The purpose of this study is to explore historical and cultural backgrounds of early twentieth century in Paris, France and examine musical characteristics of selected songs of Les Six through analysis. This study investigates songs of Les Six, which possess valuable learning aspects technically and musically and present artistic aesthetics of early twentieth century France, but have not been studied suffciently as an appropriate twentieth century French repertoire for singers, teachers, and music researchers. Les Six was a group of talented and young composers gatering under Erik Satie (1866-1925) and Jean Cocteau (1889-1963) pursuing true French music that was independent from German Romantic and Debussy's impressionism. Also, Les Six has been recognized as representing composers of contemporary French music in the early of twentieth century. The study briefly examine the cultural and historical background of early twentieth century France and the formation and aesthetics of the group of six composers, Georges Auric(1899-1983), Loise Durey(1888-1979), Arthur Honegger(1892-1955), Darius Milhaud(1892-1974), Francis Poulenc(1899-1963) and Germaine Tailleferre(1892-1983). The selected songs of "Les Six" present a unique style such as neo-classical simplicity, embracement of tradition and modern qualities, and integration of characteristics of popular music, refined and controlled expression, and suble relationships between text and music.

이 연구에서는 36년간(1970-2005년)의 장기 데이터를 이용하여 우리나라에 영향을 미치는 태풍의 대부분이 통과하는 남해의 해수면 온도와 태풍의 세기 변화와의 관계를 분석, 연구하였다. 우리나라 남해의 해수면온도는 연구 기간 동안 지속적으로 상승하는 추세를 보인다. 1996년 이래 10년간(1996-2005년)의 평균 해수면온도는 16.77℃로 1970년대 10년간(1970-1979년)의 평균 해수면온도 15.74℃보다 1.03℃나 높다. 특히, 1994년 이후 그 상승폭은 크다. 태풍의 세기는 최저해면기압에 의하여 나타낼 수 있다. 남해를 통과하면서 우리나라에 영향을 미친 태풍의 최저해면기압의 변화를 살펴보면, 1970년 이후 지속적으로 하강하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 1996년 이래 10년간(1996-2005년)의 평균 최저 해면기압은 979.2hPa로, 1970년대 10년간(1970-1979년)의 평균 최저해면기압 989.3hPa보다 10.1Pa이나 낮다. 상관분석에 의하여, 1970년 이후의 태풍 세기 강화는 남해 해수면온도의 상승과 상관이 있다는 사실을 확인하였다.

The aim of this study is to achieve a better theoretical comprehension of the 16th century music. The "modal theory" is a problematic term of Renaissance discourse about music. The 16th-century modal theory drew upon and was synthesized with diverse theoretical traditions. The aspects of modal theory that are most directly concerned with a tonal structure are discussions of modes and counterpoint. In this vein, a mode is not only a music-theoretical construct, an inherited category in a fixed set of categories, but also a tonal type in 16th century music that forms a music-analytical construct. Many changes in modal thought resulted in tensions that are reflected in 16th century theoretical writing, musical composition, and editorial practice. A general trend in 16th-century printed collections was from less tonal ordering to more, and the organization of cyclic sets became more and more common according to modal schemes as the century went on. It is important that major composers of the second half of the century adopted the old system of 8 modes. It centers round the compositions and theoretical writings of Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-90), the most famous theorist of the 16th century. Zarlino adopted Glarean`s nomenclature, including the aeolian and ionian modes. Thus, motet, "Ego veni in hortum meum"-which Zarlino had composed a representation of mode 5 in Canticum Canticorum (1540), labeled as ionian in his 1549 motet print, and mode 11 in the 1558 edition of Le istitutioni harmoniche, and mode 1 in the Dimonstrationi harmoniche (1571). This is a fair representation of multi-faceted situation that held away from the 1570s well into the 17th century. A particular 16th century tonal type has evolved into a particular 17th- century and 18th-century tonality.

遺逸은 16세기 조선조 사대부문학의 작자층 가운데에서 학덕이나 재능을 지 녀 朝官이 될 자질을 갖추고도 벼슬하지 않고 재야에 은거하는 未入仕者를 말 한다. 士禍라는 정치적 소용돌이 속에서 자신의 근거지로 은거한 이들은 현실 을 외면하지 않고 끊임없는 학문연구와 심성수양을 통해 온전한 인격을 추구하 였으며, 향촌을 교화하고 도학을 전파하는 등 경색된 현실에도 굴하지 않고 士 로서의 정체성 확립에 부단히 노력하였다. 그리하여 사회적 비중과 신망이 조 정에서 벼슬하는 관료보다 더 높아져, 조정에서는 이들을 예우하여 徵召하였다. 곧 遺逸은 출사하지 않으면서도 지방에서 백성의 신망이 두텁던 당대 碩儒들로 서, 우리 역사상 매우 특별한 의미를 갖는 시대적 산물이라 할 수 있다. 이들의 삶의 터전은 산수자연이었다. 그들은 자신의 은거지에 대한 애정이 남 달랐고, 은거지 주변의 명산과 절경을 유람하는 것으로 이를 표출하였다. 유람 에서 만나는 자연경물에 자신의 심정을 붙여 술회하였는데, 그들에게 있어 산 수자연은 ‘본래 그러한 것, 본래 그러한 모습으로 존재했던 것’으로만 인식되지 않았다. 특히 16세기 조선조는 성리학 연구의 심화가 이루어지던 시기이다. 이 들은 당대 최고의 지식인이자 성리학자였기 때문에, 그들에게 있어 산수자연은 당대의 不正한 현실을 인식하는 자신의 의식을 대변하는 것이었다. 특히 은거지 중심의 유람에서 표출되는 산수자연은 현실에서의 좌절을 수양으로 승화시키는 지식인의 의식세계를 그대로 표현한 것이다. 예컨대 현실을 외면할 수 없는 성리학자였던 만큼 자연경물을 통해 현실의 不 正 및 민생고에 대한 불만을 표출하였고, 역사유적지를 접하면 그 시대를 회고 하고 나아가 이를 바탕으로 현실을 반성하는 계기로 삼았다. 무엇보다 물러나 있지만 자아를 각성하고 심성수양에 진력했던 이들에게 산수자연은 士意識을 고취하는 매개로 작용하였다. 곧 당대 관료세계에 피동적으로 편입되기를 거부 하고 물러났던 조선조 士人의 의식을 산수자연으로 표출하였던 것이다.

As a part of the research of small gardens, this study was carried out to survey the history and culture of 19C English and Australasian cottage garden. This western garden study will be expected to change Korean suburban and rural garden style delightfully and plentifully. The results of these studies are summarized as follows. The cottager appeared in the English landscape and social system after the Black Death and with him, the cottage garden. But, the suburban garden is the ancestor of the stylized English cottage gardens. Loudon created the nineteen-century suburban garden which, in the long run, influenced the shape and planting of rural cottage garden too. Loudon worked out rules from Repton's theory and practice, and then modified for the smaller. A measure of regularity is imposed by two conditions: the fact that suburban gardens are rectangular and fenced; and his own ideas for what he called 'gardenesque'. Miss Gertrude Jekyll could recognize the cottager's unwittingly good examples, could deduce from it some widely applicable rules. From the old cottage garden Gertrude Jekyll borrowed the charm of natural simplicity, produced a garden style from it and, at last, made the cottage garden self-conscious. It was a good example of the art which conceals art, not of artlessness. To sum up: the rules for laying out and planting the cottage garden are straightforward; The design should be rectangular and very simple; The native plant species can be included in the planting, and every cultivar not later than, say, the middle of the nineteenth century, excepting those which have never been associated with the 'idea' of a cottage garden. Australasian cottage gardens have derived from the English originals. They were also a fairly uncomplicated structure based on a grid of straight paths and a wide selection of flowering plants, shrubs, bulbs, annuals, biennials, perennials and climbers planted with no particular regard to flowering season or stature and with an unsophisticated colour scheme. The ideas of Loudon were most popular and widely read. As the century advanced, the transformation of the cottage garden was furthered into the flower garden. They took the news of the latest discoveries and productions in their stride and eagerly welcoming. However, aside from the profusion of the planting, the use of favourite old flowers and the random scatter of flowering shrubs, perennials, bulbs and other plants, the most important is still the simplicity of the design.@