The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effect of three interventions on the disuse atrophy of rat hindlimb after two weeks suspension. Forty-eight 11~12 weeks old female Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into four intervention groups: 1) suspension only (S; n=10), 2) intensive weight bearing treadmill (IWBT; n=10), 3) electrical stimulation (ES; n=9), 4) 2)+3) (ES/IWBT; n=9). Another 10 rats received no intervention or hindlimb suspension and served as controls (C). After the interventions, 1) the cross-sectional area (CSA), 2) the ratio of white muscle fiber composition (WMFC), 3) isometric tetanic tension (ITT), and 4) muscle weights (MWs) were measured from the four calf muscle specimens. The results were as follows: 1. In all intervention groups, the CSAs of medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG LG), soleus (SOL), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) decreased when compared to the control (C) group (p<.05). The CSA increased in FDS and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 2. The ratios of WMFC in MG, LG, SOL, and FDS increased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ratios of WMFC decreased in SOL and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group, and decreased in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the IWBT group (p<.05). 3. The ITT in the MG, LG, SOL, and FDS decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ITT increased in MG LG/FDS, SOL, and the whole calf muscles (WCMs) in the IWBT, ES and ES/IWBT groups compared to the S only group (p<.05). 4. The MWs in MG LG/FDS, SOL, WCMs decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The MWs increased in MG LG/FDS and WCMs for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES group, and in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 5. In atrophied muscles, the IWBT group showed the best recovery and the ES/IWBT and ES groups followed in decreasing order. The most susceptible muscle to disuse atrophy was the SOL. But conversely, it showed the best recovery in the ES/IWBT group. After two weeks of hindlimb suspension, the calf muscles of rats atrophied and their isometric tension decreased. These changes were best reversed by hindlimb-focused treadmill activity. The next best results were achieved by electrical stimulation combined with the treadmill followed by only electrical stimulation. These findings indicate that full weight bearing treadmill activity alone or in combination with electrical stimulation are effective treatments for non-weight bearing induced muscle atrophy. Further study of the effect of different intensities of electrical stimulation and variations in the duration period of full weight bearing treadmill activity on disuse atrophy is recommended.

The evaluation of mental workload is measured by subjective ratings, physiological signals. It takes long time to analysis the measured signals and is very tedious and time-consumming work. Therefore, to evaluate the affect of workload effectively, real-time measurement system is required. In this paper, real-time mental workload measurement system using cardiac autonomic indiced which reflect well the mental workload was developed and evaluated. Analyzed indices were HR, IBI, Lorentz plot, CSI, CVI, and LF/HF ratio of heart rate variability. The system was applied to evaluate the affect of arithmetic task and showed good results. This system was consisted of ECG amplifier, A/D converter, and personal computer, and algorithm was implemented using LabVIEW.

MMH(Manual Material Handling)와 관련되어 최근 요통질환으로 인한 요양신청이 크게 증가하는 추세에 있다. 본 연구에서는 Lifting 작업시 적용되는 중요 요소들 중 수평거리가 변함에 따른 IEMG 값을 이용하여 EMG 변화를 살펴보았다. 좌ㆍ우 EMG 값간에는 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 수평거리 35cm와 55cm간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이는 수평거리가 길어질 경우 척추기립근의 동원량이 증가한다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 요추부의 부담도를 줄이기 위해 수평거리를 줄이는 것이 요통예방을 위해 무엇보다 중요한 것이라 하겠다. 인체측정치와 EMG 값 사이의 상관관계에서는 35cm일 때 키, 가슴둘레, 허리둘레 등이, 55cm일 때 체중, 몸통너비, 허리두께, 손바닥폭 등이 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다.

增水時계류수질은 강우시에 발생하는 토양 표층의 유출과 지하수 유출에 의해 수질이 많은 영향을 받는다(松浦陽次郞, 1993). 增水時의 pH는 평균 6.78로 평수시의 7.31보다 낮게 조사되었으며, 특히 정점 4의 경우 pH 변화 폭이 4.32에서 7.24로 수질이 매우 불안정한 상태로 나타났다. 강우에 대한 수질 응답특성에서 Type 1의 경향을 나타내는 이온성분은 DOC, SiO2, Type 2의 경향을 나타내는 이온성분은 NO3-N, K+으로 나타났다. 시간에 따른 이온의 농도 변화는 강우강도 및 강우지속시간에 의해서 다른 양상을 보일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 비강우일수 289일 동안 유출량은 Ca2+은 17.89 ton, Mg2+은 1.23 ton, Na+은 6.84 ton, SO4 2-은 6.81 ton, SiO2 는 4.59 ton, DOC는 2.16 ton, K+은 1.65 ton, Cl-은 1.28 ton, NO3-N은 1.00 ton이 유출되는 것으로 나타났으며, 강우일수 76일 동안의 유출량은 Ca2+은 1.44 ton, Na+은 0.25 ton, SO4 2-은 0.24 ton, K+은 0.11 ton, Cl-은 0.12 ton, NO3-N은 0.02 ton, Mg2+은 0.08 ton, DOC는 0.05 ton, SiO2는 0.02 ton유출되는 것으로 산정되었다. 增水時와 비강우시를 고려하여 연간 유출부하량으로 산정하면, Ca2+은 23.8 ton/yr, Na+은 7.0 ton/yr, SO4 2-은 2.6 ton/yr, K+은 2.4 ton/yr, DOC는 2.19 ton/yr, Cl-은 1.9 ton/yr, Mg2+은 1.7 ton/yr, NO3-N은 1.6 ton/yr이 유출되는 것으로 나타났다. 增水기간 동안 유출부하량은 연간 유출부하량의 약 20% 이상의 기여율을 보이는 것으로 조사되었다.

본 연구에서는 동절기 시설원예용 하우스의 열환경, 난방방식별 에너지 소비 특성, 하우스내 열이동 프로세스자 난방효율에 대해서 중점적으로 검토하였다. 동절기 하우스의 벽체, 지붕을 통해 손실되는 관류열량을 정량적으로 계산하므로서, 하우스의 단열계획 및 난방에너지 절약을 유도할 수 있는 기초데이터를 제시하였다. 난방방식별 실내외 온도차와 에너지 소비량과의 관계를 정량적으로 도출하므로서, 쾌적성, 경제성을 고려한 최적의 하우스 난방방식 선정과 난방기 운용의 효율화를 유도하기 위한 기초자료를 제시하였다 난방방식별 실내외 온도차와 에너지 소비량과의 관계로부터 도출된 결과는 심야전력 난방이 온풍난방에 비해 난방효율이 현저히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 덕트 주변의 수평 및 연직방향으로 다수의 열전대를 설치하여 온풍 난방시 덕트주변의 작물에 미칠 수 있는 고온피해 발생 가능성을 검토하였으나, 약 1℃이내의 비교적 균일한 온도가 계측되므로서, 온풍에 의한 주변작물의 고온피해는 관측되지 않았다. 덕트 길이방향으로 일정간격마다 덕트내부에 열전대를 설치하여 덕트길이에 따른 온도하강 추이를 검토한 결과, 덕트 단위길이당 0.5~0.8℃의 온도강하가 계측되었다.

The purpose of this study focused how to show physiological responses comparing exercise group and non exercise group for progressive maximal wheelchair ergometer exercise loading in complete paraplegia. It also examined the various factors which would be influenced physiological responses. Sixteen subjects have been investigated in this study, and the subjects are divided into two groups as follows: 1) exercise group (7 subjects) 2) non exercise group (9 subjects). Each test was terminated by physical exhaustion and/or an inability to maintain a flywheel velocity. The results were as follows: 1) No difference was noted in pulmonary function test between two groups. 2) Emax value during maximal exercise was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). The mean Emax of exercise group was , non exercise group was . 3) () value during maximal exercise was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). The mean () of exercise group was , non exercise group was . 4) max(ml/kg/min) value during maximal exercise was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). The mean () of exercise group was , non exercise group was . 5) Maximal heart rate(HRmax) value during maximal exercise was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). The mean HRmax of exercise group was 180.43 beats/min, non exercise group was 175.00 beats/min. 6) value during maximal exercise was not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). The mean of exercise group was , non exercise group was . Considering the results which explore the exercise group with paraplegia has shown the maximal aerobic power compared with non exercise group, regular and consistent physical training is highly assumed as a main factor to improve cardiopulmonary fitness.

The nature of entrainment between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm was investigated while normal human subjects were walked or running on a treadmill. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and type of coordination between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm during running at different work load. The experiments were carried out on 12 untrained volunteers exercising at 3 work loads (2 METs, 3 METs, 4 METs in randomized order). The gait cycle was measured by electromyography (EMG) signal of gastrocnemius firing and the respiratory cycle was measured by a thermometer. We found that the ratio between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm existed and 2:1 ratio between the locomotor-respiratory coupling was dominant at 2 METs and 3 METs

In motor learning, the relative frequency of external feedback is the proportion of external feedback presentations divided by the total number of practice trials. In earlier studies, increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected leg of hemiplegic patients, external feedback was continuously produced as the patient attempted to perform a movement. This feedback was produced to enhance the learning effect. However, recent studies in nondisabled populations have suggested that compared with 100% relative frequency conditions, practice with lower relative frequencies is more effective. My study compared the effect of 100% relative frequency conditions with 67% relative frequency conditions to determine what effect they exerted on motor learning for increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected lower limbs of patients with hemiplegia. Twenty-four hemiplegic patients were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Each group practiced weight transfer motor learning on a machine. During practice, visual feedback was offered to all subjects. The experiment was carried out with full visual feedback for patients in group one but only 67% visual feedback for patients in group two. The percentage of loading on the affected leg was recorded four times: before learning (baseline value), immediately after learning, 30 minutes after learning, 24 hours after learning. The results were as follows: 1. In the 100% visual feedback group, the percentage of loading on the affected leg increased significantly in all three testing modes over the baseline value. 2. In the 67% visual feedback group, the percentage of loading on the affected leg increased significantly in all three measurements. 3. Immediately after learning, the learning effect was not significantly different between the two groups, but was significantly greater after both the 30 minutes delay and the 24 hours period. These results suggest that the 33% reduction in the provision of visual feedback may enhance the learning effect of increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected leg in patients with hemiplegia.