마분지는 재생 가능한 천연건축자재로, 친환경일 뿐 아니라 적응성이 뛰어나다는 장점이 있지만 국내에서는 기술력 등으로 인해 오랜 시간동안 보급되지 못했다. 최근 하얼빈 지역의 신축 마분지건축 실례를 분석하고 독특한 장점을 연구하며 마분지 활용에 걸림돌이 되는 문제 등을 연구하여 실행가능한 해결 방안을 모색하고 한대지역 지속가능한 마분지 건축발전에 대한 발전을 모색해 보고자 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the foundation and subsequent reconstruction years of Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon in Busan, especially based on the five records of this building. Moreover, this paper aims to analyze the possibility of the architectural type changes by comparison with nearby Buddhist buildings. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon was built in 1655. Afterward, it had been repaired through five times, but most members of it's wood-framework were found to had been prepared and constructed in 1655. Second, such as the gongpo type, roof type, module system, intercolumnar distance and proportion of intercolumnar distance and column-height, the architectural type of this building is similar to nearby Sinhung-sa Daekwang-jeon. This was because the identical monk-craftsmen carried out the many constructions of nearby temples with their architectural skills at the same period. Third, in particular, the style and created-time of the front gongpos are different from those of the rear gongpos. That is why the front gongpos were replaced when Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon was reconstructed in 1771.

환경오염 및 자원고갈과 더불어 유기화합물에 의한 신종 질환 발생 등 사회 ․ 환경적 문제 해결을 위해 우리나라를 비롯한 해외 선진국들은 자국의 실정에 적합한 환경 친화적 건축의 기준을 제시하고 있다. 최근 전국적인 주택보급사업 등의 영향으로 인한 신축학교의 증가 및 민간투자사업 (BTL)선정 시, 각 시 ․ 도교육청이 녹색건축물 인증 획득을 의무화한 영향으로 인증제도는 빠른 보급 및 정착을 보여 주고 있다. 학교시설의 환경 친화적 계획은 미래 사회의 원 동력이 될 학생들을 위한 실제적인 실외 건강환경 개선뿐 아니라, 환경 및 에너지 절약의 중요성을 학생들에게 자연 스럽게 노출시킴으로써 교육적 효과를 유발할 수 있는 특성 을 가지고 있다. 이에 따라 학교시설은 학생들의 실질적 체 험을 통해 친환경 개념의 중요성을 전달하는 매개체로서의 역할을 수행하게 되므로, 단순히 인증 획득을 목적으로 하 는 최소조건의 친환경 계획은 이를 접하는 학생들에게 오히 려 '녹색 건축'에 대한 그릇된 인식을 심어줄 수 있다. 녹색 건축 인증 평가항목 중 생태환경 부분에서 외부를 평가하는 항목은 존재하였지만 평가항목 중 학생들의 실외 건강환경 개선에 대한 인증평가 기준이 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구 는 국내 · 외 녹색건축 인증 기준을 비교 분석하고, 이론적 고찰을 통해 새로운 평가지표인 실외 건강지표에 대한 항목 을 도출하여 국내에 인증 / 비인증 학교시설를 대상으로 조 사분석 및 평가하여 녹색건축 인증기준의 기초자료로 제시 하고자 하였다. 실외 건강지표는 크게 열적 쾌적성 지표, 음이온, 녹지의 양을 각각 선정하였다. 이중 평균복사온도, 착의량, 대사량, 기류 등을 고려하여 열적 쾌적성 지표 중 UTCI, PMV, WBGT를 측정하였다. 녹지의 양은 녹피율과 녹지용적계수 를 각각 고려하였다. 연구대상지는 인천광역시 남구 및 남동구의 학교시설 중 녹색건축 인증을 받은 학교와 인천광역시 녹지보전 및 녹화 추진사업에서 선정된 학교시설을 대상으로 토지피복현황 이 같은 학교들을 선정하였다. 선정된 연구대상지를 녹색건 축 인증기준의 생태환경부문 평가를 실시하여 점수분포에 따라 유형Ⅰ, 유형Ⅱ, 유형Ⅲ으로 분류하였다. 조사기간은 열섬현상과 열적 스트레스가 가장 심한 여름으로 선정하였 으며, 장마기간이 지난 후인 7월 29일 ~ 8월 18일까지 실시 하였다. 측정지점은 토지피복현황에 따라 녹지, 수면, 건폐 지, 포장지, 운동장으로 나누었으며, 본 연구에서 선정된 학 교는 학교측의 요구로 인해 실제 학교명을 명시하지 않고 기호로 설정하였다. 학교별 기상특성의 경우 모든 학교에서 큰 유의차를 보이 지 않았으며, 유형Ⅰ C학교 운동장의 경우 에폭시 포장으 로, G학교 운동장의 경우 인조잔디로 조성되어있었다. C학 교 건폐지의 경우 벽면녹화 조성에 따라 다른 학교의 건폐 지 보다 쾌적할 것으로 예상되었다. 유형Ⅰ의 녹지면적 및 녹지량은 유형Ⅰ > 유형Ⅱ > 유형Ⅲ 순으로 높게 나타났다. 토지피복현황별 열적 쾌적성 특성은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 녹지의 경우 UTCI 지표는 유형Ⅰ > 유형Ⅱ > 유형Ⅲ 순으 로 쾌적하였으며, PMV 지표도 UTCI 지표와 유사한 수준 이었다. WBGT 지표의 경우 유형Ⅲ에서 10시 이후 부터 옥외활동이 제한되는 결과가 나타났으며, 학교간 비교분석 결과도 유형Ⅲ에서 유의차가 나타나 가장 불쾌적할 것으로 예상되었다. 둘째, 수면의 경우 UTCI 지표는 유형Ⅰ의 C학 교가 가장 일반적인 열 스트레스의 수치로 나타나 다소 쾌 적한 수준이었으며, 유형Ⅲ에서 매우 강한 열스트레스 이상 의 수치로 분석되어 다소 불쾌적한 것으로 사료되었다. PMV 지표의 경우도 유형Ⅲ에서 9시부터 불만족율 100% 의 수치가 나타나 매우 불쾌적한 상태이었다. WBGT 지표 결과 유형Ⅰ의 G학교와 유형Ⅲ에서 9시 이후 부터 옥외활 동이 제한되는 수치가 나타났으며, 학교간 비교 분석 결과 유형Ⅲ에서 유의차가 나타나 수면에서도 유형Ⅲ이 불쾌적 한 것으로 판단되었다. 셋째, 건폐지에서 UTCI, PMV, WBGT 지표 결과 유형Ⅰ의 C학교가 벽면녹화 조성으로 인해 다른 학교들과 유의차가 나타나 매우 쾌적한 것으로 판단되었다. 넷째, 포장지의 경우 UTCI, PMV 지표에서 모 든 유형의 학교간 유의차가 나타나지 않아 매우 불쾌적할 것으로 예상되었다. 다섯째, 운동장은 포장지와 유의한 수 준이었으며, 학교간 비교 분석 결과 유형Ⅱ의 M학교에서 유의차가 나타나 매우 쾌적할 것으로 예상되었다. 토지피복현황별 음이온 분포 특성은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 녹지의 경우 유형Ⅲ에서 음이온 농도가 낮게 분포되는 결과 가 나타났으며, 학교간 비교 분석 결과 유형Ⅰ > 유형Ⅱ > 유형Ⅲ 순이었다. 둘째, 수면의 경우 학교간 비교분석 결 과 녹지와 일치하는 결과가 나타났다. 셋째, 건폐지의 경우 유형Ⅰ C학교의 음이온 농도가 높게 분포되는 결과가 나타 났으며, 학교간 비교분석 결과 유형Ⅰ C학교에서 유의차가 나타났다. 넷째, 포장지의 경우 학교간 비교 분석 결과 유의 차가 없었다. 다섯째, 운동장의 경우 유형Ⅲ 의 음이온 농도 가 낮게 분포되는 결과가 나타났으며, 학교간 비교 분석 결 과 유형Ⅲ에서 유의차가 나타났다. 기상 및 녹지, 열적 쾌적성, 음이온 분포 상관분석 결과 열쾌적 지표인 UTCI, PMV, WBGT 모두 일사, 흑구온도와 정의 상관관계를, 음이온, 녹피율, 녹지용적계수와는 부의 상관성이 나타나 음이온 및 녹피율, 녹지용적계수가 감소할 수록 열쾌적 지표의 수치가 높아져 불쾌적할 것으로 판단되 었다.

Developing proper reduction strategies of indoor radon which have been an important issue in Korea requires proper information on source characteristics a phosphate gypsum board which is a common building material used for inter-wall thermal protection in Korea could be a major source of indoor radon level. This study evaluated the correlation between indoor radon concentration and the attribution of gypsum board content in building materials. In this study we valuated indoor/outdoor radon from 58 facilities selected based on the information availability of gypsum content in the building material across 8 different cities in Korea. Our results showed that indoor radon concentrations were 2 to 3 times higher than outdoor but those results were not significantly attributed from gypsum contents in the building material. Indeed, phosphate content in gypsum board did not significantly play a role in indoor radon level variations. It is concluded that physical environmental condition such as temperature, relative humidity, radon exhalation rate out of each building materials, as well as pathway from external sources (e.g., soil) needs to be identified to develop indoor radon reduction strategies.

The core aim of this paper is to empirically scrutinize a strength characteristic and ductility of the beam-column frame of reinforced with steel subjected to the cyclic lateral load. First and foremost, I the author embarks upon making four prototypes vis-à-vis this research. Through this endeavour, the author has analysed cyclic behavior, fracture shape, ductility and energy dissipation of the normal beam-column frame and a beam-column frame of reinforced with steel. In addition, the survey has revealed the exact stress transfer path and the destructive mechanism in order to how much a beam-column frame of reinforced with steel has resistance to earthquake regarding all types of building, as well as school construction. To get the correct data, the author has compared the normal beam-column frame and three types of the beam-column frame of reinforced with steel following these works, the characteristic of cyclic behavior, destructive mechanism, ductility, and Energy dissipation of normal beam-column frame and a beam-column frame of reinforced with steel have been examined clearly.

This study aims to find architectural characteristic of Nam-kwan-wang-myo as known as Nam-myo, Especially focusing on difference between before and after it’s reconstruction in 1899. Nam-kwan-wang-myo is a shrine for Kwan-woo who was warlord in ancient china. Belief of Kwan-Woo was introduced to Korea in Japanese invasion of 1592 and the shrine was built in 1598. Belief of Kwan-Woo diffused for the late Joseon. during the reign of Gojong, many people have faith in Kwan-Woo including the king. There was four Kwan-wang-myo around the Hanyang at that time. In 1899 a fire of unknown cause broke out at Nam-kwan-wang-myo, so the main buildings burned down. The king instructed reconstruction of the shrine even though there was in financial difficulties, it had done in the midst of a national crisis. The buildings almost restored as before. The buildings in the shrine has strong characteristics of Chinese architecture because it made by people of the Ming dynasty. Two side-by-side roofs, accumulated brick exterior are important architectural feature, but also all the buildings in the mail hall area Surrounded by the closed-connected fence is hard to find examples in Korea traditional architecture. And Nam-kwan-wang-myo just had maintained architectural characteristics including layout of buildings, shape of the each building until it’s reconstruction(1899).

Unlike the extrinsic Modern Functionalist, Louis I. Kahn, a modern American architect, had been pursued intrinsic architectural nature based on historicity; The Essence of Architecture, during his lifetime. That is the reason why he is generally called as one of frontiers toward Post-Modern Architecture. However, the actual meaning of his ‘The Essence of Architecture’ is so vague and unclear until today, because not only his complex personal thought and career but various and subjective interpretation by so many later architects and architectural theorists. In the context, this paper attempt to reanalyze and clarify Kahn's idea of ‘The Essence of Architecture’ with the deep and objective view of aesthetics focused on a distinguished contemporary German philosopher, N. Hartman’s idea of phenomenological relation and the stratified structure of a work of art.

This paper presents the seismic evaluation and prediction of a damaged piloti‐type Reinforced Concrete (RC) building before and after postretrofitting under successive earthquakes. For considering realistic successive earthquakes, the past records measured at the same station were combined. In this study, the damaged RC building due to the first earthquake was retrofitted with a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) before the second earthquake occurred. Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NTHA) was performed under the scaled intensity of the successive ground motions. Based on the extensive structural response data obtained form from the NTHA, the fragility relationships between the ground shaking intensity and the probability of reaching a pre‐determined limit state was were derived. In addition, The the fragility curves of the pre‐damaged building without and with the BRBs were employed to evaluate the effect of the successive earthquakes and the post‐retrofit effect. Through the seismic assessment subjected to the successive records, it was observed that the seismic performance of the pre‐damaged building was significantly affected by the severity of the damage from the first earthquake damages and the hysteresis behavior of the retrofit element.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Aldo Rossi's work as representation or non-representation, for some hold that the works of Aldo Rossi are representative and others say that they are non-representative. According to the three kinds of novelties appearing after Stephen Pepper's concept, “the breaking of reference” happens, and Aldo Rossi's concept, “the sense of deposition” Rossi's work is uncovered as non-representation. In order to clarify Rossi's work as non-representation, we are going to borrow Pepper's terms, intrusive novelty, emergent novelty, and naive novelty. The breaking of reference accompanies intrusive novelty to bring a sense of representation, emergent novelty to intuit a sense of non-representation, and naive novelty to a sense of newness of disorder. We hope to verify a hypothesis that Aldo Rossi's architectural thought and the architecture come from ‘emergent novelty’ on the basis of his two books, A Scientific Autobiography and Architecture of the City. Also this paper discusses qualitative aspects rather than visual aspects. The main concepts of emergent novelty are applied to Aldo Rossi's works and his thought. Finally this paper verifies 'the hypothesis' through revealing what Aldo Rossi means by the quality of suspension, the sense of deposition, and idea of the unfinished(repetition). Rossi's work is not textural reference of representation appearing after blocking, but qualitative reference of non-representation.

This research takes as its object a body of historical researches by a new generation of French architects in the 1970s, who tried to confront the deep crisis in architecture since the years 1960. The research begins by noting that the ideology of the architect as an autonomous and transcendental subject, an ideology held by the architects of the previous generation, was a main target that young architects wanted to criticize and overcome. From this observation, the research focuses on a antihumanistic project which gave basis for a significant number of historical researches on modern architecture and was the result of a reappropriation of the French structuralism intensively developed in the human and social sciences of that time in France. After a series of textual analyzes, we argue that a new perspective on the city and the relationship of the latter with the architecture on the one hand, and the proposal for an "modest" architect as an alternative figure after rejection of the autonomous and transcendental one on the other hand, have been derived as the outcome of anti-humanist historiographic works. Finally, we assume that these historical adventure gave conceptual basis for postmodern architecture in France, freed from the modern myth of unity of author and that of work of art, but tinted by a moralism requesting modesty to architects.