are critically affected by the number and temporal distribution of fossil calibration points (Yang & Yoder, 2003; Hug & Roger, 2007), the interpretation of relationships between fossil and extant taxa (Benton & Ayala, 2003; Donoghue & Benton, 2007), and how fossil constraints are treated (Magallón, 2004; Ho & Phillips, 2009). Confident dating thus requires multiple fossils that are securely identified and of sufficient age. We provide a list of lepidopteran fossils potentially useful for calibration points, and end on the perspective for dating the currently working phylogeny of Lepidoptera (Regier et al., 2013), using these fossils. In addition, we show microtomographic images for some lepidopteran fossils that we are currently working on.

Vollenhovia emeryi (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) is divided into two morphs based on the wing length of the queen caste: the long-winged with a normal wing and the short-winged with the aberrant short wing. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the short-winged is derived from the long-winged. In Korea, only the long-winged morph is infected with Wolbachia while the short-winged is devoid of the bacterium suggesting that the short-winged evolved the resistance to the bacterial infection. Intriguingly, some Japanese short-winged colonies proved to still be infected with the bacterium. We hypothesized that the infected Japanese short-winged is the intermediate form in the process to complete cure. However, the data of the MLST and the measurement of Wolbachia density did not support our hypothesis. Our further experiment using microsatellite markers shows that the infected Japanese short-winged shows the similar genetic background to the long-winged. In this presentation we will discuss the potential resistance evolution in the Korean short-winged and future research direction at the genome level.

This study was conducted to review the family Psychidae in the Korean peninsula with taxonomic arrangement, some biological notes and phylogenetic analyses. In this study, totally 20 species of 8 genera belonging to 5 subfamilies in the family were recognized from Korea. Among them, a new subfamily Ceratostiinae subfam. nov. is proposed based on the type genus Ceratosticha Meyrick. Four new species are described as new to science. Also, six newly recorded species are first recorded in this study. In addition, ecological characteristics, distributional ranges, host plants and biological notes including life cycle and parasites on the larva were described. A phylogenetic and a molecular clock analysis were conducted to construct the systematic relationship and evolutionary process within the family Psychidae species.

A blast search using SPODOBASE gave 10 chymotrypsin (CHY) candidate genes with complete open reading frames (ORFs) of Spodoptera exigua. Among these candidates, Se-CHY2 was chosen and further analyzed in expression and RNAi. Se-CHY2 was expressed only in larval stage and especially in midgut. Its RNAi was successfully performed by double injection of specific double-stranded RNA (301 bp). qPCR showed a decrease of Se-CHY2 expression level by ~50% at 48 h and ~83% at 72 h. RNAi resulted in significant larval mortality. All treated larvae died at 96 h after dsRNA injection. In contrast, control dsRNA treatment did not give any mortality. Enzyme activity of gut juice was measured with N-succinyl-alanine-alanine-prolin-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide substrate and significantly decreased in larvae treated with dsRNA. These results indicate that Se-CHY2 is a chymotrypsin that is secreted into midgut lumen and plays a role in nutrient digestion.

Genus Phytocoris Fallén, 1814 is the largest genus among Heteroptera, around 700 species are described worldwide. In this presentation, the genus Phytocoris from Korean Peninsula is reviewed for the first time with eight species, includes one new record, P. minakatai and one new species, P. goryeonus sp. nov. For further comprehension of this genus, figures of dorsal habitus, genitalia and diagnosis of each Phytocoris species are provided.

A novel halophilic archaeon designated strain CBA1114T was isolated from solar salt in the Republic of Korea. Strain CBA1114T, which is a coccoid and stained Gram-negative, grew in the presence of 15-30% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 20%) and at 20-50°C (optimum, 40°C) and pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0). Strain CBA1114T required Mg2+ for growth. Strain CBA1114T had three 16S rRNA genes, rrnA, rrnB and rrnC; similarities between the sequences were 99.7 and 99.9%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CBA1114T showed a 91.7% similarity to that of Haloterrigena thermotolerans PR5T. In multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), five housekeeping genes, atpB, EF-2, radA, rpoB’ and secY, were found to be closely related to those of the members of the genera Halorientalis (89.7% similarity of the atpB gene sequence), Halomicroarcula (91.9 %, EF-2), Haloterrigena (85.4 %, radA), Natronoarchaeum (89.2 %, rpoB’) and Natrinema (75.7 %, secY). A phylogenetic tree generated from the results of 16S rRNA gene and MLSA of the five housekeeping genes showed that strain CBA1114T was closely related to the species of the genus Halorientalis in the family Halobacteriaceae. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and unidentified lipids. According to the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, we designate strain CBA1114T as Halostella salina gen. nov., sp. nov., which represents a novel species of a novel genus within the family Halobacteriaceae.

Effects of dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma (DACP) treatment on the inhibition of Salmonella and the storability of grape tomato were investigated. Grape tomatoes, with or without inoculation with a cocktail of three strains of Salmonella (~8 log CFU/g tomato), were packaged in a polyethylene terephthalate commercial clamshell container and cold plasma-treated at 35 kVat 1.1 kHz for 3 min using an DACP treatment system equipped with a pin-type high-voltage electrode. DACP treatment resulted in ~1 log CFU/tomato reduction of Salmonella, irrespectively of the size of container (316, 595vs. 758 cm3), the number of grape tomatoes in the container (3, 7, vs. 11), and the position of the tomato in the container(P > 0.05).Rolling integrated during treatment significantly increased the Salmonella reduction rates to 3.1±0.3 and 3.3±0.8 log CFU/tomato in the single-layer and double-layer configurations of the tomato samples in the container (992 cm3), respectively. Rolling-adopted DACP initially reduced the number of total mesophilic aerobes and yeast and molds in the double layer configuration of tomato samples by 1.3±0.3 and 1.5±0.2 log CFU/tomato, respectively, without altering the color and firmness of the tomatoes. The growth of Salmonella, total aerobes, and yeast and molds on DACP-treated grape tomatoes was effectively prevented during storage at 10 °C. DACP treatment did not influence the tomato color index (a*/b*), firmness, weight loss, pH, total soluble solid content, and lycopene concentration of grape tomatoes at 10 and 25 °C (P> 0.05). DACP treatment holds promise as a post-packaging process for improving microbial safety against Salmonella and storability of fresh grape tomatoes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum particle size of rice flour for making rice noodles. Rice noodles were prepared with rice variety such as Milyang 278 because it has 25.4% of high amylose content. The rice grains were pulverized by dry milling and passed through 3 different sized sieves (A: -60 ~ +100, B: -100 ~ +150, and C: -150 ~ +200 mesh). The average particle sizes of A, B, and C were 187.27, 103.79 and 74.88 um, respectively. Rice noodles were prepared at 35% of moisture content, 50/90/90/90°C of barrel temperature, and 200 rpm of screw speed in the twin screw extruder. Textural properties and cooking qualities were evaluated to determine the suitability for making rice noodles. Hardness of the dry noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 2.762, 4.546, and 2.065 N, respectively. Extension (R max) of the cooked rice noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 0.526, 0.857, and 0.534 N while Extensibility (E value) were 15.97, 18.03, and 16.78 mm, respectively. Cooking loss values were 4.47, 2.88, and 2.16%, respectively, while the turbidities of their cooking water were 0.177, 0.073, and 0.088, respectively. As the result the flour passed through -100 ~ +150 meshes was the most appropriate for making rice noodles. Control of particle size in rice flour with high-amylose content can be a useful way for making good quality rice noodles.

Detergency and surface active properties of mixed anionic surfactants with amphoteric and nonionic were investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS) as anionic surfactants and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as an amphoteric surfactant were used. Nonionic surfactants, which are butyl glucoside (BG), octyl glucoside (OG), decyl glucoside (DG), lauryl dimethylamine oxide (AO) and saponin were also used. To study the synergy effects of mixed SDS/ADS anionic surfactant systems, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants were added into the mixed anionic surfactants. Investigated properties of surfactant mixtures were critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (γ), wettability. In addition, based on these properties, detergency of each sample was examined. Surfactant mixtures are anionics (SDS/ADS), anionic/amphoteric/nonionic (SDS/ADS/CAPB/ saponin), and anionic/nonionic (SDS/ADS/BG/saponin, SDS/ADS/OG/saponin, SDS/ADS/ DG/saponin, and SDS/ADS/AO/saponin). With the addition of amphoteric and nonionic to mixed anionic surfactants, CMC and γ were decreased. Addition of CAPB, which is amphoteric, showed the best property at CMC and γ. Furthermore, as the chain length of hydrocarbon in alkyl glucosides was increased, the CMC and γ were enhanced. However, the wettability did not exactly match up with CMC and γ. The surfactant mixture, which contained DG, showed the best performance at wetting time. Detergency was measured at various temperatures (15 oC, 30 oC, 50 oC). The cleaning performance was enhanced by increasing washing temperature. Moreover, detergency was influenced by not only CMC and γ but also wettability. Although CMC and γ were not minimum at surfactant mixture that included DG, the best cleaning performance showed in that sample.

We introduce a depth scaling strategy to improve the accuracy of frequency-domain elastic full waveform inversion (FWI) using the new pseudo-Hessian matrix for seismic data without low-frequency components. The depth scaling strategy is based on the fact that the damping factor in the Levenberg-Marquardt method controls the energy concentration in the gradient. In other words, a large damping factor makes the Levenberg-Marquardt method similar to the steepest-descent method, by which shallow structures are mainly recovered. With a small damping factor, the Levenberg-Marquardt method becomes similar to the Gauss-Newton methods by which we can resolve deep structures as well as shallow structures. In our depth scaling strategy, a large damping factor is used in the early stage and then decreases automatically with the trend of error as the iteration goes on. With the depth scaling strategy, we can gradually move the parameter-searching region from shallow to deep parts. This flexible damping factor plays a role in retarding the model parameter update for shallow parts and mainly inverting deeper parts in the later stage of inversion. By doing so, we can improve deep parts in inversion results. The depth scaling strategy is applied to synthetic data without lowfrequency components for a modified version of the SEG/EAGE overthrust model. Numerical examples show that the flexible damping factor yields better results than the constant damping factor when reliable low-frequency components are missing.

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

Even though klotho deficiency in mice exhibits multiple aging-like phenotypes, studies using large animal models such as pigs, which have many similarities to humans, have been limited due to the absence of cell lines or animal models. The objective of this study was to generate homozygous klotho knockout porcine cell lines and cloned embryos. A CRISPR sgRNA specific for the klotho gene was designed and sgRNA (targeting exon 3 of klotho) and Cas9 RNPs were transfected into porcine fibroblasts. The transfected fibroblasts were then used for single cell colony formation and 9 single cell–derived colonies were established. In a T7 endonuclease I mutation assay, 5 colonies (#3, #4, #5, #7 and #9) were confirmed as mutated. These 5 colonies were subsequently analyzed by deep sequencing for determination of homozygous mutated colonies and 4 (#3, #4, #5 and #9) from 5 colonies contained homozygous modifications. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was performed to generate homozygous klotho knockout cloned embryos by using one homozygous mutation colony (#9); the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Two cloned embryos derived from a homozygous klotho knockout cell line (#9) were subjected to deep sequencing and they showed the same mutation pattern as the donor cell line. In conclusion, we produced homozygous klotho knockout porcine embryos cloned from genome-edited porcine fibroblasts.

The present study investigated the floral scent pattern and intensity of the floral organs in various species and cultivars of Maxillaria at different flowering stages using an electronic nose with 6 metal oxide sensors. The scents of species and cultivars showed various patterns overall, especially that of M. tenuifolia. The scent patterns of cultivars derived from M. variabillis formed a clustere that differed greatly from the origin M. variabillis. In M. tenuifolia, the scent pattern differed by stage, and was strongest at the initial flowering stage. Each floral organ showed different scent patterns; the sepal emitted the strong scent of all floral organs. This study establishes baseline data for the analysis scent of Maxillaria scents and for breeding aromatic orchids.

Most previous studies on dinoflagellates in Korean coastal areas were conducted without morphological descriptions and illustrations of the observed dinoflagellates. This indicates that the species and diversity of dinoflagellates may have been respectively misidentified and underestimated in the past, probably due to cell shrinkage, distortion and loss caused by sample fixation. This study provides information on the morphological observations of four dinoflagellate orders (Prorocentrales, Dinophysiales, Gonyaulacales and Gymnodiniales) from Jangmok Harbour in Jinhae Bay, Korea. The unfixed samples were collected weekly from December 2013 to February 2015. A total of 13 genera and 30 species were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy, although some samples were not clarified at the species level. Harmful dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Tripos furca, Alexandrium affine, A. fundyense, Akashiwo sanguinea and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, were identified based on the morphological observations. The results also reflect the occurrence and identification of dinoflagellates that had not been previously recorded in Jangmok Harbour.

Rotaviruses are enteric pathogens causing acute watery dehydrating diarrhea in humans and animals. The importance of group C rotavirus (GpC-RV) infections has not been established as the studies on the GpC-RV have been hampered by the lack of an in vitro culture system. However, diarrheal diseases associated with GpC-RV have been gradually increasing worldwide. In this study, VP6 gene of bovine GpC-RV Korean isolate was expressed, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against VP6 were produced and characterized. The VP6 gene was cloned and expressed based on a baculovirus expression system. Indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), polymer chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot assays were used to confirm expression of VP6 gene synthesized by the recombinant baculovirus. Eleven mAbs against VP6 were produced using expressed VP6. Cross-reactivity of the mAbs was assessed with recombinant VP6 proteins from porcine GpC-RV and human GpA-RV, or different serotypes of group A rotavirus strains by IFA test. Some mAbs reacted with intact porcine GpC-RV Cowden strain as well as bovine GpC-RV VP6 recombinant baculoviruses, but not with human and animal GpA-RV strains. The VP6-specific mAbs might be useful to develop immunodiagnostic tests such as rapid diagnostic kit, IFA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of GpC-RV.

In this work, we studied the effects of electrochemical oxidation treatments of carbon fibers (CFs) on interfacial adhesion between CF and epoxy resin with various current densities. The surface morphologies and properties of the CFs before and after electrochemical-oxidation-treatment were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and single-fiber contact angle. The mechanical interfacial shear strength of the CFs/epoxy matrix composites was investigated by using a micro-bond method. From the results, electrochemical oxidation treatment introduced oxygen functional groups and increased roughness on the fiber surface. The mechanical interfacial adhesion strength also showed higher values than that of an untreated CF-reinforced composite.

The purpose of this work is to identify key factors that determine the spatial and physical appearance of urban agriculture, and to discuss ways to encourage its acceptance in public open spaces and the wider context of urban landscape. Because perceptions of urban agriculture are historically related to poverty and wartime, agricultural initiatives in the public realm are often considered visually disturbing, unkempt, and inconvenient. Depending on the context, typology, and scale, several obstacles to successful urban agriculture can be addressed; these include resource pollution, the lack of community involvement, and access to land. In an urban context, agricultural projects are often criticized for their lack of appropriate aesthetic values. By exploring theoretical assumptions through a review of the literature on visual landscape quality assessment, this study analyzes three international cases of urban agriculture in different physical and social contexts. After analyzing the relevant theories and cases, we have identified general principles that lead to the successful implementation of urban agriculture. We conclude that aesthetic values can be most successfully expressed in urban agriculture by identifying and efficiently implementing an approach that combines context, design, materiality, plant selection, and functionality. This study will help to promote resilient and sustainable urban landscapes that help to meet the demand for fresh food and healthy lifestyles, while making a positive contribution in the areas of environmental pollution, energy consumption, waste management, labor shortage, social exclusion, community participation, and rapidly expanding urbanization.

Background: Shoulder horizontal adduction (HA) is performed in many activities of daily living. The limited range of motion (LROM) of HA is affected by the tightness of the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major, and posterior capsule of glenohumeral joint. The LROM of shoulder HA contributes to excessive scapular abduction. Objects: The aim of this study is to compare the scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder horizontal adduction between subjects with and without the LROM of shoulder HA. Methods: 24 subjects (12 people in LROM group and 12 people in normal ROM group) participated. Subjects with less than 115° of HA ROM were included in LROM group. Shoulder HA was performed 3 times for measuring scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Tape measure was used for measuring scapular abduction distance. Scapular abduction distance was normalized by dividing the scapular size. Polhemus Liberty was used for measuring the three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Results: Normalized scapular abduction distance was significantly greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.001). Three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA was greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.05). Conclusion: LROM group had a greater scapular abduction and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA compared to normal ROM group.

HA (hydroxyapatite)/β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate) biomaterial (BCP; biphasic calcium phosphate) is widely used as bone cement or scaffolds material due to its superior biocompatibility. Furthermore, NH4HCO3 as a space holder (SH) has been used to evaluate feasibility assessment of porous structured BCP as bone scaffolds. In this study, using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at 393K and 1373K under 20MPa load, porous HA/β-TCP biomaterials were successfully fabricated using HA/β-TCP powders with 10~30 wt% SH, TiH2 as a foaming agent, and MgO powder as a binder. The effect of SH content on the pore size and distribution of the BCP biomaterial was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a microfocus X-ray computer tomography system (SMX-225CT). The microstructure observations revealed that the volume fraction of the pores increased with increasing SH content and that rough pores were successfully fabricated by adding SH. Accordingly, the cell viabilities of BCP biomaterials were improved with increasing SH content. And, good biological properties were shown after assessment using Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS).

We improve the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by preparing a working electrode (WE) with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) by inducing Au thin films with thickness of 0.0 to 5.0 nm, deposited via sputtering. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of the blocking layer (BL) of the Au thin films. Micro-Raman measurement was employed to confirm the LSPR effect, and a solar simulator and potentiostat were used to evaluate the photovoltaic properties, including the impedance and the I-V of the DSSC of the Au thin films. The results of the microstructural analysis confirmed that nano-sized Au agglomerates were present at certain thicknesses. The photovoltaic results show that the ECE reached a value of 5.34% with a 1-nm thick-Au thin film compared to the value of 5.15 % without the Au thin film. This improvement was a result of the increase in the LSPR of the TiO2 layer that resulted from the Au thin film coating. Our results imply that the ECE of a DSSC may be improved by coating with a proper thickness of Au thin film on the BL.