본 연구에서는 HMD(Head Mounted Display)를 가지고 Walk-through의 이동시뮬레이션에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 구체적으로는 VR공간 주변에 배치된 오브젝트 밀집정도(밀도)의 변화가 심리적 이동거리, 이동속도, 이동시간에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. 연구결과 첫째, 실험 조건 (저밀도, 중밀도, 고밀도)에 있어 조건간의 차이는 모두 유의미하였다. 둘째, 주변 오브젝트의 밀도가 높아질수록 이동시간, 이동속도, 이동거리가 기본조건과 비교하여 평균점이 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 주변의 오브젝트가 VR공간의 이동시뮬레이션에 있어 시간, 속도, 거리의 감각을 향상 시키는 것을 확인하였다.

Industrial symbiosis (IS) activities within an industrial complex can enhance environmental and economic efficiencies. This study proposed a simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology as an effective tool with which to evaluate the reduction of environmental impact of IS activities. In this method, the variation of resources and energy consumptions before and after IS activities are proposed to simply evaluate its lifecycle environmental impacts. The simplified LCA was applied to an IS case between an industrial waste incineration plant and a steam production plant of a paper mill firm in the metropolitan city Ulsan. The system boundary and inventory were set for this IS, and an environmental impact assessment was carried out by standard and proposed LCA methods. The results showed that the environmental impacts after IS decreased in all impact categories with regard to the consumption reduction of boiler fuel used at the paper mill. Furthermore, the performance of environmental improvement activities such as IS can be simply evaluated by only considering the input and output changes in the environmental improvement activities. In this IS case study, the environmental impact was decreased by 11.7% (weighted impact base). This was due to the utilization of waste heat generated from an incineration plant in the process of the paper mill firm.

We investigated on the proper combination of physical parameterization schemes of RegCM4.0 for the simulation of regional climate over CORDEX-East Asia Phase 2 domain. Based on the Lee(2016)’s sensitivity experiments for the four combination using two land surface schemes and two cumulus parameterization schemes during 5 years (1979-1983), we selected the two combinations (CE: CLM+Emanuel and BG: BATS+Grell). The ERA-Interim was used as lateral boundary data of RegCM4.0 for the two experiments during 25 years (1981-2005). Simulation skills of temperature were similar in the two combination of physical processes irrespective of seasons and locations. However, there were a substantial differences in the simulation skills of precipitation according to the combination of physical processes, which were better in CE than BG combination. In general, the CE combination better simulated the precipitation characteristics in July and August over South Korea than BG combination, in terms of frequency and amount of precipitation according to the intensity. The superior skills of CE in simulating precipitation over South Korea can be related to the better simulation of seasonal march of the East Asian summer monsoon including the location and intensity of the North Pacific high pressure system than BG. The results suggested that the CE combination can simulate the climate characteristics in the CORDEX East Asia Phase 2 region better than the BG combination.

The purpose of this study is to extract climate factors affecting sweet persimmon yield by growth period and estimate the rate of future sweet persimmon yield using data of production and cultivation area of sweet persimmon and climate data for 1998-2015. During the analysis period, the cultivation area of sweet persimmon in Gyeongnam has been consistently decreasing, but sweet persimmon yield has increased. Climate factors that have statistically significant effects on sweet persimmon yield are mean temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, precipitation days, and sunshine hours. The sweet persimmon yield is a statistically positively correlated with temperature and sunshine hours and negatively correlated with precipitation during the flowering period (April to May). The sweet persimmon yield is statistically positively correlated with precipitation in the growing period (June to August) and negatively correlated with temperature in maturity period (September to November). Future sweet persimmon yield is estimated to have a steadily decreasing rate of change in future climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.

Purpose - The total amount of advanced Corporate Pension Insurance products exceed 148 trillion Korean Won at the end of 2016. For a firm with over 300 employees, when a bill on compulsion of introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products, currently pending in court, is passed, Corporate Pension shall be an essential. The findings of the paper will provide a guideline for understanding on firm's attributes and its effects towards introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products. Research design, data, and methodology – The data were collected using statistics of employer panel survey from Korea Labour Institute in 2013. The study analyses a sample survey on 1,775 outstanding enterprises and their HR department among whole corporations in Korea. For analysis of data, empirical testing by Logistic Regression was utilized. Results – As an outcome of empirical testing, variables on share of regular employees and the aged employees in over 50's generates a significant statistical meaning. It eventually gives a great impact on purchase of Corporate Pension scheme. Moreover, variables on corporate financial statement, current sales, current net income, total amount of the debts, labor cost per person also has a vital influence on introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products. Lastly, variables on firm's labor relationship have no effect except for the execution or non-execution of HR consulting. Meanwhile, Variables affecting a choice on pension schemes types among firm's attributes are a share of regular employees, current net income, execution or non-execution of HR consulting etc. These variables represents a statistical implication. According to their each features, they prefer DB or DC plan. Conclusions – Introduction of corporate pension scheme is apposite to contemporary Korea's situation entering a hyper-aging society and firms with a high share of regular employees, the weight of aging, current sales, current net income and labor cost per person are exceedingly active in purchasing Corporate Pension Insurance products. However, after the introduction of corporate pension scheme, firms which has an implementation of consultation on human resource management, flexible benefits plan, job security and welfare system prefer DC plan whereas from financial perspective firms with high net income prefer DB plan.

In order to simulate a typhoon precisely, the satellite observation data has been assimilated using WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) three-Dimensional Variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system. The observation data used in 3DVAR was GPS Radio Occultation (GPS-RO) data which is loaded on Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite. The refractivity of Earth is deduced by temperature, pressure, and water vapor. GPS-RO data can be obtained with this refractivity when the satellite passes the limb position with respect to its original orbit. In this paper, two typhoon cases were simulated to examine the characteristics of data assimilation. One had been occurred in the Western Pacific from 16 to 25 October, 2015, and the other had affected Korean Peninsula from 22 to 29 August, 2012. In the simulation results, the typhoon track between background (BGR) and assimilation (3DV) run were significantly different when the track appeared to be rapidly change. The surface wind speed showed large difference for the long forecasting time because the GPS-RO data contained much information in the upper level, and it took a time to impact on the surface wind. Along with the modified typhoon track, the differences in the horizontal distribution of accumulated rain rate was remarkable with the range of 600~500 mm. During 7 days, we estimated the characteristics between daily assimilated simulation (3DV) and initial time assimilation (3DV_7). Because 3DV_7 demonstrated the accurate track of typhoon and its meteorological variables, the differences in two experiments have found to be insignificant. Using observed rain rate data at 79 surface observatories, the statistical analysis has been carried on for the evaluation of quantitative improvement. Although all experiments showed underestimated rain amount because of low model resolution (27 km), the reduced Mean Bias and Root-Mean-Square Error were found to be 2.92 mm and 4.53 mm, respectively.

Recently IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change, 2007) pointed out that global warming is a certain ongoing process on the earth, due to which water resources management is becoming one of the most difficult tasks with the frequent occurrences of extreme floods and droughts. In this study we made runoff predictions for several control points in the Geum River by using the watershed runoff model, SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation Model), with daily RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 100 year from 1st Jan 2006 to 31st Dec 2100 at the resolution of 1 km given by Climate Change Information Center. As a result of, the Geum River Basin is predicted to be a constant flow increases, and it showed a variation in the water circulation system. Thus, it was found that the different seasonality occurred.

Slag and coal ash were selected to evaluate the recyclability of waste generated during the heat treatment processes. A list of waste types and recyclable types of the two wastes were identified. A recycling environmental hazardous assessment was reviewed step by step. In addition, the hazardous properties of slag and coal ash were investigated, and the chemical components, leaching, and content of harmful substances in the waste were analyzed. The two selected wastes were classified as general wastes. As a result of chemical analysis with XRF, the two wastes did not produce toxic gases in contact with water and show leaching toxicity from the analysis of harmful substances. In addition, waste is often brought into contact with the soil when recycled, so the content of slag and coal ash is analyzed and compared with the 2 region standard of soil; two samples were within the standard. Therefore, the surveyed wastes can be recycled in non-matrix contact types and the recycling purpose and method permitted by the new law is excluded from the recycling environmental hazardous assessment. However, to recycle wastes for new uses, the recycling environmental hazardous assessment is required.

This research developed the fiber pullout impact test machine to investigate interfacial bond strength between fiber and cement based matrix under high velocity. To achieve the goal, firstly the existing pullout test machines were investigated. And then, these drawback were comprehended. Finally, Fiber pullout impact test machine base on strain energy frame impact machine was proposed.

This study was evaluated dynamic impact fracture behaviour of 80 MPa sprayed HPFRCC by Gas-gun test as a part of the research for development of sprayed HPFRCC for protection and blast resistant of existing structures.

This study performed gas-gun propelled projectile impact tests with high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete. Also, from the impact tests, failure modes and protection performances of HIgh Performance Concrete which is reinforced by steel fibers were assessed. High strength steel fiber reinforced concrete showed excellent protection performances against impact loads.

In this study, preliminary analytical study on the middle scale impact test of SC(steel plate concrete) walls were carried out to evaluate the impact resistance performance of SC walls subjected to missile impact load. A total of 15 middle-scale impact tests will be carried out to investigate the impact behavior of SC walls. Pre-test impact analysis for all test cases were performed to decide the initial impact velocity. Calibrations of the analytical parameter were performed using preliminary test results.

For the evaluation of load carrying capacity of continuous bridges, the testing target span should be selected where peak impact factor can be expected. In this paper, two and three continuous bridges with equal span length are considered and the moving vehicle load analysis is performed. All possible vehicle speeds are applied to the bridges and the peak impact factors obtained for each span are investigated. From the results, the maximum peak impact factors are developed at the middle of the first span to the direction of vehicle moving.

Recently, the velocity of vehicle in highway has been increased due to improved driving environment. Unfortunately, the impact resistance of present concrete median barrier is not enough for increased impact severity due to increased velocity, furthermore, these increased velocity occurs another secondary accidents due to the concrete fragmentation. Therefore, in this study, the evaluation of impact resistance for developed concrete median barrier was performed with shock absorber.

Robotics-Assisted Bridge Inpection Tool (RABITTM) combines a capability of conventional non-destructive evaluation techniques for condition assessment of concrete bridge decks, including electrical resistivity (ER), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), impact-echo (IE), ultrasonic surface waves (USW), and a high resolution digital camera. In this study, the RABITTM platform was used to evaluate delaminaitons in a concrete bridge deck fabricated in the laboratory.

Purpose - The main purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of accounting information quality and information asymmetry on the underinvestment phenomenon among the listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Research design, data, and methodology - The population includes 94 firms selected through systematic sampling. The data is collected from the audited financial statements of the firms provided by TSE’s website from 2010 to 2015. Accounting information quality and information asymmetry is considered as independent variables, and their impact is examined on the dependent variable (underinvestment). Results - The statistical results, based on data collected from 94 listed companies on the TSE during 2010–2015, revealed positive impact of accounting information quality and positive impact of information asymmetry on underinvestment. There was a significant relationship between accrual quality (AQ) and underinvestment, and spread and underinvestment. The results also showed that information asymmetry is the main factor in the creation underinvestment. Conclusions - Findings of this article can assist accounting researchers and theoreticians in comparing Real world facts with hypotheses developed with respect to accounting information quality, information asymmetry and underinvestment. However, the results of fuzzy regression analysis indicate significant relationships between the independent variable except underinvestment.

Purpose – Market orientation is a key factor for business performance in today’s fluctuating conditions. This study investigates whether the employment of innovation can improve the innovative capability and increase the performance by gaining competitive advantages or not. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of market orientation on the performance of small and medium size distributer enterprises (SMDEs) in Iran. Research design, data, and methodology – Customer orientation, Competitor orientation, and Inter-functional coordination have been regarded as market orientation indices to determine the effects of these indices on marketing innovation, gaining competitive advantages, and companies’ performance as well. Data were collected from managers and experts in SMDEs in Iran. The structural equations modeling are used for analysis. Results – The results indicated that marketing innovation has been improved in competitive companies that enjoyed a high level of Inter-functional coordination among the various units. Besides, marketing innovation resulted in gaining competitive advantages regarding cost management, concentration, and differentiation in these companies. In addition, it was observed that SMDEs that obtain competitive advantages are equipped to reap superior performance. Conclusions – With cost management, differentiation and concentration are more likely to enhance the enterprise efficiency and effectiveness than other companies. Additionally, competitiveness, inter-functional coordination, and marketing innovation in SMDEs have a positive impact on marketing innovation.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important policy implemented before starting development projects to estimate and reduce environmental impact. However, the difficulty of quantification on several rating categories has hampered comprehensive analysis. Instead of it, the current EIA just summarizes outcome of investigation. Therefore, EIA fails to definitively ascertain whether the development shold be approved or not. This study aimed at providing the way to comprehensive decision-making by applying Emergy analysis and Emergy indicators to EIA. Production (P), Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR), Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) and Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) were selected for indicators. The indicators of range approving the development were set up with comparing before and after development or according to circumstances of which view of average that was classified as region or industry is appropriate to analysis. As a result, the value after development of P should be higher than the value before development. EYR and ESI of the value before development should be higher than region or industry average. On the contrary to these, ELR of the value after development should be lower than region or industry average. To verify applying Emergy indicators to EIA comprehensive analysis, Emergy evaluation was conducted to real case. As a result, applying Emergy analysis could suggest whether the development is appropriate or not. These indices and the result of this research are expected to be applied decision-making on environmental impact for sustainable development.