With the aim of developing region specialized crops, this study was conducted to clarify effects of variant and cultivation region on antioxidative activities in various black soybean (Glycine max L.) seed tissues. Three black soybean varieties (SCEL-1, Wonheug, and Cheongja 3) were each cultivated in 4 different regions (Jeonju, Pyeongchang, Paju, and Cheonan). Harvested seeds were used to assess DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content. SCEL-1 soybean hull contained higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (61% and 85% respectively) compared to Wonheug (40% and 50% respectively). SCEL-1 cultivated in Pyeongchang displayed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content (1,189 mg GAE/ 100g sample and 951 mg CTE/ 100g sample, respectively). Total anthocyanin content was ranked in the following order: SCEL-1>Wonheug>Cheongja 3. All black soybeans showed much higher antioxidant activity in the soybean hull than in the dehulled soybean. The antioxidant activity of black soybeans cultivated at high latitudes was high. These results suggest that the best black soybean variant for high beneficial biological activities is the SCEL-1 variant. For a complete understanding of the potential of black soybean as functional foods, we plan to further analyze their antioxidant activities in future studies.

To increase the functional material content of soybean, a repetitive steaming and drying process was used. We investigated the changes in the total polyphenol content, the antioxidant activity, and the angiotensin-Ⅰ converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in soybean following nine rounds of steaming and drying. Soybean was steamed 9 times for 2 h and then dried 9 times from 55℃ to 73℃ for 3 h. The total polyphenol content in the soybean reached a maximum value of 60.47 mg GAE eq./100 g at 73℃ while the total polyphenol content in the raw soybean reached 25.17 mg GAE eq./100 g. In the raw soybean samples, the DPPH radical scavenging activity (5 mg/mL) was 8.04% but it increased by 43.29% after drying 9 times to 73℃. ABTS radical scavenging activity also improved following 9 rounds of steaming and drying. ACE inhibitory activity of the soybean dried 9 times at 73℃ was 58.94% at 10 mg/mL. These results showed that steaming and drying soybean 9 times enhanced the antioxidant activity and the ACE inhibitory activity of soybean. Therefore, more research on the biological and anti-hypertensive activity of soybean using this steaming and drying method is necessary.

GLONASS, a satellite navigation system developed in Russia since 1976, is defunct and orbits in an unstable attitude. The satellites in these problems are not managed and there is no precise information, which can increase the risk of collisions with other space objects. In this study, detailed attitude dynamic have to be analyzed through photometry data, which requires spin period and spin axis. The light curve data is obtained by observing through the photometer at the Graz station and the power spectrum is calculated to obtain the cycle of the satellite. The geometric relationship between observer and sun is analyzed for GLONASS-50 satellite. The box-wing model is applied to obtain the phase reflection of the satellite and obtain the Irradiation of the satellite through this information. In Light Curve and Irradiation, the spin axis is calculated for each peak points with the distance square minimum technique. The spin axis of the GLONASS-50 satellite is RA = 116°, Dec = 92°.

콩은 전세계적으로 재배되는 중요한 작물 중에 하나로 최근, 표준유전체 해독과 함께 유전적, 표현형적으로 다양성을 가진 한국핵심집단이 구축됨에 따라 유전체 기반 분자 육종 연구, 유전자 교정 기술을 활용한 새로운 육종 소재 개발 연구가 가속화 될 것으로 예상된다. 유전체 정보 기반 작물의 분자 육종 및 생명공학 연구를 통한 성공적인 작물의 개량을 위해서는 식물의 효율적인 조직배양 기술이 수반되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 반수체 생산, 원형질체 배양 및 형질전환 기술과 같은 콩의 조직배양 효율은 아직까지 높지 않고 일부 계통에 한정되어 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 콩의 분자육종 및 생명공학 기술의 적용을 위하여 다양한 콩 조직배양 기술에 관한 연구 동향을 분석하고 조직배양 효율에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내 콩 유전체의 변이밀집영역(dVB)에서 유 래한 27개 InDel 마커를 신품종 20개에 적용하여 품종판별용 마커로서 범용성을 검증하고 신품종의 구별성과 국내 품종의 유전적 다양성을 확인하였다. 20개 신품종과 MyCrops에 포함된 기존 149개 품종과의 유사도는 평균 61.3%이고, 최저 25.9%에서 최대 96.3%의 유사도로 완전 일치(100%)되는 바코드는 없어 20개 신품종의 유전적 구별성을 모두 확인할 수 있었다. 유연관계를 분석한 결과에서는 신품종을 포함한 국내 169품종이 4개의 유전집단으로 구분되었으며 풋콩 및 단기성 콩의 80%가 I-2 소그룹, 나물콩의 65.9%가 II-2 소그룹에 주로 속한 반면, 장류 및 두부콩은 I-1 (44.4%), I-2 (26.4%), II-2 (23.6%) 소그룹에 고르게 분포하였다. 20개 신품종에 대한 계보도는 나물콩 주요 계보와 장류 및 두부콩으로 크게 두 그룹으로 나누어지며 유연 관계분석을 뒷받침하였다. 품종판별을 위한 최소 마커를 선발 하기 위해 PIC가 높은 공통마커와 품종별 특이마커를 선발하는 2단계 과정을 통해 품종에 따라 7~9개의 최소 마커로 신품종의 진위를 판별할 수 있었다. 이처럼 콩 변이밀집영역에서 유래된 27개 InDel 마커와 이를 이용한 신품종 바코드 정보의 지속적인 업데이트는 수입산에 대한 국산 품종의 보호와 육성가의 권리 증진에 기여하며, 더불어 육종과정 중 신규 유전변이를 도입하고 목표형질을 선발하는 등 육종 효율을 개선하는데도 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Korea’s lunar exploration project includes the launching of an orbiter, a lander (including a rover), and an experimental orbiter (referred to as a lunar pathfinder). Laser altimeters have played an important scientific role in lunar, planetary, and asteroid exploration missions since their first use in 1971 onboard the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon. In this study, a laser altimeter was proposed as a scientific instrument for the Korean lunar orbiter, which will be launched by 2020, to study the global topography of the surface of the Moon and its gravitational field and to support other payloads such as a terrain mapping camera or spectral imager. This study presents the baseline design and performance model for the proposed laser altimeter. Additionally, the study discusses the expected performance based on numerical simulation results. The simulation results indicate that the design of system parameters satisfies performance requirements with respect to detection probability and range error even under unfavorable conditions.

Thirty-eight Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were screened to identify varieties to be suitable for sprout. Based on seed yield and sprout qualities such as whole length and sprout yield, five genotypes (PI269803, PI343278, PI343283, PI343300 and PI 343307) were primarily selected as candidates for pea sprouts. In order to determine optimal cultivation condition for pea sprouting, growth characteristics were investigated according to the change of germination temperature and days for sprouting. Whole length and hypocotyl length were observed to increase as a time dependent manner at each tested temperature (20, 23, and 25°C). However, whole length, hypocotyl length, and sprout yield were highly increased at 23°C compared to 20 and 25°C. Especially, PI269803 and PI343300 showed higher sprout yield than the others. In addition, the effect of the change of germination temperature on antioxidant properties was estimated by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABST activity). TPC and DPPH/ABST activities of PI269803 and PI343300 were higher at 23°C than at 20 and 25°C, while antioxidant properties of PI343278 and PI343283 were decreased in a temperaturedependent manner. The results show a high degree of correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities and suggest that the temperature change for pea sprouting could be responsible for antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results provide optimal cultivation conditions for pea sprouting and suggest that PI269803 and PI343300 with high sprout yield and antioxidant properties could be used for pea sprouts.

The first Korean satellite laser ranging (SLR) system, Daedeok SLR station (DAEK station) was developed by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) in 2012, whose main objectives are space geodesy researches. In consequence, Korea became the 25th country that operates SLR system supplementing the international laser tracking network. The DAEK station is designed to be capable of 2 kHz laser ranging with precision of a few mm both in daytime and nighttime observation of satellites with laser retro-reflector array (LRA) up to the altitude of 25,000 km. In this study, characteristics and specifications of DAEK station are investigated and its data quality is evaluated and compared with International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) stations in terms of single-shot ranging precision. The analysis results demonstrated that the DAEK station shows good ranging performance to a few mm precision. Currently, the DAEK station is under normal operations at KASI headquarters, however, it will be moved to Sejong city in 2014 to function as a fundamental station for space geodesy researches in combination with other space geodesy systems (GNSS, VLBI, DORIS, etc.).

Soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr] is one of the most important legumes in the world. However, soybean varieties are sensitive to flooding stress and their seed yields are substantially reduced in response to the flooding stress. 192 soybean germplasm collection was screened to identify flooding tolerant germplasm at an early vegetative growth stage (V1). Soybean plants at V1 stage were waterlogged for 4 to 10 days. To evaluate flooding tolerance, survival rate were investigated as a time dependent manner. Jangbaegkong, Danbaegkong, Sowonkong, Socheong2 and Suwon269 showed flooding tolerance, while Shillog, T201, T181, NTS1116 and HP-963 showed flooding sensitivity. We also investigated effects of flooding stress on soybean morphology. The adventitious root development was greatly increased in flooding tolerant plants compared to it in flooding sensitive plants. In addition, root length and root number were analyzed. The significant reduction of root length and root number was observed in flooding sensitive plants. Thus, these results indicate that the morphological changes in roots are important for acclimation to flooding stress. Taken together, the relationship between the morphological changes in the roots and flooding tolerance may be useful in selecting a flooding tolerant soybean germplasm.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen that causes significant yield reduction in soybean production worldwide. SMV belongs to potyvirus and causes typical symptoms such as mild mosaic, mosaic and lethal necrosis. SMV is seed-borne and also transmitted by aphid. Eleven SMV strains, G1 to G7, G5H, G6H, G7H, and G7a were reported in soybean varieties in Korea. A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method allowed one-step detection of gene amplification by simple procedure and needed only a simple incubator for isothermal template. This RT-LAMP method allowed direct detection of RNA from virus-infected plants without thermal cycling and gel electrophoresis. In this study, we designed RT-LAMP primers named SML-F3/B3/FIP/BIP from coat protein gene sequence of SMV. After the reaction of RT-LAMP, products were identified by electrophoresis and with the detective fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I. under daylight and UV light. Opmtimal reaction condition was at 58℃ for 60min and the primers of RT-LAMP showed the specificity for nine SMV strains tested in this study.

Generally, the virus was detected by the ELISA using the serological method and RT-PCR based on the genetic information. Recently, NGS (next-generation nucleotide sequencing) has been used in genome analysis and diseases diagnostics. To identify distribution aspects of viruses, we collected diseased samples twice in soybean breeding field. After extraction of total RNA from the collected bulk samples, RNA was sequenced by the NGS method. The NGS data were analyzed using the bioinformatics software. With newly produced NGS data, the identification of distribution aspects of organisms in field was estimated in this study. Sequence based identification method should be more accurate diagnostic tools of the target diseases and be able to predict occurrence of potential and new pathogens. NGS method will also provide the basic data by identifying the distribution of using bacteria. In this study, we analyzed the extracted RNA from the collection of approximately 3000 samples. Consequently, we confirmed the following types: the 7,089 kinds of bacteria including Burkholderiaceae, the 13,397 kinds of Eukaryota, the 952 kinds of viruses from the first bulk samples, the 4,160 kinds of bacteria including Burkholderiaceae, the 10,475 kinds of Eukaryota, and the 576 kinds of viruses from the second bulk samples

We previously reported that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT- PCR/RFLP) was an effective method to identify SMV strains. Using this method a new SMV strain G6H was successfully identified. To introduce resistance locus Rsv4 of V94-5152, we made crosses between two parents, Hwanggumkong and V94-5152, and obtained 6 BC3 F3 progeny lines, which have different size of DNA fragment of Rsv4 locus region. To confirm the virus resistance of progeny lines, artificial inoculation were conducted with 10 SMV strains, G1-G7, G7A, G6H, and G7H. Genomic DNA of tested lines was extracted and used marker genotyping using 9 SSR marker, which covered about 20 cM genetic distance including Rsv4 locus. In the virulence test, only two progeny lines showed resistance to all the SMV strains like a V94-5152. However, the other lines showed necrotic symptoms to G6H strain. It is considered that a minor gene is located near the Rsv4 locus between Satt157 and Sat_254 marker which interacts with G6H. A new strain can be a clue to find a minor gene in the SMV resistance soybean breeding.

Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is an important source of high protein and oil. Use of soybean meal bythe food industry is increasing, but severely limiting dietary choices and the quality of life of food-allergic individuals. Gly m Bd 30K (P34) is known as the main seed allergens in soybean-sensitive patients. The objective of this work was to determine the molecular basis of the low mutation of soybean P34 and to design polyclonal antibody for the selection of the causative mutations for wild homozygous, heterozygous and mutant homozygous. Using soybean genome assembly, we knew that soybean P34 genes are existing 2 copies in LG A1 and 1 copy in LG A2 in soybean genome. Actually, we confirmed that 3 copies for P34 gene were existed on soybean genome with Southern blot analysis. Glyma08g12270 of those was expressed at significantly higher level compared with Glyma08g12280 and Glyma05g29130by RT-PCR and western analysis. However this gene was not expressed in the low-P34 germplasm accessions. We develop a co-dominant marker based on the sequence of Glyma08g12270 containing a four-base pair insertion at the P34 start codon. Also, we make a polyclonal antibody for investigation of P34 protein levels. Further study, we will perform the crossing between low P34 accession and elite variety, backcrossing and allergen test using low P34 line.

Soybeans X soybeans mosaic virus (SMV) strains interactions affected plant growth and seed transmission. Strain virulence of SMV depended on host cultivars. Kwangankong and Tawonkong were susceptible to G7H and G5 strains, causing mosaic symptoms. The distribution patterns of two SMV strains in soybean plants inoculated with G7H, G5 and G7H/G5 sets were investigated by RT-PCR/RFLP analysis. In the first treatment, two primary leaves in a single plant were infected with both strains by means of one strain per leaf. The leaves of Kwangankong and Tawonkong at V2, V4 and V6 stage were doubly infected with the two strains and the upper leaves than those had only G7H strain. Secondly, the two soybeans were inoculated with G7H, and 24 h after followed by the other strain inoculation. The leaves of V6 and V8 stages in all infected plants showed mosaic symptoms caused by G7H, and there was no detection of G5 strain. In contrast, the reverse treatment with G5 and G7H induced different results. Pre-inoculated G5 strain detected in every stage besides G7H strain. Host X SMV strain compatibility influenced seed coat mottling, yield, plant height, number of pod per plant. G7H had a seed mottling rate of 98.5% in Kwangankong, while G5 had an incidence of seed mottling of 1.4% in the same cultivar. G5 was more virulent to Kwangankong and had a lower affinity for infecting soybean seed mottling. Additional inoculation of G7H protected soybean yield and growth from G5-inducing loss in Kwangankong.

Colored soybean for cooking with rice have been used traditionally in Korea which is distinguished from other countries. Although many soybean cultivars have been developed for cooking with rice since the launch of the first cultivar Geomgeongkong1 in 1994, the breeding history of soybeans for cooking with rice is not quite long comparing to that of soybean paste/ bean curd and soy-sprout. In addition to developed cultivar, various landrace soybeans have still used for cooking with rice to Korean. This study was performed to select useful breeding materials and to evaluate the diversity of Korean landrace germplasms, especially black and/or green color seed coat soybeans. About five hundred eighty Korean colored soybean landraces were investigated for agricultural traits in experimental field and for DNA diversity using five SSR markers which showed high polymorphism between Korean soybean cultivars in a previous study. PowerCore (v. 1.0) software (http://genebank.rda.go.kr/PowerCore/) was used to analyze diversity of our landraces and to construct core set. In conclusion, we could obtain core set of forty-five germplasms by PowerCore analysis. Satt002 in analysed five SSR markers had twenty-two alleles and well represented diversity of black and/or green color germplasms.

An efficient transformation method for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] using meristematic tissues of germinating seeds has been established. The embryonic axes were excised from germinating seeds of Korean soybean cultivar, Iksannamulkong and 0.5-2 cm long segment containing meristematic tissues were prepared by cutting hypocotyl region. The explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector with the bar gene as a selectable marker gene and a β-glucuronidase (GUSINT) reporter gene, and then co-cultured for 7 days on co-cultivation medium (CCM). The meristematic tissues were cultured on shoot induction medium (SIMP6) supplemented with 0.4 mg/l N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.1 mg/l indolebutyric acid (IBA) in the presence of 6 mg/l L-phosphinotricin (PPT) for 2 weeks and the surviving explants were transferred to shoot elongation medium (SEMP6). Transformation was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and the transformation efficiencies ranged from 1.48 to 2.07%. The new modified transformation method was successfully implemented for obtaining several transgenic lines with SMV-CP gene. It is expected that this method could efficiently be used for the transformation of recalcitrant soybean cultivars.