Programmed cell death or apoptosis is associated with changes in K+ concentration in many cell types. Recent studies have demonstrated that two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels are involved in mouse embryonic development and apoptotic volume decrease of mammalian cells. In cerebellar granule neurons that normally undergo apoptosis during the early developmental stage, TASK-1 and TASK-3, members of K2P channels, were found to be critical for cell death. This study was performed to identify the role of K+ channels in the H2O2-induced or cryo-induced cell death of mouse and bovine embryos. Mouse and bovine two-cell stage embryos (2-cells) exposed to H2O2 for 4 h suffered from apoptosis. The 2-cells showed positive TUNEL staining. Treatment with high concentration of KCl (25mM) inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis of 2-cells by 19%. Cryo-induced death in bovine blastocysts showed positive TUNEL staining only in the cells near the plasma membrane. Cryoprotectant supplemented with 25 mM KCl reduced apoptosis slightly compared to cryoprotectant supplemented with 5 mM KCl. However, the combination of antioxidants (β-mercaptoethanol) with 25 mM KCl significantly decreased the rate of H2O2-induced and cryo-induced apoptosis compared to treatments with only antioxidants or 25 mM KCl. These results show that blockage of K+ channel efflux for a short-time reduces H2O2- and cryo-induced apoptosis in mouse and bovine embryos. Our findings suggest that apoptosis in mouse and bovine embryos might be controlled by modulation of K+ channels which are highly expressed in a given cell type.

NiO catalysts were successfully coated onto FeCrAl metal alloy foam as a catalyst support via a dip-coating method. To demonstrate the optimum amount of NiO catalyst on the FeCrAl metal alloy foam, the molar concentration of the Ni precursor in a coating solution was controlled, with five different amounts of 0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, 1.0 M, and 1.2 M for a dip-coating process. The structural, morphological, and chemical bonding properties of the NiO-catalyst-coated FeCrAl metal alloy foam samples were assessed by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). In particular, when the FeCrAl metal alloy foam samples were coated using a coating solution with a 0.8 M Ni precursor, well-dispersed NiO catalysts on the FeCrAl metal alloy foam compared to the other samples were confirmed. Also, the XPS results exhibited the chemical bonding states of the NiO phases and the FeCrAl metal alloy foam. The results showed that a dip-coating method is one of best ways to coat well-dispersed NiO catalysts onto FeCrAl metal alloy foam.

PTMSP[Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)]-NaY zeolite 복합막이 PTMSP에 0∼50 wt% NaY zeolite를 첨가하여 제조되었다. 이 막들의 특성을 FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GPC, DSC, TGA, SEM에 의해서 조사하였다. 기체투과 실험은 23∼26°C, 2 kgf/cm2에서 행하였고, 복합막에 대한 수소와 질소의 투과선택성은 NaY zeolite 함량에 따라 조사하였다. TGA 측정에 의하면 PTMSP에 NaY zeolite가 첨가되었을 때 PTMSP의 열적 안정성은 향상되었다. SEM 관찰에 의하면 NaY zeolite는 PTMSP-NaY zeolite 복합막 내에 약 1.5 µm 크기로 분산되어 있었다. PTMSP-NaY zeolite 복합막에 대한 N2와 H2의 투과도는 NaY zeolite 함량이 증가하면 증가하였다. 그리고 PTMSP-NaY zeolite 복합막의 N2에 대한 H2의 선택성은 NaY zeolite 함량이 증가하면 감소하였다.

In this study, nano-scale copper powders were reduction treated in a hydrogen atmosphere at the relativelyhigh temperature of 350℃ in order to eliminate surface oxide layers, which are the main obstacles for fabricating anano/ultrafine grained bulk parts from the nano-scale powders. The changes in composition and microstructure beforeand after the hydrogen reduction treatment were evaluated by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile patternsusing the convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) procedure. In order to confirm the result from the XRD lineprofile analysis, transmitted electron microscope observations were performed on the specimen of the hydrogen reduc-tion treated powders fabricated using a focused ion beam process. A quasi-statically compacted specimen from the nano-scale powders was produced and Vickers micro-hardness was measured to verify the potential of the powders as thebasis for a bulk nano/ultrafine grained material. Although the bonding between particles and the growth in size of theparticles occurred, crystallites retained their nano-scale size evaluated using the XRD results. The hardness results dem-onstrate the usefulness of the powders for a nano/ultrafine grained material, once a good consolidation of powders isachieved.

This study was carried out to investigate the response characteristics of a hydrogen sulfide electrochemical gassensor for several wastewater odors. At first, it was found that bubbling sampling method was superior toheadspace sampling method in terms of sensor sensitivity. High correlation between odor concentration and sensorresults was shown for two wastewater which were r=0.977 for food-waste recycling wastewater and r=0.997for food industry wastewater. On the other hand, no correlation (r=0.258) was found for plating wastewater,because hydrogen sulfide was not the main odorant for that.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the MC1R genotypes of the Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) sires on the coat colors of their offspring. In this study, 15 Chikso sires with known MC1R genotypes were used for breeding in the Gangwon Province Livestock Research Center, the Chungbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research, and the Livestock Experiment Station, Jeonbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research from either 2011 or 2012 to 2013. There were 6 sires with E+E+ genotypes and 9 sires with E+e genotypes, and their coat colors were all whole brindle (more than 50 of the body). Among the 90 calves produced in 2011∼2013 or 2012∼2013 from the 15 sires, 50 (55.6%) of them were females and 40 (44.4%) of them were males. Coat colors of the offspring were determined when they reached over 6 months of age. Calves with whole brindle, part brindle, brown and black coat colors were 42 (48.3%), 11 (12.6%), 18 (20.7%) and 16 (18.4%), respectively. Ratio of calves with whole brindle coat color was higher than any other coat colors. Among the offspring with whole brindle color, 20 (41.7%) calves were female and 22 (51.3%) calves were male. By determining the MC1R genotypes of the dams and calves in this study along the family lines, and investigating other genes that may be involved in the coat colors of the Chikso, better breeding system may be established to increase the brindle coat color appearance in the future.

본 연구는 염지공정에 사용되는 대표적인 염지제 종류를 각각 또는 혼합 처리한 돈육 등심의 품질 특성을 확인하고, 육제품 특성에 영향하는 각 염지제의 특성을 확인코자 실시하였다. 본 실험의 원료육은 돈육 등심을 이용하여 염지제를 첨가하지 않은 대조구(C)와 소금 5%(T1), 인산염 5%(T2), 탄산수소나트륨 3%(T3), 소금 5% + 인산염 5%(T4), 소금 5% + 탄산수소나트륨 3%(T5) 및 인산염 5% + 탄산수소나트륨 3%(T6) 등 원료육 중량의 10%를 기준으로 처리구를 설정하였다. 주입된 처리구들은 준비된 폴리백에 보관 후 24시간 동안 4℃에 냉장보관 하였다. pH 측정 결과, 5.44-6.04의 범위를 보였으며, 소금 염지 처리구(T1)을 제외한 모든 처리구에서 대조구보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 육즙감량(%)은 대조구에서 다른 처리구들에 비해 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 보수력(%) 또한 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 높은 경향을 보이며 T1과 T3 처리구에서 가장 높은 보수력을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 단백질 용해성의 총단백질 및 근원 섬유단백질 농도는 모든 처리구에서 높은 용해성을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 결과적으로 염지제의 종류 및 이의 혼합 처리에 따른 돈육 등심의 이화학적 특성에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 염지제의 처리는 근육의 pH 상승과 육즙 손실의 감소, 보수력 및 단백질 용해성을 증가시켜 육제품의 품질특성에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

Cu-Ni alloys with unidirectionally aligned pores were prepared by freeze-drying process of CuO-NiO/cam-phene slurry. Camphene slurries with dispersion stability by the addition of oligomeric polyester were frozen at -25˚C,and pores in the frozen specimens were generated by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air. The green bod-ies were hydrogen-reduced at 300˚C and sintered at 850˚C for 1h. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that CuO-NiOcomposite powders were completely converted to Cu-Ni alloy without any reaction phases by hydrogen reduction. Thesintered samples showed large and aligned parallel pores to the camphene growth direction, and small pores in the inter-nal wall of large pores. The pore size and porosity decreased with increase in CuO-NiO content from 5 to 10 vol%.The change of pore characteristics was explained by the degree of powder rearrangement in slurry and the accumulationbehavior of powders in the interdendritic spaces of solidified camphene.

Freeze drying of a porous Cu-Sn alloy with unidirectionally aligned pore channels was accomplished by using a composite powder of CuO-SnO2 and camphene. Camphene slurries with CuO-SnO2 content of 3, 5 and 10 vol% were prepared by mixing with a small amount of dispersant at 50˚C. Freezing of a slurry was done at -25˚C while the growth direction of the camphene was unidirectionally controlled. Pores were generated subsequently by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air for 48 h. The green bodies were hydrogen-reduced at 650˚C and then were sintered at 650˚C and 750˚C for 1 h. XRD analysis revealed that the CuO-SnO2 powder was completely converted to Cu-Sn alloy without any reaction phases. The sintered samples showed large pores with an average size of above 100μm which were aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction. Also, the internal walls of the large pores had relatively small pores. The size of the large pores decreased with increasing CuO-SnO2 content due to the change of the degree of powder rearrangement in the slurry. The size of the small pores decreased with increase of the sintering temperature from 650˚C to 750˚C, while that of the large pores was unchanged. These results suggest that a porous alloy body with aligned large pores can be fabricated by a freeze-drying and hydrogen reduction process using oxide powders.

고분자 PDMS에 chitosan을 0.02∼0.60 wt%까지 넣어 복합막을 제조하였고, SEM과 TGA에 의해서 막의 특성을조사하였다. 기체투과 실험은 30°C, 4 kg/cm2 조건에서 수행하였고, 복합막의 함량 변화에 따른 H2와 N2의 투과도와 선택도를 조사하였다. PDMS-chitosan 복합막의 H2와 N2 투과도는 chitosan 함량이 증가하면 0∼0.20 wt%까지는 증가하고 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 그리고 선택도(H2/N2)는 0∼0.20 wt%까지는 감소하고 0.20∼0.60 wt% 범위에서는 증가하였다. PDMS 고분자에 chitosan이 도입되어졌을 때 PDMS의 열적 안정성이 향상되었고, chitosan 함량이 증가했을 때 복합막의 표면은 거칠어지고 홀이 생성되었다.

Hydrogen has the very high heating value by comparing with other fuels and its combustion exhausts no carbon. But hydrogen causes the very high adiabatic flame temperature which generates thermal NOx. In this study, two cases of experiments were performed to compare engine characteristics. First and second cases are for only diesel combustion engine and mixed hydrogen diesel engine respectively. To verify the effect of mixed hydrogen-diesel combustion engine, the exhausted gas from modified dual fuel diesel engine was analyzed. In addition, diesel consumption per kWh for each case was estimated to validate its economic feasibility. By mixing hydrogen with 5kW brown(hydrogen-oxygen mixture) gas generator, the amount of CO(carbon mono-oxide) decreased from 330ppm to 210ppm by improving combustion and the amount of NOx increased from 390ppm to 520ppm by higher temperature of combustion chamber. Diesel consumption per kWh decreased from 450cc to 410cc but actually increased until 480cc because of the power of brown gas generator

촉매 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene(DBU)를 이용하여, poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) P(VDF-co-CTFE) 고분자와 methacrylic acid (MAA)를 반응시켜, P(VDF-co-CTFE)-MAA 공중합체를 제조하였다. 또한 P(VDF-co-CTFE)-MAA와 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate (SEMA) 단량체를 4’,4’-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) 개시제 하에서 자유 라디칼 중합하여 수소 이온 전도성 막을 제조하였다. SEMA 함량이 많아짐에 따라 술폰산 그룹이 증가하였다. SEMA 함량이 50%일 때 최대 이온교환 용량값이 0.82 meq/g에 도달하였으며 이는 함수량 결과와 일치하였다. 또한, SEMA 함량이 50%일 때 수소이온 전도도가 0.041 S/cm까지 도달하였다. 이러한 결과는 분리막에서 SEMA 함량이 증가할수록 수소 이온을 전달시킬 수 있는 이온그룹이 증가하기 때문이다.

We investigated the nanostructural, chemical and optical properties of nc-Si:H films according to deposition conditions. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) techniques were used to produce nc-Si:H thin films. The hydrogen dilution ratio in the precursors, [SiH4/H2], was fixed at 0.03; the substrate temperature was varied from room temperature to 600˚C. By raising the substrates temperature up to 400˚C, the nanocrystalite size was increased from ~2 to ~7 nm and the Si crystal volume fraction was varied from ~9 to ~45% to reach their maximum values. In high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) images, Si nanocrystallites were observed and the crystallite size appeared to correspond to the crystal size values obtained by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy. The intensity of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS) peaks at ~99.9 eV(Si L2,3 edge) was sensitively varied depending on the formation of Si nanocrystallites in the films. With increasing substrate temperatures, from room temperature to 600˚C, the optical band gap of the nc-Si:H films was decreased from 2.4 to 1.9 eV, and the relative fraction of Si-H bonds in the films was increased from 19.9 to 32.9%. The variation in the nanostructural as well as chemical features of the films with substrate temperature appears to be well related to the results of the differential scanning calorimeter measurements, in which heat-absorption started at a substrate temperature of 180˚C and the maximum peak was observed at ~370˚C.