The movement, survival, and weight gain of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) first instar larvae were studied on CB9, CB10 and SR05 cotton varieties under field conditions. The neonate H. armigera were released on the cotton varieties at the squaring stage of the plants and, after a period of 72 hours, the survival, weight gain, and final location of the larvae were observed. While the different cotton varieties had no effect on the survival and weight gain of the larvae, the release locations on the cotton varieties had a significant influence on the larval survival and weight gain. The larvae fed small squares of the cotton varieties were significantly heavier and showed a higher mortality than the larvae fed leaflets and mature leaves. For the cotton varieties in this study, the larvae released on leaflets showed a significantly higher rate of recovery compared to the larvae released on mature leaves and squares. This study also found that that the larvae on leaflets did not move up or downward unlike the larvae on mature leaves and squares. This information on the foraging behavior of larvae on cotton varieties will assist researchers to interpret field data and thereby help with the development of pest management decisions.

In this study, we report for the first time a hybridization between Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas in South Korea. On 7th May 2012, a sea turtle (Jeju sea turtle 01, JST01) was found in the east coast of Jeju Island, South Korea. The morphological characteristics of JST01 were compared with those of C. caretta and C. mydas that were frequently observed in Korean Seas. Interestingly, JST01 showed similar morphological characters such as body color, appearance of carapace, shape of upper beak, serration on marginal scute, and two claws with those of C. caretta. On the other hand, JST01 showed also similar patterns in several characteristics including the numbers of marginal, inframarginal and costal scute, smooth carapace without keel, no contact between costal scute and nuchal scute with those of C. mydas. From these results, we suggest that JST01 is one of hybrid animals bred between C. caretta and C. mydas, because JST01 has speciesspecific characters from both species. We anticipate that our study would be useful and have significant impact onto study inter-specific hybridization in the groups of sea turtle.

In the past two decades, European ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) have been severely damaged by ash dieback disease of which causal agent is a fungal species called Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (anamorphic stage Chalara fraxinea). Recent molecular phylogenetic and population genetic studies suggested that this fungus may have been introduced from Eastern Asia to Europe. In the course of fungal biodiversity survey in Korea, H. fraxineus-like apothecia were collected from fallen leaves, rachis and petioles of Korean ash and Manchurian ash trees. The morphological and ecological traits of these materials are provided, supplemented by ITS rDNA sequence comparison of H. fraxineus strains collected from Europe, China and Japan.

The three important turns in philosophy in the twentieth century: linguistic (Wittgenstein), hermeneutical (Heidegger, Gadamer) and cognitive (Fodor, Churchland, Dennett).The interrelation among the above three turns and the significance of cognitive turn in philosophy is discussed in recent debates both in Indian and Western philosophical traditions. Thus consciousness reemerged as one of the problems of scientific (A.K. Mukhopadhyay, B.V. Sreekantan, Rajesh Kasturirangan) as well as philosophical community (R. Balasubramanian, Bina Gupta). Four types of responses to consciousness: D-I-M-E (Deflation, Irreducibility, Magic and Eliminativism).

Recently in the course of examining Korean diptera, we found a species, Atrichopogon femoralis Tokunaga placed in the subfamily Forcipomyinae Meigen. Forcipomyinae is most specious in the family Ceratogonidae, and comprise about 5,566 extant species placed in 103 genera in four subfamilies (Borkent and Wirth, 1997) from almost all the zoogeographic regions. Genus Atrichopogon is second largest genus, with about 520 species (Borkent, 2012). Currently 39 valid species of 6 genera belonging to 3 subfamily are known in Korea. The specimens were collected from intermountain area and reservoir of Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si, and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju-si by black light trap (BLT) in 2013. We report an occurrence Atrichopogon femoralis Tokunaga for the first time in Korea, and of which diagnosis, description, distribution and photo images are presented. For further researches, we also provide a key to genera of Korean Ceratopogonidae.

The Ceratovacuna aphids are one of the major gall-forming aphids. Four Ceratovacuna aphids have been reported from East Asia including Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. In Korea, only one species, Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Sasaki), has been confirmed amongst the four species, and yet their colonies have been found only from the banana bundle or cats-paw shaped galls on the primary hosts, Styrax trees (Styraceae). Colonies on the secondary hosts (Gramineae) have not been seen from Korea nor confirmed from Taiwan, although they are usually seen from Japan limitedly on stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum. Recently in Korea, a colony consisting of an emigrant and first instar soldiers were found from a grass species, Seteria sp. that have not been reported as a secondary host of C. nekoashi. Identity of C. nekoashi is definite based on morphology of the first instar soldier. Genetic identity is being explored for confirmation.

The oedemerid species Oedemera sexualis Marseul, 1877 is reported for the first time from Korea. The genus Oedemera Olivier, 1789, within subfamily Oedemerinae and family Oedemeridae, is one of the common oedemerid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. The world-widespread genus Oedemera is presented 3 subgenera and 104 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 8 species and subspecies were recorded in Korea. O. sexualis was found in Is. Yongcho and Is. Bijin in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnamdo of Korea, bringing the number of Korean Oedemera species to 9 species. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Oedemera of Korea, and morphological description of O. sexualis.

Subjective knowledge (SK thereafter) is defined as what consumers think they know, or their perceived level of knowledge (Brucks, 1985). SK influences what consumers search for, the effort that they put into searching, and the purchasing decision and choice of brands they finally make (Hadar, Sood, & Fox, 2013; Moorman, Diehl, Brinberg, & Kidwell, 2004). The existing literature on consumer knowledge development mainly argues that SK development is associated with consumers’ product related experience, such as product ownership and experience from usage (Alba & Hutchinson, 2000; Park, Mothersbaugh, & Feick, 1994). This study contributes to the literature as follows. We consider a broad market segmentation where the market consists of product owners and non-owners, The literature suggests that these two groups of consumers should have different levels of perceived knowledge due to their different product-specific experience (Park et al., 1994). Our research specifically contends that it is important to distinguish, within the group of non-owners, between those who intend to buy and those who do not intend to buy the product. Thus, this study examines how previous ownership and intention to buy, which is the goal motivation, influence the SK levels of consumers, which in turn impacts on consumers’ heterogeneous preferences for different attributes within a product category. It is contended that the motivation to learn about a product category of non-car owners who have strong intentions to buy influences what this group learns compared to those non-owners who do not intend to buy. More specifically, the research proposes to uncover how learning influences how different groups of consumers perceive their subjective knowledge and how this relationship in turn shapes their preferences, especially when we compare owners and non-owners who have strong intentions of buying a product. Therefore, we develop following research hypotheses: H1: The SK level is positively associated with the product ownership experience. H2: The SK level is positively associated with purchase intention. H3: The relationship between purchase intention and SK level is moderated by the ownership of the product. H4: Preference heterogeneity for different types of brand attributes of the product between owners and non-owners is moderated by the SK level. The empirical context that illustrates the importance of this research is the Chinese car market where the majority of consumers are first time buyers. Our research shows that the SK level is positively associated with both car ownership and purchase intention. Furthermore, the segmentation analysis finds that purchase intention has a significant effect only on non-car owners’ SK level, while the effect on car owners’ SK level is insignificant. An interesting finding is that SK development, in turn, influences consumer’s preferences for different types of brand attributes of a product. We demonstrate the role of SK in forming consumer preference heterogeneity by comparing preferences for a tangible and a non-tangible brand attribute respectively across different consumer segments. We further show how this preference heterogeneity across two consumer segments (car owners versus non-car owners) depends on their SK level. The results of this study can be generalized beyond the specific context of the empirical study of the Chinese car market when marketers are considering new products launch or launching products where the majority of consumers may be unfamiliar with the product.

Aluminum nitride(AlN) films were grown on the C-face and on the Si-face of (0001) silicon carbide(SiC) substrates using plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy(PA-MBE). This study was focused on first-stage growth manipulation prior to the start of AlN growth. Al pre-exposure, N-plasma pre-exposure, and simultaneous exposure(Al and N-plasma) procedures were used in the investigation. In addition, substrate polarity and, first-stage growth manipulation strongly affected the growth and properties of the AlN films. Al pre-exposure on the C-face and on the Si-face of SiC substrates prior to initiation of the AlN growth resulted in the formation of hexagonal hillocks on the surface. However, crack formation was observed on the C-face of SiC substrates without Al pre-exposure. X-ray rocking-curve measurements revealed that the AlN epilayers grown on the Si-face of the SiC showed relatively lower tilt and twist mosaic than did the epilayers grown on the C-face of the SiC. The results from the investigations reported in this paper indicate that the growth conditions on the Si-face of the SiC without Al pre-exposure was highly preferred to obtain the overall high-quality AlN epilayers formed using PA-MBE.

Members of the order Psocoptera are known as psocids (commonly called booklice or bark lice). There are more than 5,500 species in 41 familes in three suborders. The suborder Psocomorpha is the largest suborder in Psocoptera, containing 25 of the 41 psocopteran families. Psocomorphan familes are classified into four groups: Epipsocetae, Caeciliusetae, Homilopsocidea and Psocetae. Families Caeciliusidae and Stenopsocidae belong to the group Caeciliusetae. The family Caeciliusidae is the largest family of Psocomorpha, and is widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions. Monophyly was not supported by any autapomorphy (Yoshizawa, 2002). The Stenopsocidae is distributed in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, Oriental, and Australian regions. Monophyly is well supported by the presence of the R1-R2+3 crossvein, M-CuA1 crossvein, and lateral pouch of the spermathecal sac (Yoshizawa, 2002). These families, Caeciliusidae and Stenopsocidae consist of about 676 described species in 32 genera and about 188 described species in 4 genera, respectively. In Asia, there were reported 337 species belonging to 11 genera and 154 species belonging to 4 genera from China (Li, 2000) and 22 species belonging to 6 genera and 7 species belonging to 2 genera from Japan (Yoshizawa, 2004), respectively, but there have not been known from Korea until now. This study is the first work to make the checklist of the Korean Psocoptera. Through this study, I have reported 2 species of families Caeciliusidae and Stenopsocidae new to Korea, respectively. Family Caeciliusidae Valenzuela oyamai (Enderlein, 1906) Paracaecilius japonicus (Enderlein, 1906) Family Stenopsocidae Cubipilis aphidiformis (Enderlein, 1906) Stenopsocus immaculatus (Stephens, 1836)

Generally, Cerambycidae inhabites in tropical and subtropical zones, and they are large family among Coleoptera and distributed over 20,000 species worldwide. They typically characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. Order Cerambycidae are divided into 11 subfamilies in the world, among them, there are 304 species of the 159 genera in 7 subfamilies from Korea up to date. The genus Anoplophora is belonging to the tribe Agniini in the subfamily Lamiinae. Most species of Anoplophora are showed their beautiful colors on the elytra, pronotum, antennae and ventral parts etc. These colors superficially seems like mere patterns of the integument. Usually, colored pubescent patches of the elytra in Anoplophora are arranged in round spots, in others they are arranged in transverse bands. And also, the species of this genus have very long antennae (about 1.3-1.6 times the body length in males, 1.0-1.5 times the body length in females of most species) then others and mostly body size are large, some species is over 50mm. In this paper Anoplophora freyi is newly recorded in Korea. Consequently, a total of three species of the genus Anoplophora are recorded in Korea.

We report Conilepia nigricosta (Leech, 1988) in Korea for the first time. The female of C. nigricosta is nearly identical to the female of Lithosia quadra, and it has caused confusion in the generic classification. Therefore, we reexamined their morphology and also performed to analyze DNA barcode region compared with species of other related genera. As the results, the significant diagnoses between the two species were reconfirmed and provided in the adult appearances, wing venations, and genital structures in both sexes. The DNA barcoding results also showed a large genetic distance ranging from 6.21% to 7.16% between the two species. In phylogenetic relationship for these two species as well as 28 related species of Lithosiina, C. nigricosta was clustered as a sister to L. quadra and they formed a strong monophyletic group. It supports a possibility that these two genera may be a single genus, but more detailed molecular analysis using additional genetic markers and samples is needed to resolve reliable phylogenetic relationships between the taxa examined in this study.

Caloptilia Hübner, 1825 is one of the largest group in Gracillariidae. 314 species have been known around the world. To date, 15 species were known from Korea. In the present study, four species of Caloptilia are newly recognized from Korean insect fauna: C. fidella (Reutti), C. hidakensis Kumata, C. illicii Kumata, and C. pulverea Kumata. All of 19 Korean species, including four newly recognized species, are redescribed with illustrations of adults and genitalic structures.

A tineid moth, Gaphara conspersa (Matsumura, 1931) is newly reported in Korea. Gaphara conspersa is myrmecophilous, associated with some species of ants such as Lasius (Lasius) japonicus, L. (Dendrolasius) spp., Polyrhachis spp., Camponotus spp., Pristomyrmex punctatus was known in Japan. The larva lives in a 8-shaped or gourd-shaped flat case are made of soil and sand. Larva scavenges food, dead ants and shed skins of ant larvae that are carried out by ants. Females lays eggs around the nests (Maruyama et al., 2013). In this study, Gaphara conspersa (Matsumura, 1931) was found for the first time from Korea. The larvae were collected in the ant nests at Mt. Cheonggye, Geumto-dong, Seongnam City, in 22. May 2013 and 16. June 2013. The larval cases have three level sizes (small, middle and large) were found at the same time. Figures of the adults, larvae and pupae, are given in this study.

The role of the dictionary of the “Kojiki” is investigated thoroughly, and this paper classifies it, and clarifies the whole aspect. I would like to study the origin of these dictionary technical terms in the following paper with the relation of space.