Cabbage head splitting can greatly affect both the quality and commercial value of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). To detect the genetic basis of head-splitting resistance, a genetic map was constructed using an F2 population derived by crossing “748” (head-splitting-resistant inbred line) and “747” (head-splitting-susceptible inbred line). The map spans 830.9cM and comprises 270 markers distributed in nine linkage groups, which correspond to the nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. The average distance between adjacent markers was 3.6cM. A total of six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to head splittingwere detected in chromosome 2, 4, and 6. Two QTLs, SPL-2-1 and SPL-4-1, on chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively, were detected in the experiments over 2 years, suggesting that these two potential loci were important for governing the head-splitting resistance trait. Markers BRPGM0676 and BRMS137, which were tightly linked with head-splitting resistance, were detected in the conserved QTL SPL-2-1 region using bulked segregant analysis. Synteny analysis showed that SPL-2-1 was anchored to a 3.18Mb genomic region of the B. oleracea genome, homologous to crucifer ancestral karyotype E block in chromosome 1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, using a field emission scanning electron microscope, significant differences were observed between the two parental lines in terms of cell structures. Line “747” had thinner cell wall, lower cell density, larger cell size, and anomalous cell wall structure compared with the resistant line “748”. The different cell structures can provide a cytological base for assessing cabbage head splitting.

Map-based cloning is a basic method for identifying the mutated gene in plants. We selected the gametophytic mutant, named as AP-26-09, in activation-tagging pool. Mutant plant showed various kinds of pollen phenotype, such as the different number of nucleus or abnormal shapes. For the map-based gene cloning, we conducted phenotypic analysis of F2 mapping population through the screening of DAPI-stained pollen using fluorescence microscopy. Genomic DNA of F2 plants is prepared from leaves of approximately 1000 plants. In order to define chromosomal region where mutation is located, we designed SSLP markers and performed PCR amplification. In this study, we characterized gametophytic mutant and determined the chromosomal location using map-based approach.

The oriental melon (C. melo var. makuwa), called ‘Chamoe’ in Korean, is a popular fruit crop cultivated mainly in Asia and a high–market value crop in Korea. To provide a genomic resource as a reference genome for the Cucurbitaceae crop improvement, we performed whole genome sequencing of Korean landrace, Gotgam chamoe. We used Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing platform to generate 89 Gb (205X) of paired and mate pair sequence reads. The pre-processed reads were de novo assembled resulting in 4,764 scaffolds with a N50 scaffold length of 249kb. This assembly represented 379.8Mb which was 84.7% of the 448Mb of the whole genome. The assembled draft was predicted 26,634 genes of which 80% were predicted by known protein or C. melo unigene homology. Approximately 20% of predicted genes were hypothetical. A total of 1,885 non-coding RNA was detected including rRNA. The transposable elements were accounted for 21% (71.6Mb) of the total assembly. All the marker candidates including SSR, INDEL, SNP were mined and presented. The draft genome will provide a useful platform for genomic research and improvement for Cucurbitacea crops.

We recently reported rice promoters that are active in late stages of pollen development. However, rice promoters that allow manipulation of gene expression at earlier stages of pollen development are still very limited to date. In this study, we have chosen 10 putative microspore promoters, OsMSP1 through OsMSP10, based on publicly available transcriptomic datasets in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sequence analysis of these promoter regions revealed some cis regulatory elements involved in pollen-specific expression. We also examined promoter activities using the promoter-GUS reporter constructs in both transgenic rice and Arabidopsis. In rice, all of the 10 promoters directed GUS signals from the microspore stage throughout the all stages of pollen development. In addition, while GUS signals from 4 promoters, OsMSP2, OsMSP7, OsMSP9 and OsMSP10, seem to be expressed preferentially during pollen development, those from other six promoters were observed in vegetative tissues such as leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, all of the 10 promoters directed GUS signals during pollen development. In detail, 8 promoters, OsMSP1 ~ OsMSP8 directed GUS signals from the microspore stage, whereas 2 promoters, OsMSP9 and OsMSP10, exhibited GUS signals from tricellular stage. Furthermore, seven promoters, except for OsMSP1, OsMSP2 and OsMSP10, showed GUS signals in shoot apical region or root tissues of seedlings. Furthermore, we verified microspore activity of four promoters, OsMSP1, OsMSP2, OsMSP3 and OsMSP6, by complementation analysis of the sidecar pollen (scp) mutant which displays microspore-specific defects. Currently, further analyses are underway for GUS expression of T2 generation in transgenic rice and scp complementation with remaining promoters.

To identify genes that play critical roles during male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis, we have isolated several pollen morphological mutants from a mutagenized seed pool generated with a T-DNA activation vector. In this study, we have focused on a mutant plant producing ~50% abnormal pollen grains including high levels of collapsed pollen at maturity. The pollen developmental analysis showed that the mutant pollen phenotype was first observed at tricellular stage. Interestingly, the mutation was only maintained as a heterozygote due to the severely reduced genetic transmission through both sexes. TAIL PCR analysis led to the identification of the responsible gene which encodes a conserved oligomeric golgi complex component-related protein (COGCC). RT-PCR analysis showed predominant expression of the gene in reproductive organs including developing spores. The gene identity was confirmed by the result that mutant plants harboring a T-DNA containing corresponding wild type gene produced less level of mutant pollen grains. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy using mature pollen expressing COGCC-RFP driven under the native promoter showed small punctate signals, which are likely to be from the Golgi complex. Further experiments for co-localization of the COGCC-RFP with the Golgi markers are underway.

The next-generation sequencing(NGS) technology is being used for more effective genetic mapping. In previous study, we obtained 60x coverage of sequence from Milyang23 and Gihobyeo on average comparing with Nipponbare reference genome. Also, we developed new derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(dCAPS) markers based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in coding region sequence(CDS) between these varieties. Totally, 1,726,798 SNPs between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo were detected. Among them, 146 SNP were selected for making dCAPS markers and located on genetic map with previously reported 219 PCR-based DNA markers. The map was applied to the detection of quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for stem internode diameters, culm length and panicle length within MGRIL population, and six QTLs with relatively high LOD score were found at three chromosomes; culm length and stem diameter including the first internode diameter, third and fourth internode diameter. This study showed that the NGS allowed the rapid discovery of a large number of SNPs for dCAPS marker. So, we tried to find out more single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) which were located on the whole genome sequence, such as un-translated region(UTR), intron, Inter-region and coding region sequence(CDS) between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo varieties. And we collected phenotypic information about culm length, panicle length, four stem internode diameters and panicle number in rice MGRIL population for QTLs. Furthermore, results of QTL analysis described above will shows relevance of molecular markers in mapping genes for useful breeding.

Rice is a staple food crop for more than half of the world population. Severe losses of rice production was caused by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding annually. Rice is a highly sensitive to low temperature below 15-20 ℃ because of originating from tropical or subtropical climates. Especially, seedling of rice is easily damaged to low temperature and result in seedling yellowing, growth retardation, reduced tillering and yield losses at last. We used a recombinant inbreeding lines (RIL) population of 384 individuals derived from a cross between Hanareum 2, a highly cold sensitive variety and Unkwang, a cold tolerant variety for molecular mapping of QTLs related to cold tolerance. Seedling discoloration of each lines and parents caused by cold response were investigated in field condition after transplanting. And leaf samples of RIL population were collected for evaluation of chlorophyll content using 80% acetone extraction. The seedling of each lines and parents was subjected to low temperate by 5~13 ℃ during 14 days. The cold recovery score (CRS) of RILs was recorded after 4 days recovery period according to standard evaluation system (SES, IRRI). Total of eight QTLs were detected on chromosome 1, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 using cold tolerance traits, chlorophyll content, seedling discoloration and cold recovery score in 384 RILs. The qCRS12, which detected on chromosome 12 between two flanking markers id12002113, id12002563 (1.1 Mbp) showed 25 LOD score with 26% of phenotypic variation of cold recovery score in RILs population. The positive allele contributing to cold tolerance came from the cold tolerant parent Unkwang. The result may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerant in rice.

Asterales are dicotyledonous flowering plants and are one of the Asterid clade, incuding many species as well as Codonopsis and Platycodon. Here, we have determined the complete chloroplast genome sequences of C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus by using the targeted denovo assembly method of short reads derived from whole genome resequencing. The total lengths of each chloroplast genome sequence are 156,180 bp for C. lanceolata and 155,453 bp for P. grandiflorus. In their chloroplast genomes, 106 genes (75 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, 23 tRNA genes, and 4 hypothetical chloroplast open reading frames [ycfs]) exhibited the relatively similar positions. Also, 7 protein-coding genes commonly showed to contain introns in both C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome, while psaA gene contain intragenic regions only in P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome. In further analysis, we identified the codon usage bias to A or T and found the different simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of each chloroplast genome (18 SSR loci of C. lanceolata and 16 SSR loci of P. grandiflorus). In the phylogenetic trees based on 72 protein-coding genes, C. lanceolata is more closely related to P. grandiflorus than the other plant species order Asterales. Also, we found the highest sequence diversities of 12 protein-coding genes in small single copy (SSC) region than in the inverted repeat (IRs) and large single copy (LSC) region, and 3 genes such as rpoC2 (LSC region), ndhB (IRs region), and ndhF (SSC region) showed the highest number of segregating sites in each region. Additionally, we developed the molecular markers for phylogenetic applications of C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome.

Recently, the increased consumption of mixed-grain flour products have led to improved human health in busy modern life. For this reason, the verification of commercial food authenticity is one of important subjects. The development of DNA techniques such as real-time PCR has led to the increasing efficiency of illegal food product detection. Here, we have developed a comprehensive method for detecting the grain flour of various rice cultivars in commercial food products derived from different plant species. In the genetic variation analysis of different protein coding genes on various chloroplast genomes, we found the high numbers of segregating sites in rpoB and rpoC2 more than in other genes. Thus, we have attempted to develop chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers, which were Os_m_rpoB in rpoB, and Os_m1_rpoC2 and Os_m2_rpoC2 in rpoC2. To assess the applicability of three cpDNA markers, we have identified the appropriate statistical measurements of each marker in various mixed-grain flour samples derived from rice cultivars and different plant species by real-time PCR, In addition, the three cpDNA markers successfully applied for detecting of nonexistent rice flour in different commercial food products.

In this study, we sought to identify primary pears species and Korean native pears, without the use of morphological characteristics. In addition, this study was to establish pear DNA fingerprinting data for Korean native pears using 12 microsatellite markers, and to accurately classify a database for management of the Korean pear collection. Forty two pear accessions (7 primary pears, 5 Asian pears, 29 Korean pears, and 2 reference pears) were analyzed with twelve primers covering whole pear genome. In the present study, all pear accessions were successfully classified along with their pedigrees, and the distribution of primary pears was parallel to those of the previous taxonomic results. Korean pears were divided into 3 groups. Group I was characterized by Pyrus calleryana, and included Korean pea pears. Group II was characterized by P. pyrifolia, and was classified into 2 small groups. The first small group comprised of ‘Najucheongbae’, ‘Sunchanggulimdolbae’, ‘Andongmookbae’, ‘Andongdangsilri’, and ‘Najucheongbae’ and was presumed to be cultivars of P. pyrifolia. The second small group consisted of ‘Cheongdangrori’ and ‘Pyeongchangsuhyangri’. These two accessions were assumed to be a hybrid of P. pyrifolia and the other cultivar. Group III was characterized by P. ussuriensis. ‘Goesanhwangbae’, ‘Andongcheongsilri’, ‘Gongjucheongsilri’, and ‘Yecheoncheongbae’ were assumed to be cultivars of P. ussuriensis. Contrary to ‘Ulreungdocheongbae A’, ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’ was classified as belonging to the P. ussuriensis group. It is possible that this is a consequence of, P. ussuriensis genes being transferred into ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’. The result of this research reaffirmed the efficiency of a standard set of microsatellite markers and provides data, which will be useful for developing a core collection of pears.

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE; EC 5.1.3.2) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the interconverts UDP-D-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-Dgalactose (UDP-Gal). Five members of the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene family, designated BrUGE1 to BrUGE5, have been cloned and characterized. Quantitative PCR shows that the BrUGE1and BrUGE4 mRNA are most abundant among other BrUGE genes, accounting for more than 55% of total BrUGE transcripts in most of the tissues examined. All genes showed organ specific expression pattern, two of which (BrUGE1 and 4) actively responded after Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum infection, while four genes (BrUGE-1, -3, -4 and -5)were shown to respond considerably against salt, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. To better understand the function of the UGE gene, we constructed a recombinant pART vector carrying the BrUGE1 gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and nos terminator and transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We then investigated BrUGE1 overexpressing rice lines at the physiological and molecular levels under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Bioassay of T3 progeny lines of the transgenic plants in Yoshida solution containing 120 mM Nacl for 2 weeks, confirmed that the BrUGE1 enhances salt tolerance to transgenic rice plants. Also T3 progeny lines of the transgenic plants, when exposed to infection caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, showed tolerance to bacterial blight. These results showed that BrUGE1 can be used as potential genetic resource for engineering Brassica with multiple stress resistance.

In the course of map-based cloning, mutant genes are identified through linkage to specific region on genetic map. Here, we demonstrated gametophytic mutant line, named as AP-28-23, in which mutant gene was mapped on chromosome 2. Based on phenotypic analysis of mature pollen, mutant phenotype of AP-28-23 was classified into three classes, wild-type showing 2-4%, moderate 35-53% and severe type 97-100% on aberrant pollen frequencies, respectively. The severe type is completely sterilized with 100% unfertilized ovules. We also revealed that the transmission was reduced through male gametophyte in the AP-28-23 line. The transmission efficiency (TE) through the male gametophyte is only 0.67%, whereas in the female gametophyte is 89.87%.

In the rice inflorescence development, timing of inflorescent meristem abortion, conversion of the rachis branch meristem to the terminal spikelet meristem and shift to lateral meristem identity determine the overall architecture of the rice panicle (keda-Kawakatsu et al. 2009). Cheng et al. (2011) reported that quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have major effects on panicle apical abortion in rice. However, there have been very few reports about panicle tip mutants. Therefore, this research is conducted to fine map mutant gene and perform functional analysis of mutant gen. Hwacheongbyeo (japonica rice) seed was treated with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) for inducing mutation. Two F2 population (Japanica mutant crossed with wild type and Japanica mutant crossed with Milyang 23, Indica type) were established for Phenotyping and genomic analysis. STS markers in crop molecular Breeding laboratory. Additional STS markers for fine mapping were developed based on the Nipponbare genome sequence (http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/blast/runblast.html). All F2 generations showed the segregation of normal plants and mutant following a ratio of 3:1 suggesting the mutant phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene. Initial BSA test made using STS markers confirmed the mutant gene is found in the long arm of chromosome 8. Panicle tip mutant gene, pnt has pleotropic effect which has been manifested in significant reduction of tiller development starting from late stage of vegetative growth and pronounced effect on possession of stay green nature of the rice during the vegetative stage of development. The only significant difference observed within panicle traits is the number of spikelet on primary branch and spikelet fertility. The first primary branch which contain aborted spikelet and elongated distance between spikelet is the most affected structure in the panicle.

The GA application on grapevines induces parthenocarpy, fruit set without fertilization, and the inhibition of pollen tube growth. But the molecular mechanism underlying this inhibition is not understood. Similar defective pollen tube growth within the transmitting tract has been reported in the mutant of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), referred to as pollen-pistil-interaction2 (pop2) in Arabidopsis. In spite of the similarity of pollen tube growth inhibition observed in GA-applied grapevines with that of pop2, only the effects of GABA on stress responses in grapevines have been reported. In present study, transcriptional changes of Vitis GABA metabolic genes, together with changes in GABA levels with or without GA application were analyzed to define how GA application restrained the pollen tube growth in grapevines. A GA solution (Dongbu, Seoul, Korea) at 100 ppm was onto inflorescence clusters 14 days before full bloom (DBF) and clusters were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 19 days after GA application. Harvested inflorescence samples were immediately frozen in LN2 and extracted RNA and amino acid. The GABA contents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent 1100 HPLC, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) equipped with a C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm/VDS optilab, Berlin, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Without GA application, the simultaneous high expressions of VvGAD1, VvGAD4 and VvGABA-T2 during 10 to 5 days before full bloom (DBF) showing the activation of GABA metabolism. But the contents of GABA were low before 2 DBF, and it peaked only at near full bloom when expression levels of VvGABA-T2 remained low. After GA application, the contents of GABA were constant during 10 to 5 DBF, although transcription levels of both VvGAD1 and VvGABA-T2 rapidly declined less than 30% of the levels observed without GA application. However, the GABA levels increased more than 2-fold only at near full bloom, compared to those without GA application, and at that time, expression levels of VvGAD1 up-regulated more than 3-fold and those of VvGABA-T2 kept low. But other amino acid contents did not show significant changes. In case of VvSSAHDs, their transcriptional changes with or without GA application were not correlated with GABA levels. These results indicates that GABA levels before pollination is tightly regulated, but GA application alters the GABA-shunt to accumulate excess GABA more than needed for proper pollen tube growth at full bloom. Gibberellin application alters the GABA-shunt to accumulate excess GABA resulting in inhibition pollen tube growth in grapevines.

This experiment was carried out to compare the morphological traits of Korean, Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asian(SEA) soybeans from RDA genebank. Days to flowering were ranged from 51 to 125 days with an average of 75 days. Those of China were the shortest with an average of 58 days and those of SEA were the longest with an average of 99 days. Growth days were the shortest with 94 days from China, and longest with 188 days from Korea and SEA. The 100 seed weight of soybeans was ranged from 3.4g to 46.4g, with an average 22.2g. The 100 seed weight was the lightest with an average 11.8g from SEA and the heaviest with an average 24.6g from Korea. In growth habit, over 50% of being collected from Korea, Japan and China were erect type, but 94% from SEA were intermediate type. The highest percentage of seed coat color was yellow(66.1%), followed by yellowing green(10.0%). As a result of cotyledon color in 760 black seed was 76.1% with yellow, 23.9% with green. Green cotyledon was much more in Korea(38.6%) and Japan(33.3%) than other countries. One thousand seven accessions from Korea, Japan, China and SEA were analyzed using 7 SSR markers. One hundred eighty alleles were detected with a lowest 16 at the Satt537 and a highest 35 at the Satt390. The average polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.68, the highest with 0.7 in Japan. Gene diversity was the highest with 0.73 in China and Japan, while the lowest in SEA with 0.68.

Anthocyanin is known for positive health beneficial effects that including reduces age related oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. It was produced by vegetable crops and a lettuce is one of the crops. The general pathway of anthocyanin expression is well defined but it is not clear how environments effects on anthocyanin accumulation in a lettuce. Therefore we initiated to study interaction between anthocyanin expression and environment factors. Frist, we applied RGB leaf images in a lettuce to calculate anthocyanin areas in a leaflet with two different cultivars, different developmental stages, and different environments. Later, we attempted to capture RNA expression level with next generation sequence (NGS) RNA sequencing method called RNA-seq. As a result, combined two technologies showed that quantitate phenotypic data help to understand the gene expression of anthocyanin in lettuce cultivars.

Polyembryony in many citrus varieties is an impediment in breeding because it makes hard to identify hybrids after crossbreeding. So, it has become imperative for developing efficient methods to distinguish zygotic seedling generated from polyembryonic seed depending on citrus variety. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker is one of useful systems for such purpose. However, SSR markers to separate zygotic seedlings derived from the crossbreeding between ‘Marita unshiu’ (Citrus unshiu) ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Shiranuhi mandarin’ [(C. unshiu x C. sinensis) x C. reticulata] ‘Hallabong’ have not been developed yet. In this study we tried to identify an effective SSR marker to screen zygotic seedling after crossbreeding between ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Hallabong’. For this investigation, 387 seedlings were generated from 114 seeds produced from crossing those two varieties. A total of 116 SSR markers were tested to identify a special marker for distinguishing origin, zygotic or nucellar seedling. As a result, two markers, SSR012 and SSR093, were found to be more effective than other markers. These two SSR markers might be useful to select zygotic individuals in crossbreeing between ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Hallabong’.

Glutenin is the major factor responsible for the unique viscoelastic dough characterisitcs of wheat flour, which determine mixing and bread baking performance(X.Shan et al, 2007). And early maturity is one of the most important cultural characteristic in Korea because of its winter cropping system. This study is to reveal the genetic properties of Asian wheat landrace collection originated from 6 separate regions such as Korea, China, Japan, Afganistan, Iran, Pakistan, Caucasus, and Middle East. Using germplasms maintained in National Agrobiodiversity Center, RDA, Korea, the variations in morphological character and HMW glutenin subunit composition were investigated. In this study, Glu-A1c(null), Glu-B1b(7+8) and Glu-D1a(2+12) alleles are the most frequent in Asian landrace wheats. When it comes to unique composition, Glu-B1aj(8) and Glu-D1q(2+11) subunits are only in Afghanistan wheat. And Glu-B1k(22), Glu-D1l(12), Glu-D1m(10) subunits are only in accessions from Pakistan, Korea, and China, respectively. The accessions from Iran and Caucasus have the highest PIC value(0.57), which shows wheat origin region has high genetic diversity. Grouping by UPGMA anlysis of combination of Glu-1 allele, most accessions from Afghanistan, Korea, and Japan were in the same group despite of geological distance. Contrasively, many germplasms originated from China, Caucasus, and Middle East were in the other same group. The evaluation of bread baking quality by Glu-1 scoring system, 34 accessions are perfect 10. 16 samples from China and 1 Afghanistan among them were also matured before early June, suitable to Korean cropping system. Especially, 3 accessions(K151847, K151865, K151962) had extremely early maturity, ripened before late May. These genetic resources having good gluten quality and early maturity are expected to be used for Korea wheat breeding system.

Based on double pseudo-testcross theory, a population of 76 F1 clones, which were derived from a cross of China type tea plants (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) with a Korean tea cultivar, ‘Kemsull’ for female parent and a Japanese tea cultivar, ‘Houshun’ for male parent, was used to construct a genetic linkage map with AFLP markers. Totally, 2,360 markers were detected by 26 pairs of primers and 90.8 markers for each pair on average. Among these, 481 markers (20.3%) were polymorphic, 392 markers (81.5%) of which showed Mendelian segregation ratio (p=0.01). Of these Mendelian segregated markers, 139 (35.5%) were segregated in 3:1 ratio and 253 (65.5%) were segregated in 1:1 ratio. The construction of AFLP molecular marker based linkage map were carried out by Joinmap 4.0 version. The linkage map of ‘Kemsull’ contained 227 markers which distributed into 18 linkage groups. The linkage map of ‘Kemsull’ covered 1,382.2 cM with the average distance between two markers of 6.0 cM. The linkage map of ‘Houshun’ contained 154 markers which were distributed into 17 linkage groups and were spanned with the total map length of 1,540.9 cM and the average distance between two markers of 10 cM. However, these AFLP markers were not distributed evenly and further even saturation is additionally required.

Potato glycoalkaloids(PGAs) are potentially toxic to humans at high levels and current safety regulations have recommended that PGAs content in tubers of potato cultivars should not exceed 20 mg/100g·FW. Accordingly, it is important to determine the PGAs composition and levels on potato cultivars for food safty and the breeding for new cultivars with low levels of PGAs. The main aim of this study was to evaluate α-chaconine, α-solanine and total PGAs content in the peel and cortex portions in 24 cultivars including ‘Haryoung’, ‘Goun’, ‘Hongyoung’ and ‘Jayoung’, recently released by Highland Agricultural Research Institute. The total PGAs ranged from 3.1 to 10.1 mg/100g·FW. 75-94% of total PGAs was existed in the peel part of all cultivars. We selected two cultivars, which can be eaten wth the skin on tubers, and so used for soy sauce braised potatoes and baby potatoes for the rest area. These results will provide consumers and breeders with fundamental information about the content of PGAs in Korea major cultivars.