Piezodialysis involves the preferential permeation of ions over water molecules through charge mosaic membranes (CMM). This energy-efficient process incites interest as an alternative route to water desalination. But the development of effective CMMs remains a challenge due to their difficult fabrication. Herein, preparation of the positive and negative domains of a CMM were optimized. Negative poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) was blended in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, same as that of the positive poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride). Results reveal that a balance between the two domains is critical for the CMM to achieve high salt enrichment and mechanical stability. This work was supported by NRF funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2017R1A2B2002109) and Basic Science Research Program of Ministry of Education (2009-0093816).

Concrete-Filled Tube (CFT) has been used as a column of building and bride pier. CFT member consists of outer steel tube and in-filled concrete. Since the concrete is under tri-axial stress state by outer steel tube, the strength and deformation capacity of the in-filled concrete increases. This is called confinement effect of CFT. To simulate this confinement effect, modified stress-strain relationship of the in-filled concrete is generally used. However this approach is not a direct method to simulate the confinement effect, and more novel simulation technic is needed for in-depth understanding of the confinement effect. In this study, direct method for simulating the confinement effect of CFT was proposed, where the modified strain-stress relationship was not used. From the results, the proposed method agrees well with the test results.

Recently, the damage caused by typhoons and strong winds, which frequently occur as a result of global climate change, is on the rise. Soundproofing and windshield walls installed on roads often fail to function because of damage due to strong winds. Therefore, in this study, strong wind fragility evaluation was performed to predict the probability of failure of soundproof / windproof walls from wind loads. A three-node bending experiment was carried out to investigate the material characteristics of the aluminum frame which was installed on the actual soundproof wall. Based on the results of this experiment, the resistance performance of target structure was calculated, and the frame damage was selected as the performance limit state. Wind loads acting on 4m x 1m individual element soundproof wall was compared with the resistance capacity by Monte Carlo simulation method. In the future, the evaluation of the strong wind safety of the sound barrier structure should be proceeded by setting the limit state and performing the vulnerability evaluation through the additional experimental data. This work can become guideline information for future design of soundproof and windproof wall.

A tensile failure criterion that can minimize the mesh-dependency of simulation results on the basis of the fracture energy concept is introduced, and conventional plasticity based damage models for concrete such as CSC model and HJC model, which are generally used for the blast analyses of concrete structures, are compared with orthotropic model in blast test to verify the proposed criterion. The numerical prediction of the time-displacement relations in mid span of the beam during blast loading are compared with experimental results. Analytical results show that the numerical error is substantially reduced and the accuracy of numerical results is improved by applying a unique failure strain value determined according to the proposed criterion.

The computing environment has changed rapidly to enable large-scale finite element models to be analyzed at the PC or workstation level, such as multi-core CPU, optimal math kernel library implementing BLAS and LAPACK, and popularization of direct sparse solvers. In this paper, the design considerations on a parallel finite element code for shared memory based multi-core CPU system are proposed; (1) the use of optimized numerical libraries, (2) the use of latest direct sparse solvers, (3) parallelism using OpenMP for computing element stiffness matrices, and (4) assembly techniques using triplets, which is a type of sparse matrix storage. In addition, the parallelization effect is examined on the time-consuming works through a large scale finite element model.

As demands for freeform structure were gradually increased, researches about various shapes of claddings have been conducted. Particularly, claddings made from concrete easily made complex shapes. Because of this advantage, many researches about manufacturing methods and light weight of concrete mainly have been conducted. For example ALC (Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete) was the most popular claddings that had a great strength without aggregate and were cured at high temperature and pressure conditions. This paper showed multi-layer reinforcement system, exactly 5 layers polymer reinforcement method, that consisted of 3D printing material with low weight and high performance mechanical properties. Finite element analysis were performed to predict the maximum deformations loaded by wind and self-weight. Joints of analysis model were simplified as the pin joint. The variable of this analysis was the material arrangement of 3 layers located at center among exterior layer. Finally, the maximum deformations of analysis results were compared with the limitations of claddings.

Climate change resulted in the growing occurrence frequency of typhoons, and the damage it caused was also increasing. In this study, the soundproofing and windproof walls installed on the domestic road were modeled by using ABAQUS, a commercial finite element analysis program. Correspondingly, steel column, aluminum frame and transparent acrylic plate were modeled. Based on the result from individual part of soundproof wall model, the number of soundproof wall parts for optimal design was determined to be five parts. The design standard of road construction barrier was applied to this optimum model to perform the safety evaluation for strong wind disaster. In the future, it will be possible to improve the guidelines for design of soundproofing walls in Korea by carrying out further experiment to increase the reliability of safety evaluation of soundproofing walls.

This study examines the role of visual merchandising (VMD) in creating effective interior displays for fashion “select shops”(shops that carry a wide selection of brands) amid the recent changes in consumption trends, with consumer needs becoming increasingly individualized and diversified. Fashion select shop interior displays can be categorized as self-service, showcase, counter, and environmental display spaces. Regarding the VMD elements that contribute to effective interior displays, we reached the following conclusions. First, in self-service displays, in order to heighten sales efficacy, display elements should be presented in such a way as to enable customers to select products with ease by themselves. Second, the mere presence of showcase displays was found to be insufficient; if, however, select shops use showcase displays to arrange products according to the flow of customer traffic, enabling the creation of a gentrified atmosphere for products, this may contribute to a differentiated image of brands, heightening perceived product value. Third, in counter displays, having a harmonious arrangement of display and presentation elements promotes sales by inspiring customer confidence. Fourth, regarding environmental displays, it is important for stores to have attractive interior designs and decorations in order to reproduce settings in which products are actually used, as this can inspire interest in products and promote customers’ purchasing intention.

음이온은 인체에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀지며, 다양한 연구자에 의하여 녹지내에서 발생하는 음이온발생량에 요인을 규명하기 위하여 다양한 노력을 수행하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 연구들은 녹지유형, 녹지의 유무, 단순 기상요소들과의 상관관계를 살펴보며 궁극적으로 녹지의 유무, 녹지의 형태가 음이온 발생에 미치는 총 효과에 대해서만 언급할 뿐 매개효과 등의 간접효과에 대한 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 여기서 말하는 매개효과란 독립변수와 종속변수의 연결고리 역할을 하는 변수를 뜻한다. 매개변수는 독립변수의 결과이면서 동시에 종속변수의 원인이 되는 변수로 설명될 수 있다. 유의한 매개변수가 존재한다면, 독립변수가 종속변수에 주는 영향을 크게 직접효과와 간접효과로 나뉘게 된다. 직접효과는 매개변수가 존재함에도 불구하고 매개변수를 거치지 않고 종속변수에 영향을 주는 것이고, 간접효과는 매개변수를 통해 종속변수에 영향을 주는 것이다. 여기서 말하는 매개효과는 간접효과를 뜻한 것으로 직접효과와 간접효과를 합한 것을 총 효과 또는 전체효과라고 하는데 이것은 매개변수를 고려하지 않았을 때의 독립변수가 종속변수에 주는 영향과 같다. Baron와 Kenny(1986)는 매개작용을 완전매개와 부분매개로 구분하고 각 매개작용이 성립되기 위해서는 네 가지 조건들이 충족되어야 한다고 보고하였다. 즉, (1) 1단계에서 독립변수는 매개변수에 유의적인 영향을 미쳐야 하고, (2) 2단계에서 독립변수는 종속변수에 유의적인 영향을 미쳐야 하며, (3) 3단계에서 매개변수는 종속변수에 유의적인 영향을 미쳐야한다. (4) 매개변수를 포함한 회귀방정식에서 종속변수에 대한 독립변수의 영향은 조건 (2)의 경우보다 적거나 전혀 없어야 한다. 감소한 경우는 부분매개효과가 존재함을 의미하며 전혀 없는 경우는 완전매개효과가 존재함을 의미한다. 이에 녹지의 배치형태를 독립변수로 설정하고 녹지배치형태의 차이에 따라 달라지는 기상요소를 매개변수로 설정한 후 각각 음이온 발생량에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 녹지의 배치형태가 음이온 발생량에 미치는 총 효과 외에 기상요소를 변화시킴으로써 음이온 발생량에 미치는 간접효과를 확인하기 위하여 본 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과, 음이온 발생량과 기상요소 그리고 녹지배치형태의 Pearson 상관분석을 실시하였으며, 이에 대한 내용을 자세히 살펴보면, 음이온 발생량은 녹지배치형태와 유의한 부의 상관관계인 것으로 분석되었다(r=.07, p < 0.01). 음이온 발생량과 기상요소 하위요인들 간의 상관에서는 기온(r=.41, p < 0.01)과 광도(r=.38, p < 0.01), 절대습도(r=.29, p < 0.01)에서 각각의 유의한 정의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 상대습도(r=-.02, p > 0.05), 풍속(r=.03, p > 0.05)의 경우 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 녹지배치형태와 기상요소 하위요인들 간의 관계를 살펴보면, 기온(r=-.33, p < 0.01)의 경우 유의한 부의상관관계인 것으로 분석되었으며, 상대습도(r=.52, p < 0.01), 광도(r=.27, p < 0.01), 절대습도(r=.25, p < 0.01)의 경우 유의한 정의 상관관계인 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 풍속(r=-.01, p > 0.05)의 경우 유의한 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 음이온 발생량과 녹지 배치형태에서 공통적인 상관관계를 나타낸 기온, 일사량, 절대습도에서 매개효과가 있을 것으로 예상되었다. 이에 독립변수로 녹지배치 형태를 설정 하였으며, 매개변수로 기상요소의 하위 요인인 기온, 일사량, 절대습도로 설정하였다. 이에 대한 음이온 발생량은 종속변수로 설정하였다. 분석결과, 모든 기상 하위요인에서 매개효과가 있는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이는 단순 녹지의 배치형태가 음이온 발생량의 차이를 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 기상요소를 현저히 다르게 형성함으로 써 음이온 발생량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되었다.

The purpose of this survey is to understand and identify how many organizations in Korea understand the importance and necessity of supply management policy. Most of supply management professionals have purchasing process(procedures) regardless of number of ones. However, they are generally not well aware of purchasing policy in supply management department in Korea. Advanced supply management organizations in U.S.A and main Europe countries recognize the necessity of supply management policy and pursue more reasonable one as a guideline of supply management in compliance with the characteristic of its business like national constitution. As the result of the 1st attitude survey and study on supply management policy, first, there is no big differences between public and private organizations to policy components. second, public organizations should have supply management policy considering a social standpoint a little bit differently from private ones. Third, most of supply management organizations have not comprehensive policy. Fourth, they are recognizing the importance and necessity of its policy, even though they don’t have it at the moment. However, in conclusion, through the survey, we find out that most of supply management professionals in Korea begin to recognize the importance and necessity of supply management policy to take a leading role in purchasing process(procedures. Furthermore, we recognize that related supply management experts and organizations including supply management professionals should continuously make an efforts to disseminate the importance and necessity of supply management policy

Industry Foundation Classes(IFC)는 Building Information Modeling(BIM)을 위한 표준 데이터 스키마로 정보의 상호운 용성 확보를 위한 핵심이지만, 건물만을 대상으로 하고 있어 토목 시설물에 적용하기에는 한계가 있다. 이에 따라 기존 IFC 에 토목 시설물을 위한 새로운 요소를 추가하는 연구가 진행되었지만, 상용 소프트웨어가 해당 기능을 추가하기 전에는 새 로운 스키마를 활용할 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 토목 시설물에 적용하기 위한 IFC 데이터 스키마 활용 방안을 제시하고, 토목 시설물을 위한 확장 요소와 기존 IFC 요소와의 정보 매핑을 통한 확장 IFC기반의 토목 시설물 정보모델링 방법을 제시하였 다. 그리고 철도의 궤도 및 침목에 대한 IFC 확장 스키마를 제시하고 제시한 방법을 적용하여 그 활용성을 검증하였다.

선박의 대형화, 고속화 및 선종의 다양화는 운송수단 중 해양 운송수단의 비중을 크게 증가시켰다. 선박사고 유형 중 기관손상 다음으로 충돌이 사고발생 빈도가 높았으며, 인적 요인에 의한 사고비율이 높은 것으로 보고되고 있다. 선박 충돌사고는 한 가지 원인요소로 발생하는 경우보다 복합적인 원인요소로 발생하게 되며 여러 개의 원인요소를 재결서를 통하여 원인요소를 조사할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 해양안전심판원에서 제공하는 재결서 중 선박 충돌사고에 대해서 인적 요인을 바탕으로 선박 충돌사고의 원인요소를 도출하였으며, 상관관계분석을 통하여 원인요소들을 규명하였다. 또한, 선박충돌을 인지한 시점에서부터 충돌이 일어난 시점까지 걸린 시간을 바탕으로 충돌을 피할 수 없는 충돌시점에서의 발생되는 주요 원인요소와 20분 내에 발생하는 선박 충돌사고의 원인요소를 분석하여 선박 충돌사고를 예방하고자 하였다. 상관분석은 상용소프트웨어인 Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS Ver21.0)을 사용하였다. 시간 분석은 재결서를 바탕으로 상대방 선박을 인지한 시점에서부터 충돌이 일어난 시점까지 걸린 시간을 분석하였다. 선박 충돌사고의 원인요소는 2가지 이상에 의해 발생한 사고가 많았으며, 상대선박 감시소홀은 항해업무 외 다른 작업과 높은 상관관계가 있었다. 충돌을 피할 시간 여력이 없는 경우(0분)이 36.1 %이며, 경계 또는 상대 선박 감시소홀과 졸음항해 또는 음주가 원인요소이었다.

At modern mechanical and automotive industry, the material with light weight proceeds in order to thr environmental issue and high performance. Machine part is fastened with numbers of bolts and nuts. Generally, the metal part at mechanical structure is fastened with bolt and nut through puncturing. But it is difficult to puncture at CFRP with the property of fiber structure like the general metal. In this study, the fracture behavior is investigated by the hole and crack at the plate of the unidirectional CFRP due to ply angle. The thickness of plate is 2 mm. Two laminates with the varied ply angles are layered and eight plies are made. The hole is placed at the center of plate and the cracks with the length of 2 mm are generated on both left and right sides from the hole. The finite element program of ANSYS is carried out in order to analyze the CFRP with fiber layer. As analysis, the maximum reaction force and equivalent stress are investigated due the angle of ply. The reaction force in case of the stacking angle of 90° is shown to be greatest among all specimens.

본 논문에서는 비교적 최근 정립된 co-rotational 이론을 기반으로 한 4절점 평면요소 정식화를 확장하여 9절점 평면 요소에 적합한 CR 정식화를 제시하고자 한다. 그리고 등방성 재료의 소성 해석을 위해, 선형 경과 규칙(bi-linear hardening rule)을 바탕으로 하는 Newton-Raphson return-mapping 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 이때, von Mises 기준을 적용하여 소성 변형 상태를 예측하였다. Lagrange 승수를 도입하여 2차원 접촉에 대한 구속조건을 부여하였다. 개발한 요소는 상용프로그램인 ABAQUS 해석결과와 비교 검증하였다.

In this study, nonlinear finite element analysis based on the Modified Compression Field Theory has been conducted to evaluate shear strength of RC walls with opening. On the analysis, reinforcement ratio within development length of rebars nearby the opening was reduced in the model in order to investigate the effect of opening on shear strength of RC shear walls. The nonlinear finite element analysis has been verified through comparison with the test result in literature. Through the verification, it was investigated that the analysis considering the development length of rebars well reflected the effect of an opening on shear strength of RC shear walls while current design provisions did not reasonably consider one.

The boundary reaction method(BRM) is a substructure time domain method, it removes global iterations between frequency and time domain analyses commonly required in the hybrid approaches, so that it operates as a two-step uncoupled method. The BRM offers a two-step method as follows: (1) the calculation of boundary reaction forces in the frequency domain on an interface of linear and nonlinear regions, (2) solving the wave radiation problem subjected to the boundary reaction forces in the time domain. In the time domain analysis, the near-field soil is modeled to simulate the wave radiation problem. This paper evaluates the performance of the BRM according to modeling extent of near-field soil for the nonlinear SSI analysis of base-isolated NPP structure. For this purpose, parametric studies are performed using equivalent linear SSI problems. The accuracy of the BRM solution is evaluated by comparing the BRM solution with that of conventional SSI seismic technique. The numerical results show that the soil condition affects the modeling range of near-field soil for the BRM analysis as well as the size of the basemat. Finally, the BRM is applied for the nonlinear SSI analysis of a base-isolated NPP structure to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method.

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this research is to determine the integrity of pavement structures for areas where voids exist. Furthermore, we conducted the study of voided-area analysis and remaining life prediction for pavement structures using finite element method. METHODS : To determine the remaining life of the existing voided areas under asphalt concrete pavements, field and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted. Comparison methods were used to have better accuracy in the finite element method (FEM) analysis compared to the measured surface displacements due to the loaded trucks. In addition, the modeled FEM used in this study was compared with well-known software programs. RESULTS : The results show that a good agreement on the analyzed and measured displacements can be obtained through comparisons of the surface displacement due to loaded trucks. Furthermore, the modeled FEM program was compared with the available pavement-structure software programs, resulting in the same values of tensile strains in terms of the thickness of asphalt concrete layers. CONCLUSIONS: The study, which is related to voided-area analysis and remaining life prediction using FEM for pavement structures, was successfully conducted based on the comparison between our methods and the sinkhole grade used in Japan.