Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s use of foreign direct investment (FDI) has had all-round, multilevel, and wide-ranging implications. In the early stages of reform and opening up to attract foreign capital inflow to the country, relatively strong tax-preferential policies were implemented. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of FDI and foreign-related taxation on China’s total tax revenues as well as explore the direct and indirect effects of FDI on China’s taxation over the last 40 years to compare the contributions of FDI in different regions of China. Based on the results, some suggestions are proposed for the adjustment of China’s policies to promote foreign capital inflow in the future; moreover, suggestions are also provided for using foreign capital to stabilize employment and foreign trade, while promoting taxation.

본 논문은 해외의 연구성과를 분석하여 중국의 삼림 휴양 건설 계획에 대한 시사점을 모색하였다. 본 논문은 해외 삼림 휴양 산업 시스템 계획을 바탕으로 다음과 같이 연구한다. 첫째, 삼림 휴양의 개념, 내용 및 삼림 휴양 시스템의 발전 현황을 포함하여 삼림 휴양 및 실제 운용에 대하여 검토한다. 둘째, 해외 삼림 휴양 소도시와 기지 등 사례에 대한 분석과 연구를 통하여 삼림 휴양과 관련된 건설내용을 총결하고 해외 선진 삼림 휴양 시스템의 건설계획 개념과 실행 경험을 분석한다. 셋째, 삼림 휴양 소도시의 건강관리 기능, 계획, 경관, 문화 등 설계이념과 시각, 청각, 후각, 촉각, 미각 등 오감을 포함한 자연자원을 분석하여 휴양 소도시의 자원상황에 대해 기본적인 내용을 파악한다. 마지막으로 독일 바덴바덴 온천 삼림 소도시 프로젝트 기지 계획 현황, 휴양 상품 개발 현황, 휴양 문화, 환경 및 시설의 장점에 대한 연구를 진행하고, 해외 선진 휴양 소도시의 건설과정에서의 선진성과 시사성을 분석하여 독일 삼림 휴양 소도시의 건설분석을 바탕으로 중국 삼림 휴양 소도시의 향후 건설 및 계획시 방법, 목표 및 방향을 명확히 한다.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) states that every environmental report prepared for the licensing stage of a Pressurized Water Reactor shall contain a statement concerning risk during the transportation of fuel and radioactive wastes to and from the reactor. Thus, the licensee should ensure that the radiological effect in accidents, as well as normal conditions in transport, do not exceed certain criteria or be small if cannot be numerically quantified. These are specified in 10 CFR Part 51 and applied in NUREG-1555 Supplement 1 Revision 1, which deals with Environmental Standard Review Plan. Corresponding regulations in Korea would be the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission Notice No. 2020-7. In Appendix 2 of the Notice, guides on the radiological environmental report for production and utilization facilities, spent nuclear fuel interim storage facilities, and radioactive waste disposal facilities. In this guide, unlike the regulations in the U.S., there are no obligations for radiological dose assessment for workers and public during the transportation. Therefore, overall regulations and their legal basis related to risk assessment during transportation conducted for the environmental report in the U.S. were analyzed in this study. On top of that, through the comparison with regulations in Korea, differences between the two systems were figured out. Finally, this study aims to find the points in terms of assessing transport risk to be revised in the current regulatory system in Korea.

Important medical radionuclides for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are producing using cyclotrons. There are about 1,200 PET cyclotrons operated in 95 countries based upon IAEA database (2020). Besides, including PET cyclotrons, demands for particle accelerators are continuously increasing. In Korea, about 40 PET cyclotrons are in operating phases (2020). Considering design lifetime (about 30-40 years) and actual operating duration (about 20-30 years) of cyclotrons, there will be demands for decommissioning cyclotron facilities in the near future. PET cyclotron produces radionuclides by irradiating accelerated charged particles to the targets. During this phase, nuclear reactions (18O(p,n)18F etc.) produce secondary neutrons which induce neutron activation of accelerator itself as well as surrounding infrastructures (the ancillary subsystems, peripheral equipment, concrete walls etc.). Generally, experienced cyclotron personnel prefer an unshielded cyclotron because of the repair and maintenance time. In unshielded cyclotron, water cooling systems, air compressor, and other equipment and structures could be existed for operating purposes. Almost all the equipment and structures are consisted of steel, and these affect neutron distribution in vault especially thermal neutron on the concrete wall. In addition, most of them can be classified as very low level radioactive wastes by Nuclear Safety and Security notice (NSSC Notice No. 2020-6). However, few studies were estimating radioactivity concentrations (Bq/g) of surrounding structures using mathematical calculation/simulation codes, and they were not evaluating the effect of surrounding structures on neutron distribution. In this study, by using computational neutron transport code (MCNP 6.2), and source term calculation code (FISPACT- II), we evaluated effect of the interaction between surrounding structures (including surrounding equipment) and secondary neutrons. Discrepancies of activation distribution on/in concrete wall will be occur depending on thickness of structure, distance between structures and walls, and consideration of interaction between structures and neutrons. Throughout this study, we could find that the influence of those structures can affect neutron distribution in concrete walls even if, thickness of the structure was small. For estimating activation distribution in unshielded cyclotron vault more precisely, not only considering cyclotron components and geometry of target, but also, considering surrounding structures will be much more helpful.

Currently, as the saturation capacity of wet storage pool for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) of PWR in Korea has reached approximately 75%, Dry Storage Facilities (DSF) are necessary for sustainable operation of nuclear power plants. It is necessary to develop acceptance requirements for the delivery of SNF from reactor storage site to Centralized DSF. To do this end, the mechanical integrity of SNF is directly related to its repacking, retrieving, and transporting/handling performances. And also, this integrity is a key factor associated with the criticality safety that is connected to the damaged status of SNF. According to the NUREG/CR-6835, the NRC expects that the potential for nuclear fuel failures will increase because of the increase of the fuel discharge burnup and the degradation of fuel and clad material properties. Due to such damages and/or degradation, the fuel rods in the fuel assembly may be extracted and empty for following treatments (transportation, storage, handling etc). This condition can have a detrimental effect on the criticality safety of SNF. Thus, this study investigated whether extracted and empty of damaged SNF rod affects criticality safety. In this analysis, it is assumed that up to four fuel rods are missed. As a result of the analysis, As the number of fuel rods miss up to a certain number, the value of multiplication factor value of the fuel assembly increases. In addition, since the fuel rods located at the outermost layer contained relatively less fissile material than the fuel rods located center of the lattice, and neutrons were lost by the absorption material, the effective multiplication factor value gradually decreased. Nevertheless, the criticality safety was assessed to be maintained.

With the implementation of the internationalization strategy of traditional Chinese medicine (hereinafter referred to as “TCM”) and the increasing recognition of TCM in the world, the export trade of traditional Chinese medicinal materials has shown an overall positive trend. With the rapid development of the global economy, people's pursuit of wealth has gradually accelerated, and at the same time, they have paid much more attention to pollution-free and health and green environmental protection than before. A new measure to protect the domestic ecological environment has emerged internationally - green trade barriers. Based on the analysis of the general situation of green trade barriers and the status quo of the industry, this paper expounds the performance and reality of the green trade barriers encountered in China’s export of Chinese herbal medicines, and then provides four countermeasures: firstly, spread and promote screening and classification standards of regions and material origins for medicines; secondly, resolutely promote industrial production standards to ensure the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal products; thirdly, accelerate the cultivation of international TCM trade talents to help better predicting and responding to the green trade barriers; and lastly, strengthen the overall management of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.

Global COVID - 19 outbreak have a significant impact on jeju Island tourism economy, visitors populations, tourist impact on related industry, produce the problem such as negative influence to travel consumer psychology, which lead to the stagnation of tourism industry, the economic downturn and rising unemployment, tourism marketing by the huge impact. After the epidemic, the tourism industry of Jeju Island can promote the recovery and development of tourism economy by government supporting policies, strengthening coordination and supervision of tourism industry, building marketing brands of tourism enterprises, and innovating marketing modes of tourism industry.

The continuous development of international logistics of China and Korea trade have influence, because of the geographical position advantage of the two countries, the trade is very convenient, in this paper, based on the development of international logistics trade of China and Korea are expounded, and put forward the development strategy, including perfecting the infrastructure, strengthen personnel training, strengthening the technical cooperation efficiency, promote bilateral trade contacts.

The design of a wooden impact limiter equipped to a transportation cask for radioactive materials was optimized. According to International Atomic Energy Agency Safety Standards, 9 m drop tests should be performed on the transportation cask to evaluate its structural integrity in a hypothetical accident condition. For impact resistance, the size of the impact limiter should be properly determined for the impact limiter to absorb the impact energy and reduce the impact force. Therefore, the design parameters of the impact limiter were optimized to obtain a feasible optimal design. The design feasibility criteria were investigated, and several objectives were defined to obtain various design solutions. Furthermore, a probabilistic approach was introduced considering the uncertainties included in an engineering system. The uncertainty of material properties was assumed to be a random variable, and the probabilistic feasibility, based on the stochastic approach, was evaluated using reliability. Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the reliability to ensure a proper safety margin under the influence of uncertainties. The proposed methodology can provide a useful approach for the preliminary design of the impact limiter prior to the detailed design stage.

99Tc is a long-lived radioactive fission product whose mobility in the subsurface is largely governed by its oxidation state. Migration of Tc from a waste repository may be prevented by immobilizing Tc(IV) in durable glass forms. Thus, efficient incorporation and high retention of Tc by glasses is very important for radioactive waste management and environmental remediation. Tc(IV) oxidation to higly volatile Tc(VII) (TcO4 −) at glass vitrification temperatures results in poor Tc retention in the final waste glass. Retention of Tc in the glass is generally improved by reducing conditions since Tc(IV) is not volatile. However, experiments with Tc-magnetite under high temperature and oxic conditions showed re-oxidation of Tc(IV) to volatile pertechnetate. To understand this phenomenon, we employed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study structural and electronic properties of Tc-incorporation in magnetite. The study provides the ramification of high temperature on Tc mobilization and changes of Tc retention in magnetite. Theory predictions also indicated enhanced Tc retention in the presence of 1st row transition metal dopants in Tc-incorporated magnetite that was confirmed by experiments. Furthermore, the overwhelming concentration of Cr(VI) co-mingled with Tc(VII) within the secondary waste form where Cr(VI) is more readily reduced than Tc(VII) by reduction potential metrics. Experiments with Tc-magnetite under high temperature and oxic conditions showed re-oxidation of Tc(IV) to volatile pertechnetate. Experiments also showed that magnetite transforms to maghematite resulting in disproportionation and re-oxidation of Tc. This transformation can be suppressed through incorporation of trace elements such as Co, Ni, Zn into magnetite forming spinel. In this talk, I will present results from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and experiments on the structural and electronic properties of Tc and/or Cr incorporation in magnetite. I will also discuss the temperature effect on Tc/Cr mobilization and changes of Tc/Cr retention in magnetite. In addition, I will discuss the effect of Tc/Cr concentration and 1st row transition metal dopants on their incorporation in magnetite.

For producing radionuclides which were mostly used in medical purposes, for instance, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), there were about 1,200 PET cyclotrons operated in 95 countries based upon IAEA database (2020). Besides, including PET cyclotrons, demands for particle accelerators are continuously increasing. In Korea, about 40 PET cyclotrons are in operating phases (2020). Considering design lifetime (about 30–40 years) of cyclotrons, there will be demands for decommissioning cyclotron facilities in the near future. PET cyclotron produces radionuclides by irradiating charged particles to the targets. During this phase, nuclear reactions (18O(p,n)18F, 14N(d,n)15O etc.) produce secondary neutrons which induce neutron activation of accelerator itself as well as surrounding infrastructures (the ancillary subsystems, peripheral equipment, concrete walls etc.). Most of the ancillary systems including peripheral equipment can be neutron activated, since, most of them were made of steels. Steels like stainless steel or carbon steel may contain some impurities, typically cobalt. Although, there were several researches evaluating activation of concrete walls and accelerator components, estimating the activation and influence on neutron interaction of the other surrounding infrastructures were insufficient. In this study, by using computational neutron transport code (MCNP 6.2), and source term calculation code (FISPACT- II), we estimated neutron distribution in cyclotron vault and activation of ancillary subsystems including some peripheral equipment. Also, using Au foil and Cd cover, we measured thermal neutron distribution at 16 points on the concrete wall, and compared it to calculated results (MCNP). Even though, the compared results matches well, there was a discrepancy of neutron distributions between presence and absence of those equipment. Additionally, in estimating activation distributions by calculating, most of the steel-based subsystems including peripheral equipment should be managed by radioactive wastes after 20 years of operation. Throughout this study, we could find that influence on neutron interaction of those equipment can affect neutron distribution in concrete walls. This results vary the activation depth as well as location of the hot contaminated spot in concrete wall. For estimating or evaluating activation distributions in cyclotron facilities, there was need to consider some equipment located in cyclotron vault.

Near-surface disposal facility is more susceptible to intrusion than underground repository, resulting in more possible pathways for contaminant release. Alike human intrusion, animals (e.g. Ants, Moles, etc.) could intrude into the disposal site to excavate burrows, which could cause direct release of contaminants to biosphere. In this paper, animal intrusion is demonstrated using GoldSim’s commercial contaminant transport module and impact on the integrity of the near-surface disposal facility is evaluated in terms of fractional release rate of the contaminants. In this study, the near-surface disposal facility is modelled with a single concrete vault to contain radionuclide according to LLW concentration limit stated in NSSC notice No.2020-6. The release of contaminants is modelled to occur directly after the institutional control period, and the contaminants are mostly transported from the concrete vault to cover layers via diffusion. To produce mathematical model of the release of the contaminants due to animal intrusion, firstly, the fraction of burrow volume for each cover layer is calculated separately for each animal species, based on their maximum possible intrusion depth. In this study, fractions of burrow volume for ants and moles are calculated based on their maximum possible intrusion depths, where for ants is 2–3 m, and for moles is 0.1–0.135 m. Then, assuming that the contaminants are distributed homogeneously throughout each cover layers by diffusion, fraction of contaminants transported into the uppermost layer via excavation of the burrow is calculated for each layer based on burrow volume, and fraction of contaminants removed from the uppermost layer to the layers below via collapse of the burrow is also calculated based on the burrow volume. Lastly, the net transportation of contaminants into and out of the burrow via excavation and collapse, respectively, is calculated and demonstrated using direct transfer rate function of the GoldSim. Based on the simulated result, the maximum mass flux is too minor to cause a meaningful impact on the safety. The peak mass flux of the most sensitive radionuclide, I-129, is witnessed at around year 1,470, with a flux value of 5.36×10−6 g·yr−1. This minor release of the contaminants could be due to cover layers being much thicker than the maximum possible intrusion depth of the animals, preventing the animal intrusion into the deeper layers of higher radionuclide concentration. In future, this study can be used to provide a guidance and fundamental data for scenario development and safety evaluation of the near-surface disposal facility.

For economic and safe management of Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF), it is very important to maintain the structural integrity of SNF and to keep the fuel undamaged and handleable. The cladding surrounding nuclear fuel must be protected from physical and mechanical deterioration. The structural evaluation of SNF is very complicated and numerically demanding and it is essential to develop a simplified model for the fuel rod. In this study, a simplified model was developed using a new cladding failure criterion. The simplified model was developed considering only the horizontal or lateral static load utilizing the cladding material properties of irradiated Zirclaoy-4, and applicability in horizontal and vertical drop impacts was investigated. When a fuel rod is subject to bending, a very complicated 3D stress state is generated within the vicinity of the pellet–pellet interface. A very localized stress concentration is observed in the area where the edges of the pellets contact the cladding. If the failure strain criteria obtained from the uniaxial tension test or biaxial tube test is applied, failure is predicted at the beginning stage of loading with premature through-thickness stress or strain development. The localized contact stress or strain is self-limiting and is not a good candidate for the cladding failure criteria. In this work, a new cladding failure criterion is proposed, which can account for the localized stress concentration and the through-thickness stress development. The failure of the cladding is determined by the membrane plus bending stress generated through the thickness of the cladding, which can be calculated by a process called stress linearization along the stress classification line. The failure criterion for SNF was selected as the membrane plus bending stress through stress linearization in the cross-sections through the thickness of the cladding. Because the stress concentration in the cladding around the vicinity of the pellet–pellet interface cannot be simulated in a simplified beam model, a stress correction factor is derived through a comparison of the simplified model and detailed model. The applicability of the developed simplified model is checked through horizontal and vertical drop impact simulations. It is shown that the stress correction factor derived considering static bending loading can be effectively applied to the dynamic impact analyses in both horizontal and vertical orientations.

With the rapid development of the digital economy in countries around the world, international trade has entered a new period of development. In order to effectively improve the governance capabilities of the digital economy and better adapt to the development trend of the global digital economy, countries have put their participation in various international economic and trade agreements on the important agenda. As friendly neighbors, China and South Korea have a long history of trade. In the context of the in-depth advancement of digital trade development by countries around the world, aligning with high-standard international economic and trade rules has become the focus of the development of digital trade between China and South Korea. This research starts with the aspects of business and trade facilitation, data flow and personal information protection, emerging trends and technologies, and expounds the content of DEPA, the first international digital trade agreement, and shows that joining DEPA will affect China and South Korea. The main impact of digital trade is specifically reflected in the choice of flexible digital trade participation models, the implementation of efficient and feasible digital trade system specifications, the breaking of traditional digital trade monopolies in major countries, and the provision of important opportunities for global digital trade layout. Finally, the prospects of China and South Korea after joining DEPA are prospected, pointing out continuous efforts to achieve the docking of technology and international standards, establish a more complete system-level guarantee, and strengthen industry selfdiscipline and cooperation among private entities. The above discussion aims to take the entry of DEPA as an entry point and provide a useful reference and reference for the healthy development of digital trade between China and South Korea in the future.

The present multidisciplinary study, which is a nexus of engineering and political science, investigates how the modernization of Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons (NSNWs) affects the IAEA safeguards system based on the likelihood of the use of nuclear weapons. To this end, this study examines the characteristics of modernized NSNWs using Monte Carlo techniques. The results thus obtained show that 10 kt NSNWs with a Circular Error Probability (CEP) of 10 m can destroy the target as effectively as a 500 kt weapon with a CEP of 100 m. The IAEA safeguards system shows that the Significant Quantity (SQ) of 1 of plutonium is 8 kg, a parameter that was established when strategic nuclear weapons were dominant. However, the results of this study indicate that in recent years, low-yield nuclear weapons such as NSNWs have been more strategically interesting than strategic nuclear weapons as NSNWs require less plutonium than strategic nuclear weapons. Therefore, we would like to conclude that reducing the SQ of plutonium can result in more robust safeguards and non-proliferation strategies.

In this study, the prediction technology of Hydrological Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (HQPF) was improved by optimizing the weather predictors used as input data for machine learning. Results comparison was conducted using bias and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which are predictive accuracy verification indicators, based on the heavy rain case on August 21, 2021. By comparing the rainfall simulated using the improved HQPF and the observed accumulated rainfall, it was revealed that all HQPFs (conventional HQPF and improved HQPF 1 and HQPF 2) showed a decrease in rainfall as the lead time increased for the entire grid region. Hence, the difference from the observed rainfall increased. In the accumulated rainfall evaluation due to the reduction of input factors, compared to the existing HQPF, improved HQPF 1 and 2 predicted a larger accumulated rainfall. Furthermore, HQPF 2 used the lowest number of input factors and simulated more accumulated rainfall than that projected by conventional HQPF and HQPF 1. By improving the performance of conventional machine learning despite using lesser variables, the preprocessing period and model execution time can be reduced, thereby contributing to model optimization. As an additional advanced method of HQPF 1 and 2 mentioned above, a simulated analysis of the Local ENsemble prediction System (LENS) ensemble member and low pressure, one of the observed meteorological factors, was analyzed. Based on the results of this study, if we select for the positively performing ensemble members based on the heavy rain characteristics of Korea or apply additional weights differently for each ensemble member, the prediction accuracy is expected to increase.

The study was aimed to investigate the correlation between tidal effects and fog occurrence in Incheon and Mokpo, which are located in the middle and southern coasts of the West Sea of Korea, respectively. The investigation used meteorological data obtained from the automated synoptic observing systems and automatic weather stations and ocean data from tide stations from 2010 to 2019. Fog occurrence frequency was highest at high tide (Incheon, 41%; Mokpo, 45%). During fog event days at high tide, the dew-point depression was low (Incheon, 0.5 ℃; Mokpo, 0.4 ℃) and the relative humidity was high (Incheon, 97%; Mokpo, 9 8%). The w ind speed w as 2 . 4 m/s in I ncheon a nd 2 .0 m/s in M okpo, a nd t he m ain wind d irections w ere west-southwesterly from Incheon and southwesterly from Mokpo. In the fog case study, tidal flats were covered with water before and after the fog started. During the fog period, both stations experienced negative air-sea temperature differences, low dew-point depression, and high relative humidity were maintained, with weak winds forming from the tidal flats to the shore.

The purpose of this study is to extract climate element affecting coffee yield by growth period using data of production and cultivation area of coffee and climate data for 2000-2018. During the analysis period, the production of coffee in Vietnam has been consistently increasing, but Ðăk Lăk in the Central Highlands, the main cultivation area for coffee production, has recently stagnated in the trend of increasing yield. The yield of Lâm Đồng, located in the relatively highlands of the Central Highlands, is steadily increasing. Coffee yields of Ðăk Lăk is negatively correlated with the temperature during flowering period, and is also significantly negatively correlated with the maximum temperature and precipitation during the late growing period. On the other hand, Lâm Đồng, located at a relatively high altitude, has a positive correlation with temperature during the late growing period. It is analyzed that the lower the altitude, the higher the temperature, the lower the coffee productivity due to the high temperature appearance, and the lower the low temperature appearance in the high altitude region.

While Shandong Province is the largest historical and cultural and the first agricultural province in China, in recent years, due to the accelerated urbanization and modernization process, the conflict between traditional culture and modern civilization has had a serious impact on rural culture, and the ancient architecture among the villages in Shandong has also caused certain damage. These ancient buildings scattered in various villages in Shandong are important historical and cultural resources, the embodiment of Shandong traditional culture, and have an important role in the revitalization of rural culture and the enhancement of rural cohesion. However, research on the subsequent survey, conservation and restoration, and tourism development of ancient buildings in Shandong has lagged behind, and the role of these buildings in the inheritance of traditional Shandong traditional culture has not been given due attention, and their role in the construction of rural culture in the new era of Shandong has been seriously neglected. Tourism utilization is generally considered to be the preferred way to solve the conservation problems of ancient buildings. This study argues that the cultural revitalization of rural culture can be driven by the tourism and cultural industry of ancient buildings, and it can also provide a strong and sustainable power source for the rural revitalization strategy of the whole Shandong Province.

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has implemented a self-governing environmental impact assessment system (Jeju-EIAS) in recognition of its autonomy. In this study, the institutional features of Jeju-EIAS were examined by analyzing the development projects whose consultation under Jeju-EIAS were completed from 1994 to 2019. The consultation procedure of Jeju-EIAS, such as the actual operation of Review Committee for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the consent of the provincial council, and the regular follow-up activities for the implementation of EIA consultations, has been implemented differently from those of other metropolitan cities and provinces. Under Jeju-EIAS, types of development projects subject to consultation on EIA also take into account local conditions, and include the construction of aquarium basin and building. In addition, provisions concerning the scale of development projects is strengthened above the Korean Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA Act).