Image created by stack imaging spectral amplitudes based on the impact-echo (SIBIE) method is largely one-dimensional because a single frequency domain spectrum for wave reflected below a single point of impact is used to create the image. The method has limitations for representing defects in a cross section of a concrete structural element using two-dimensional coordinates. This study focused on defect detection and visualization in a concrete structural element using multiple impacts and accumulated SIBIE. An impactor was used to induce energy at multiple points at positioned at prescribed intervals along the structural element. A modified SIBIE method was applied to the collected data of each point and the modified SIBIE images were accumulated to generate one image (an accumulated SIBIE image).

Eco deck plate system is a construction method that deconstruction of galvanized steel sheets is possible by integrating steel-wire-integrated girders and the galvanized steel sheets with bolts. Therefore, compared with previous steel-wire-integrated deck plates which were joined by welding, the system is acknowledged as the construction method possible management and repair. This study conducted an experimental research by manufacturing total 24 full size specimens in a same condition for 12-shape specimens by two parts to evaluate structural behaviors of the eco deck plates. In the results after the test, permissible deflection for the construction load action was shown to be values under design values and satisfactory. The processing of lattice steel wires was presented to be structurally advantageous in being manufactured by cutting downward. Also, in case of a specimen that D13 as a steel wire was used, destruction occurred at the welding part of the bottom steel wire and the lattice steel wire, so improvement measures for the welding in factory manufacture are necessary.

LB-Deck is one of the widely used member in interior part of girders as a permanent formwork in structures, but it is not easy to apply to the exterior part of girder due to the overturning and excessive deflection. Considering allowable deflection and safety of the exterior part, Precast Concrete Cantilever Deck (PCC-Deck) is proposed with normal LB-Deck in inner part and extended bars of LB-Deck in outer part. Both numerical analyses and experimental tests were compared to check the safety and allowable deflection for 6 types of PCC-Deck, and D-type (with 16 mm top bar, 6 mm lattice bar, 12 mm bottom bar) is suggested as an optimal structural reinforcement to the 28 kN of maximum load and 27.49 mm of final deflection. The load resisting ratio of D-type under working load of 10 kN was about 2.8 times and 77.5% of improvement was observed.

In order to reduce seismic responses of a structure, additional dampers and vibration control devices are generally considered. Usually, control performance of additional devices are investigated for optimal design without variation of characteristics of a structure. In this study, multi-objective integrated optimization of structure-smart control device is conducted and possibility of reduction of structural resources of a building structure with smart top-story isolation system has been investigated. To this end, 20-story example building structure was selected and an MR damper and low damping elastomeric bearings were used to compose a smart base isolation system. Artificial earthquakes generated based on design spectrum of low-to-moderate seismicity regions are used for structural analyses. Based on numerical simulation results, it has been shown that a smart top-story isolation system can effectively reduce both structural responses and isolation story drifts of the building structure in low-to-moderate seismicity regions. The integrated optimal design method proposed in this study can provide various optimal designs that presents good control performance by appropriately reducing the amount of structural material and damping device.

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure, the correlation between a vegetation and an environment, a species diversity and a life-form of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF) located in Gageo-do Island. It is also the objective that the estimation of vegetation change founded on the species composition and characteristics. The vegetation of EBLF was classified into three forests or four community units as Machilus thunbergii forest (Polystichum polyblepharon-M. thunbergii community and Phaenosperma globosum-M. thunbergii community), Ilex integra-Castanopsis sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community and Neolitsea sericea stand. The ordination analysis by DCA is analogous with the vegetation structure analysis. As a result of the correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient) with environmental conditions, the Altitude has the significance with the distribution of communities. The total vegetation change by progress of succession will not be wandered away from the present vegetation structure practically, and the vegetation on the underlayers will be a little changed.

In this study, a comprehensive field monitoring was conducted to understand habitat conditions of fish species in up and downstream of Hoengseong Dam. Based on the monitoring data, riverine health conditions such as composition ratio of fish species, bio-diversity (dominance index, diversity, evenness and richness), index of biological integrity (IBI) and qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) were assessed, and optimal ecological flowrates (OEF) were estimated using the habitat suitability indexes (HSI) established for three fish species Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Pungtungia herzi and Microphysogobio longidorsalis selected as icon species using the physical habitat simulation system (PHABSIM). The total number of species sampled was 20 species, and two species of Zacco platypus (30.4%) and C. splendidus (20.9%) dominated the fish community. As a result, it was revealed that IBI and QHEI values decreased from upstream to downstream along the river. The estimated IBI value ranged from 24 to 36 with average being 30.9 out of 50, rendering the site ecologically fair to good health conditions. HSI for C. splendidus were determined according to three different month in terms of season: Spring (April), Summer (August) and Autumn (October). HSI for flow velocity were estimated at 0.7 to 0.8 m/s for the Spring, 0.5 to 1.0 m/s for the Summer and 0.8 to 0.9 m/s for the Autumn. HSI for water depth were estimated at 0.3 to 0.5 m for the Spring; 0.3 to 0.5 m for the Summer; and 0.3 to 0.4 m for the Autumn. OEF was estimated at 4.2 and 6.5 m3/s for the Spring and Autumn, and 12.0 m3/s for the Summer. Overall, it was concluded that the Hoengseong Dam has been relatively well protected from the anthropogenic disturbance for the legally protected species including the endemic species studied in this study.

최근 과학기술이 고도로 발달되어 있는 현대사회에서 자연재해에 대한 지속적인 대비와 예측이 진행되고 있는 가운데 인간은 자연재해를 극복하기 위하여 오랜기간 꾸준하게 노력을 시도하고 있다. 그러나 자연재해의 피해 또한 인간의 노력 이상으로 커지고 있으며 자연재해를 예방하기 위해서 자연재해위험지구 정비사업을 수행하고 있다. 그러나 정비사업 결과에 대한 구체적인 효과분석이 미비한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 자연재해위험지구 정비사업의 효과를 분석하기 위하여 분석대상지구를 선정하고 지역주민 현장설문조사를 실시하여 설문도구의 타당성과 신뢰도 분석을 실시하고 빈도 분석 및 기술통계 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 구조방정식모형(AMOS)을 통하여 정책의 타당성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 자연재해정비사업의 정책은 합리성과 적합성이 담보되어 있고, 지역주민의 정신적·물리적 환경을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정비사업에 대하여 긍정적인 인식을 형성하였으며, 정부의 정치적 지지도까지 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자연재해정비사업의 진행은 합리성과 적합성이 담보된 사업이고 이는 지역사회를 발전시키고 건전한 민주주의 발전까지 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

제한수역에서 측벽부근을 대형선박이 항행할 경우, 측벽으로 인하여 발생하는 유체력이 대형선박의 조종운동에 상당히 크게 영향을 미친다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 이 논문에서는 방파제형상을 하고 있는 측벽 부근을 대형선박이 항행하는 경우, 선박과 방파제 형상간의 간섭력 추정을 위해 세장체 이론을 토대로 한 계산 방법을 적용하였으며, 선박에 미치는 측벽의 영향을 파악하기 위하여 방파제길이, 방파제와 선박간의 거리 및 수심을 변수로 하여 선박과 측벽과의 간섭력을 수치 계산하였다.

The selection of appropriate ground motions and reasonable modification are becoming increasingly critical in reliable prediction on seismic performance of structures. A widely used amplitude scaling approach is not sufficient for robust structural evaluation considering a site specific seismic hazard because only one spectral value is matched to the design spectrum typically at the structural fundamental period. Hence alternative approaches for ground motion selection and modifications have been suggested. However, there is no means to evaluate such methodologies yet. In this study, it is focused to describe the main questions resided in the amplitude scaling approach and to propose a regression model for structural damage as point of comparison. Spectrum compatible approach whose resulting spectrum matches the design spectrum at the entire range of the structural period is considered as alternative to be compared to the amplitude scaling approach. The design spectrum is generated according to ASCE7-05.

본 연구는 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥수수 품종개발을 위하여 육성한 79개의 자식계통들에 대하여 SSR 분자마커를 이용하여 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석을 실시하였다. 집단구조 분석결과, 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들은 groups I, II, III, IV, admixed group으로 구분되었다. 4개의 옥수수 자식계통은 group I에 포함되었고, Group II는 총 17개의 자식계통들이 포함되었다. 그리고 6개의 자식계통들은 Group III에 포함되었으며, 22개의 자식계통들은 Group IV에 포함되었다. 그리고 admixed group에는 30개 옥수수 자식계통들로 구성되었다. 더욱이 본 연구에서는 튀김옥수수 자식계통들에서 분석에 이용된 50개 SSR 마커와 13개의 질적, 양적 형질과의 연관성을 분석하기 위해서 association mapping 분석을 실시하였으며, false positive associations을 최소화하기 위해서 population structure(Q), kinship(K) 값을 이용하여 Q GLM과 Q+K MLM 분석을 실시하였다. 0.05의 유의수준에서, Q GLM 분석을 이용하여 총 44개의 SSR 마커가 12개의 형질과 association을 보였고, Q+K MLM을 이용하여 분석하였을 때, 총 25개의 SSR 마커가 12개의 형질과 association을 보였다. 그리고 0.01의 유의수준에서, Q GLM 분석에서는 34개의 SSR 마커와 12개 형질의 association을 확인하였다. 더욱이 Q+K MLM을 이용하여 8개의 SSR 마커는 5개의 형질과 association을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들에 대한 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석의 결과는 앞으로 강원도농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥수수 품종개발을 위한 계통 육성 및 교배조합 구성 등에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

The species composition and variation of marine plants at Saguenjin in the east coast of Korea were investigated monthly from October 2008 to December 2009. As a result, 92 species of marine plants identified, 91 species were seaweeds (7 green algae, 22 brown algae, 62 red algae) and 1 were sea grass. Dominant species in importance value were melobesioidean algae, Ulva pertusa and Phyllospadix iwatensis. The vertical distribution of algae were characterized by melobesioidean algae, U. pertusa at 3 m depth, melobesioidean algae, P. iwatensis and U. pertusa at 5 m depth and melobesioidean algae, Chondrus ocellatus and Prionitis cornea at 10 m depth.

Das Rechtsgut der Eigentumsdelikte ist das Eigentum. Das Rechtsgut der Eigentumsdelikte ist aber nicht das bürgerlich-rechtliche Eigentum als formaller Sollenssatz. Dieses wird durch Zueignungstaten in der Regel nicht einmal gefährdet. Strafrechtlich geschütztes Eigentum der Unterschlagung ist entgegen herrschenden Meinung nicht eine Herrschaftsbeziehung des Eigentümers zur Sache, sondern eine interpersonales Rechtsverhältnis zwischen Eigentümer und Täter in Bezug auf eine Sache. Die Eigentumsverletzung im Unterschlagungstatbestand liegt in der Verletzung des Ausschließungsrechtes des Eigentümers. Eine Eigentumsverletzung bedarf daher keiner Sachbehandlung. Die Vollendung der Unterschlagung heißt die Zueignung. Alle Eigentumsverletzungen sind nicht die Zueignung. Der Begriff der Zueueignung in Diebstahl und Unterschlagung ist identisch. Die Zueignung besteht aus den Elementen der Enteignung und der Aneignung. Enteignung liegt vor, wenn der Täter vereitelt, dass der Eigentümer sein Ausschließungsrecht ausüben kann, den Täter vom Zugriff auf die Sache auszuschließen. Die Enteignung muss auf Dauer angelegt sein. Aneignung ist Nutzung der Sache für selbstbezogene Zwecke. Zueignung ist somit die auf Dauer angelegte Vereitelung des Ausschließungsrechts, das dem Eigentümer gegenüber dem Täter zusteht, an einer Sache, die der Täter als Eigenbesitzer für sich nutzt. Die Enteignung als qualifizierte Eigentumsverletzung bezieht sich auf die Rechtsbeziehung zwischen Täter und Eigentümer. Die Aneignung bezieht sich unmittelbar auf die Sache. Die Manifestationstheorie zum Gehalt der Zueignung des Art. 355 Abs.1 normiert Gesinnungsstrafrecht. Für die Annahme der Unterschlagung muss eine vollendete Zueignung vorliegen. Die Verwirklichung von Enteignung und Aneignung ist zwingend erforderlich. Die Unterschlagung ist damit Verletungs-und damit Erfolgsdelikt. Im Gegensatz dazu sieht die koreanische Rechtsprechung neulich den Unterschlagungstatbestand als konkretes Gefährdungsdelikt an. Die Vollendung der Unterschlagung richte sich danach, ob das Rechtsgut Eigentum konktret gefährdet ist oder nicht. Auch die koreanische Wissenschaft berft sich auch die Eigentumsverletzung. Beide sind darüber einig. Die Vollendung bezieht sich nicht die Verletzung oder Gefährdung des Rechtsguts, sondern die Verwirklichung des Tatbestandes. Die Verwirklichung des Tatbestandes bezieht sich in der Unterschlagung natürlich die Zueignung. Trotzdem erkennt man in Korea noch nicht einmal den Zueignungsbegriff in der Unterschlagung. Die Zueignungsdogmatik ist noch nicht begonnen. Der vorliegender Beitrag versucht in diesem Sinne die Struktur der Unterschlagung zu erklären.

핵폐기물을 고화시키는 재료로 사용하는 붕규산염(borosilicate) 유리의 용해는 지층 처분장에 처리된 고준위 방사성 폐기물의 생태계 유출을 결정할 수 있는 중요한 화학반응이다. 습식 실험에서 유리의 용해속도(dissolution rate)는 유리 화학조성에 의해 크게 좌우되는 것이 관찰된다. 유리의 bulk 구조를 규명한 분광분석 실험에 의하면 유리의 화학조성과 분자수준(molecular-level) 구조(예: SiO4 사면체의 연결구조와 B 원소의 배위구조) 사이의 상관관계가 존재한다. 따라서 화학조성에 따른 유리 용해도의 차이는 조성에 따른 bulk 내부구조의 변화로 이해되어 왔다. 그런데 유리 표면은 수용액과 계면을 이루면서 용해 과정에서 가장 직접적으로 반응하는 부분이기 때문에, 화학조성에 따른 표면구조 변화에 대한 지식 또한 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 분자 동역학(molecular dynamics, MD) 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 4가지의 다른 화학조성을 가지는 소듐붕규산염 유리(xNa2O·B2O3·ySiO2 화학조성)에 대하여 bulk 구조와 실험으로 얻기 어려운 표면(surface) 구조를 연구하였다. MD 시뮬레이션은 유리 표면의 화학조성과 분자수준 구조가 bulk의 것과 매우 상이한 결과를 보여준다. 본 연구의 MD 시뮬레이션 결과는 화학조성에 따른 유리 용해도(특히 초기 용해과정)는 bulk 구조의 변화보다 유리 표면구조의 변화에 의해 크게 좌우될 수 있다는 표면구조에 대한 이해의 중요성을 역설한다.

런칭거더를 이용하여 상부구조를 가설하는 건설현장에서 런칭거더가 붕괴하여 인접하는 상부구조 및 하부구조에 일시적인 큰 충격하중을 가하므로 인하여 손상이 발생되었다. 따라서 손상이 발생된 상부구조와 하부구조의 건전성을 평가하여 장기적인 안전성 및 내구성을 확보할 수 있는가를 평가하기 위하여 정밀안전진단을 실시하였다.