The objective of this study is to develop the gene based sequence tagged site (STS) markers in wheat. The euchromatin enriched genomic library was constructed and the STS primer sets were designed using gene based DNA sequence. The euchromatin enriched genomic (EEG) DNA library in wheat was constructed using the Mcr A and Mcr BC system in DH5α cell. The 2,166 EEG colonies have been constructed by methylated DNA exclusion. Among the colonies, 606 colonies with the size between 400 and 1200 bp of PCR products were selected for sequencing. In order to develop the gene based STS primers, blast analysis comparing between wheat genetic information and rice genome sequence was employed. The 227 STS primers mainly matched on Triticum aestivum (hexaploid), Triticum turgidum (tetraploid), Aegilops (diploid), and other plants. The polymorphisms were detected in PCR products after digestion with restriction enzymes. The eight STS markers that showed 32 polymorphisms in twelve wheat genotypes were developed using 227 STS primers. The STS primers analysis will be useful for generation of informative molecular markers in wheat. Development of gene based STS marker is to identify the genetic function through cloning of target gene and find the new allele of target trait.

This study was conducted to develop a functional feed additive for pig with spent Lycium chinense Mill fruit. We investigated the optimum conditions for the extraction of polyphenol from spent Lycium chinense Mill using methanol. Methanol concentration as a solvent for extraction, extraction time and the volume of solvent per a gram of solid (ground spent Lyceum chinense Mill) were selected as parameters. Three levels of parameters were configured according to Box Behnken experiment design, a fractional factorial design, and total 15 trials were employed. Total polyphenol concentration from each trial was used as response from experiment system and effects of parameters on total polyphenol extraction efficiency were determined using response surface model. As a result, all terms in analysis of variance, regression (p = 0.001), linear (p = 0.002), square (p = 0.017) and interaction (p = 0.047) was significant and adjusted determination coefficient (R2) was 94.7%. Total polyphenol extraction efficiency was elevated along increased methanol content and decreased solvent to solid ratio. However extraction time did not affect the efficiency. This study provides a primary information for the optimum extraction conditions to maximize total polyphenol recovery from spent Lycium chinens Mill fruit and this result could be applied to re-use of argo-industrial by-products and to develop of functional feed additives in organic farming.

사용후핵연료 심지층처분장 부지선정과 최종 처분장부지의 처분적합성을 평가하는 업무는 시행-착오 를 줄이고 기술적 신뢰성 확보와 합리적이고 효율적인 업무수행을 추구하여야 한다. 이에 선행하여, 우리 나라에 적용 가능한 처분장부지의 지질환경 요건 설정을 위한 기본방향과 개별 인자의 처분적합성지표를 가능한 한 정량화하여 설정하고 업무에 적용하여야 한다. 사용후핵연료 처분장부지 선정과 최종처분장 부지의 안전성확보를 위한 처분요건과 관련하여 IAEA 및 OECD 회원국들과 처분연구 및 상용사업 수행 관련 선진국가들의 사례를 바탕으로 요건 별로 구분하여 현황을 분석하였다. 여기서는 사용후핵연료 처 분장 부지로서 암석·암반이 갖추어야 할 충분 혹은 선호요건에 대한 이해 제고와 관련 세부 기술지침을 도출하는데 기여하고자 하였다. 이를 토대로 어떠한 암석·암반이 상대적으로 보다 유리한 조건을 가지 는 선호요건으로 제시해야 하는지, 그리고 충분요건과 선호요건을 적용하여 후보부지 조사·선별평가 기 간 동안 부지선정업무에 반영하고 평가하고 결정하여야 하는 방법론을 도출할 수 있도록 기본 골격을 제 시하였다. 또한 처분안전성 확보를 위해 필요한 기본적인 사항을 검토하고 서술하였다. 본 논문에서 기술 한 항목들은 처분안전성 확보를 위한 처분요건의 기술지침 구성 체계, 처분안전성 확보개념, 다중방벽 기 능 조건, 천연방벽의 지질환경 기본요건, 그리고 우리나라에 적용 가능한 처분장부지 지질환경 기본요건 (안) 등으로 구성된다. 우리나라의 사용후핵연료 심지층처분장 부지의 위치에 관한 사업자 기술지침 요건 으로 제안하였다. 이와 관련하여 충분요건과 선호요건으로, 화산활동, 지진활동, 단층운동 융기·침강 운 동 및 기후·해수면변동 등 장기지질안정성 요건을 비롯한 15개 충분요건과 48개 선호요건을 제안하였 다. 이들 요건은 우리나라의 지질환경 특성을 충분히 반영하여 후속되는 각 부문별 특성에 적합한 정량적 인 기술 기준 및 지침으로 개발되어야 할 것이다. 정량적 기술지침의 도출은 상용 처분장부지 선별평가과 정 및 처분장 부지적합성평가 과정으로부터 확립될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 다양한 부문별 안전사례(safety case) 작성 혹은 연구용 지하처분연구시설 (underground research laboratory: URL)을 이용한 처분시스 템의 실증과정 등을 통하여 객관적이고 신뢰성있는 정량적인 지침들이 확립될 수 있을 것이다.

고준위폐기물 처분과 관련하여, 최근 저장소 형태의 처분장 개념에 대한 대안으로 검토되고 있는 시추 공 처분 개념에 대한 연구 현황을 정리하고 시추공 처분 개념의 국내 적용 가능성과 필요한 연구 항목에 대해 논의하였다. 현재 미국과 스웨덴을 중심으로 논의된 시추공 처분 개념은 심부시추공을 설치하여 지 하 3 - 5km 구간에 고준위폐기물을 처분하는 것을 의미하며, 현재까지의 연구 결과에 의하면 이 처분 개 념은 심부지하수의 층상구조, 작은 규모의 지표시설 등으로 인해 처분 및 비용 효율이 클 것으로 예상된 다. 이에 반해 국내에는 축적된 심부 지질 자료가 없어 적용 가능성에 대한 논의할 여지가 없다. 이에 저 장소 형태의 처분장 개념에 대한 대안으로 시추공 처분 개념을 검토하기 위해서는 향후 심지층 자료 확 보, 공학적 방벽 연구, 수치모의모델 개발, 처분 기술 개발 등의 연구가 필요하다.

인체피부에서 화장품이나 화장품 원료의 안전성시험은 대체로 육안평가로 이루어져왔다. 하지만, 피부반응 초기의 미세한 변화에 대해서 육안으로는 감지하지 못하는 경우가 많다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 수종의 화장품 원료에 의해 유발되는 홍반반응에 대해 육안평가뿐 아니라, 레이저도플러혈류이미지(LDPI) 측정장비를 이용한 혈류변화 측정, Vapometer®를 이용한 경피수분손실량(TEWL) 측정, 분광광도계를 이용한 피부색 측정과 같은 기기평가를 병행하여 비교하였다. 30명의 건강한 여성 피험자를 대상으로 오일류 7종, 계면활성제류 6종, 보습제류 5종을 피험자의 등 부위에 24 h 폐쇄첩포(D0)하여 피부반응을 유도하였고 첩포 제거 후 30 min (D1), 24 h (D2)에 육안평가와 기기평가를 각각 실시하였다. 육안평가 결과, 프로필렌글라이콜을 제외한 모든 오일류와 보습제류는 저자극 수준의 피부반응(반응도 0+ ~ 2.9+)을 보인 반면, 프로필렌글라이콜과 모든 계면활성제류는 중자극에서 강자극 수준의 피부반응(반응도 3+ ~ 5+)을 보였다. 기기측정 결과, 육안평가에서 저자극 범주의 피부반응에 대해서 혈류량이나 피부색보다 경피수분손실량이 가장 민감하게 피부변화를 감지하였다.

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrative definition of key account management (KAM) at the organizational level through a content analysis of the existing definitions of KAM available in the business literatures. A representative pool of definitions of key account management was generated through literature review from twenty three journals that covers the divergence of name variety like global account management, strategic account management, national account management, international key account management, key client management, major account management, key customers management and key account management. Relating to the definition of key account management various attributes are identified through content analysis and according to the relevance, profile for each attributes are developed. On the basis of these attributes a diagrammatic and textual definition is proposed that covers the different standpoints and aspects of key account management approach and captures its essence as well. Eventually, several strategic implications are derived that create the field for further empirical investigation.

Rorabaugh(1953)에 의해 재정리된 단계양수시험 해석해 sw = B C p 는 단열암반대수층에서 비선형 으로 증가하는 수위강하에 매우 적합하며, 현장에서 관측된 수위강하 값과 추정된 수위강하 사이의 제곱 근 평균제곱오차(RMSE) 값이 매우 낮음을 보여주었다. 우물수두손실(C p )의 C 값은 3.689×10-19 5.825 ×10-7, P 값은 3.459 8.290의 범위로 산정되었으며, 지표로부터 하부심도로 내려 갈수록 양수율 증가에따른 수위강하는 매우 크게 나타났다. 단열암반대수층에서의 우물수두손실은 다공질매질에서와 달리 단 열특성(단열의 틈, 간격, 상호 연결성)에 의한 영향으로 나타나므로, 우물수두손실의 C 와 P 값은 단열암 반대수층의 난류구간과 고·저 투수성 단열암반의 특성을 해석하는데 매우 중요하다. 그 결과, 우물수두 손실 항의 C 와 P 값에 대한 회귀분석 결과로부터 암반대수층의 난류구간과 수리특성의 관계가 파악되었 으며, C 와 P 값의 관계가 단열암반대수층의 수리특성 해석에 있어 매우 유용함을 확인할 수 있었다.

Wild rice might have previously unidentified genes important for disease resistance and stress tolerance in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. A set of subtractive library was constructed both from leaves of wild rice plants, Oryza grandiglumis (CCDD, 2n=48), treated with fungal elicitor and from wounded leaves. A partial fragment that was homologous to PR10 genes from other plant species was identified via suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA macroarray. The obtained full-length cDNA sequence (OgPR10) contains an open reading frame of 480 bp nucleotide, encoding 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 16.944 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.91. The multiple alignment analyses showed the higher sequence homology of OgPR10 with PR10 genes identified in rice plants at amino acid level. The OgPR10 mRNA was not expressed by treatment with wounding, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, but markedly expressed in leaves treated with protein phosphatase inhibitors cantharidin and endothall, and yeast extract. In addition, the expression of OgPR10 mRNA was induced within 72 h after treatment with probenazole, one of well-known chemical elicitors, and reached the highest level at 144 h. Heterologous expression of OgPR10 caused growth inhibition and seedling lethality in E. coli and Arabidopsis, respectively. Chemically induced OgPR10 expression with glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional induction system further reconfirmed its lethality on Arabidopsis seedling. In addition, OgPR10-expressing rice plants, Oryzae sativar were resistant against the infection of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. These results indicate that OgPR10 is involved in probenazole- and microbe associated molecular patterns-mediated disease resistance responses in plants and is a potential gene for developing disease resistance crop plants.

In this study, global positioning system (GPS)-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV) and microwave radiometer(MWR)-measured integrated water vapor (IWV) were compared and their characteristics were analyzed. Comparingthose two quantities for two years from August 2009, we found that GPS PWV estimates were larger than MWR IWV. Theaverage differenceover the entire test period was 1.1 mm and the standard deviation was 1.2 mm. When the discrepanciesbetween GPS PWV and MWR IWV were analyzed depending on season, the average difference was 0.7 mm and 1.9mm in the winter and summer months, respectively. Thus, the average difference was about 2.5 times larger in summerthan that in winter. However, MWR IWV measurements in the winter months were over-estimated than those in the summermonths as the water vapor content got larger. The results of the diurnal analysis showed that MWR IWV was underestimatedin the daytime, showing a difference of 0.8 mm. In the early morning hours, MWR IWV has a tendency to beover-estimated, with a difference of 1.3 mm with respect to GPS PWV.

Approximately 13% of the world’s active volcanoes are located in Indonesia. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes those are scattered in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawesi islands(1). Seventy-nine of them erupted in historical times (type A). In this study, case study on the volcanic eruption of Merapi on 2010 and Kelud on 2007 are presented. The present study investigates a brief of volcano eruption characteristics, conditions to high risks areas, volcanic activity and its impact, national and local response in term of preparedness during the disaster. It was found that crisis management team was well organized and strategic; however the results showed that crisis management that was not fully integrated with the way of life of the local communities at risk and that information, communication and trust were lacking. Therefore, beside knowledge and awareness, the participation of the community is necessary in responding to a disaster.

This study aims at classifying and analyzing the vegetation structure of Castanopsis sieboldii forest, one of the evergreen broad-leaved forests found under the warm-temperate climate of Korea. It is also compared with the ones of the Castanopsis sieboldii forest in Japan where most similar such forest of Korea, to find unique vegetation structures of the only Korean forest. Vegetation structure of Korean Castanopsis sieboldii forest was divided into two units at the level of community units both of Ardisia japonica-Castanopsis sieboldii community and Ardisio-Castanopsietum sieboldii association. The association carries similar type with the vegetation system of Japan, but any subunits differentiated with the Japan were found vary much. Hierarchical cluster analysis brings in similar result with the analysis on the vegetation structure as well.

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to March 2011. And then the atmospheric aerosol number concentration, the temporal variation and the size distribution of aerosol number concentration have been investigated. The aerosol number concentration varies significantly from 748 particles/㎝3 to zero particles/㎝3. The average number concentration in small size ranges are very higher than those in large size ranges. The number concentrations in the size range 0.25∼0.28 ㎛, 0.40∼0.45 ㎛ and 2.0∼2.5 ㎛ are about 84 particles/㎝3, 2 particles/㎝3 and 0.4 particles/㎝3, respectively. The number concentrations in range of larger than 7.5 ㎛ are below 0.001 particles/㎝3. The seasonal variations in the number concentration for smaller particle(<1.0 ㎛) are not much, but the variations for larger particle are very evident. And strong amplitudes of diurnal variations of entire averaged aerosol number concentration are not observed. Size-fractioned aerosol number concentrations are dramatically decreased with increased particle size. The size-fractioned aerosol number concentrations in size range 0.8∼4.0 ㎛ during nighttime are evidently higher than during daytime, but similar levels are appeared in other size range. The seasonal differences in the size-fractioned number concentrations for smaller size range(<0.7 ㎛) are not observed, however, the remarkable seasonal differences are observed for larger size than 0.7 ㎛.

This study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of a giant embryo rice 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' derived from the cross between 'P47', a mutant of 'Hwayoung' induced by T-DNA insertion, and 'Junam'. The grain appearance and chemical components of the embryo were analyzed and compared with a donor cultivar, 'Hwayoung'. The proportion of embryo weight to grain weight of 'P47 JB-4-B-5-B' was 2.2 times heavier (6.7%) than that (3.1%) of 'Hwayoung'. Total free amino acid content (75.81 mg/100 g) of 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' was 2.1 times higher than that of 'Hwayoung'. The GABA content in brown rice was 14.06 mg/100 g in 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' and 6.8 mg/100 g in 'Hwayoung'. Especially, the GABA content in brown rice of 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' remarkably increased (about 33 times from 1.48 mg to 44.81 mg/100 g) 2 days after germination. Continuous frequency distributions and transgressive segregation in embryo length and width were observed in the F2 population of the cross between 'P47' and 'Cheongcheong', indicating that the giant embryo was controlled by quantitative trait loci. However, embryo length and width demonstrated high broad sense heritability, implying that giant embryonic traits could be selected in earlier generations in comparison with other quantitative traits.

To find an alternative for synthetic pesticides, methanol extracts from 69 plant samples were tested for their insecticidal activity against two spotted mite (Tetranchus urticae Koch). Seven plant extracts including Angelica japonica showed over 80% insecticidal activity at 5000 mg/L. Extract of Prunus armeniaca seed showed high insecticidal activity at 3000 mg/L. As a naturally occurring pesticide, P. armeniaca could be useful as a new botanic insecticide.

An average Korean known to ingest 3.4 times of the nitrate ADI level are found to have taken in 97% of nitrates through vegetables. This study analyzed the contents of nitrates and chlorophyll in organic Chinese cabbages, a major favorite vegetable for Koreans, with a view to lowering daily intake of nitrate. Our findings show that, in organically cultivated cabbages, the further outward the leaf was located, the more significantly the contents of nitrates increased, with the midrib and leaf blade showing positive relationship of r=0. 789 , and =0.659 , respectively. In the case of the midrib, the contents increased as high as 79 times ranging from 40ppm for the innermost leaf to 3, 177ppm for the outermost one, and when it comes to the leaf blade, the contents rose as high as 87 times, showing a range of 40 - 3,481ppm. Our findings also suggest that it is advisable to discard 1/3 of the outermost leaves before eating Chinese cabbages, since the outer leaves with known high contents of chlorophyll also have high contents of nitrates.

By surveying the 70 composting plants in Gyeonggi Province, the total commercial production of livestock faeces composts (LFCs) in 2008 was estimated to be about 480,000 Mg year-1 and they were manufactured mainly by using both mechanical mixer and bottom air blower. LFCs were composed mainly of chicken faeces 29.2%, pig+chicken faeces 23.1%, pig faeces 20.0%, livestock faeces+oil cake 12.3%, pig+ chicken+cattle faeces 10.8% and pig+cattle faeces 4.6%. On the basis of the current official standard which was revised on March 2010, 11 composts out of surveyed 76 ones did not meet the LFCs quality standard (LQS) due to inadequate content of water (5), OM/N (1), NaCI (2) and Zn (3). The OM/N declined by adding chicken faeces and oil cake, while Ca content increased by the addition of chicken faeces and NaCI increased by adding cattle faeces.

Soil NH4-N content became higher in proporlion to the increase in the urea application rate, while in livestock faeces compost (LFC) plots, it became lower than in urea plots and had no significant difference statistically among LFC plots. There was a close relationship between phosphate ferlilization rate and the increment of soil available phosphate content after experiment resulting y=O. 1788x-6. 169 (R~=O. 9425) when applied fused superphosphate ferlilizer, and y=0.0662x-2.689(R~=0.9315) when applied LFCs by the same amounts of phosphate (x: phosphate application, kg ha, y: increment in soil available phosphate content, mg kg). Plant height, number of stems, nutrients uptake by rice and rice yield showed higher levels in N 100, 150% application plots of chemical ferlilizers, while every LFC plots exhibited lower values and no significant difference among them. Relative nitrogen ferlilization efficiencies of LFCs compared to urea was 12.3% for cattle faeces compost (CaFC), 8.8 for swine faeces compost (SwFC) and 24.6 for chicken faeces compost (ChFC), respectively.

Green manure crops play an inportant role in organic farming. Field experiment was conducted at paddy soi1 (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluvaquentíc Endoquepts) ín 2008/2009 to 2009/2010 at the Natíonallnstítute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggí provínce, Korea. This expe꺼ment was carried out to evaluate the biomass of haíry vetch (Vicia víllosa) and growth of rice (Oryza satíva) by cjífferent seedíng rates. Seeding rates of hairy vetch consisted of 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-' by broadcasting before rice harvesting. The biomass af)d nitrogen production of hairy vetch were not significantly different between 60 kg ha-’ and 90 kg ha-’ of seeding rates. Also, rice yield was not siginicantly differnt between seeding rate 60 kg ha-’ of hairy vetch and conventional pratice for two years. Therefore, we suggested that seeding rate of hairy vetch should be reduced by continuous cropping and incoportion of hairy vetch under rice-based cropping system.

The main nutritional problem of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolorxSorghum sudanese) silage is low quality and palatability. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether organic com grain and crushed rice addition of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silage increases forage quality of the silage. The sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silages with added com grain and crushed rice were similar to conventional corn silage in moisture content. However organic sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silage had low pH values. Silage added with gain and byproduct had higher crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than control corn silages, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed the opposite results. Lactic acid, butyric acid and lactic percentage oftotal organic acid (UT) of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silages were higher than those of com silage, but acetic acid was higher than control. In vitro dry matter digestibi/ity (IVDMD) of com silage was higher than other sorghum silages. Feed intake of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silage added with crushed rice was highest among silages. Therefore, these data indicate that crushed rice and com grain added sorghumxsudangrass hybrid silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing silage quality and palatability.

To investigate the forecasting of plant disease and insect for an agricultural complex and farm in environment-friendly cultivation of Rice, environment-friendly agricultural five complexs and five farms were selected in Youngam and Naju area, Jonnam, Korea. Preventation objects of plant disease and insect were leaf blast, neck blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, and hopper. Factors of sheath blight occurrence in environment-friendly ag꺼cultural complex were a fast transplanting time and a naπ。w planting density. Bacterialleaf blight in rice occurred severely in the area under water. Rice growth in environment-friendly agricultural complex was decreased heavy drying by hopper appearance.