국제관습법과 유엔해양법협약에 따르면 공해상에는 항해의 자유가 인정되며 공해상의 선박의 위법행위에 대해서는 기국이 관할권을 갖지만 최근에 각국은 국가간 외교적 상업적 교류가 증가하고 있는 등 상호의존성이 증대됨에 따라 국가관할권의 역외적용의 필요성이 증대되었으며 이에 따라 기국의 배타적 관할권을 인정하였던 기존의 방식은 수정이 불가피하게 되었다 국가간 관할권이 경합할 수 있는 국제해양범죄의 개념과 유형을 정립하고 우리나라에서 이를 단속 적용하는 법률을 살펴봄으로써 관할권 행사의 근거를 명확히 하고자 한다 연구결과 외국어선의 불법조업의 경우 우리의 영해 및 접속수역법 배타적 경제수역에서의 외국인어업 등에 대한 주권적 권리의 행사에 관한 법률 등 관의 사망사건에서 보듯이 추적권의 행사에 대한 법적 근거를 분명하게 할 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다 해적행위는 국제적으로 보편적 관할권이 인정되어 해적행위의 발생지와 관계없이 모든 국가가 형사관할권을 행사할 수 있으나 UN해양법협약상 해적행위로 인정될 수 있는 범죄의 범위는 한정되어 있다 우리 형법상 해상강도죄로 처벌을 하고 있기는 하지만 범죄의 대상을 해상의 선박으로만 한정하였다는 단점이 있다 즉 선박 이외에 해상구조물들도 해적행위의 대상에 추가하여 처벌할 수 있는 해적행위의 범위를 넓혀야 하고 다중의 위력을 사용해야 한다는 구성요건도 오늘날 선박장비의 자동화 첨단화에 따라 선박운항에 많은 수의 선원이 필요 없게 되었고 초대형 상선조차도 소수의 인원에 의해 관리되기 때문에 무장한 인에 의해서도 쉽게 공격을 받을 수 있다는 점을 감안한다면 적합한 규정이라 할 수는 없어 개정이 필요하다 할 것이다 동시에 해적행위에 대한 보편적 관할권을 명시하는 국내의 별도입법도 고려하여야 한다 여기에는 공해상 해적행위자에 대한 체포시 현행범의 즉시 인도 체포의 시점 등을 명확히 하는 규정의 추가도 필요하다고 보인다 해상테러행위에 대한 보편적 관할권의 인정이 현재 국제법상 많은 공감대를 형성하고 있기는 하지만 해적행위의 보편적 관할권과 같이 일치된 견해라고 볼 수는 없으므로 공해상에서 외국인의 외국선박에 대한 해상테러행위에 대하여 우리의 관할권을 행사하는 것은 신중하게 접근할 필요가 있다 선박에서 발생한 강력사건은 편의치적제도와 다국적으로 구성된 선원들 열악한 근무환경 등으로 인해 발생가능성은 상존하며 일단 발생한 후에 여러 국가들과 관할권 행사에 경합 충돌이 있을 수 있으므로 우리의 형사관할권을 일방적으로 배타적으로 주장하기 보다는 주변국과의 공동의 협력을 이끌어내는 외교적 노력을 병행하여야 한다 즉 관할권 행사의 정당성을 확보하기 위하여 범죄인 인도조약을 여러 국가들과 상호 체결하고 해상에서의 강력사건 발생시 이를 공동으로 대처하기 위한 국제협력기구를 창설하여 해상에서의 범죄에 대한 형사관할권을 국제협력기구에 위임하는 것은 국제해양범죄를 둘러싼 외교적 분쟁을 피할 수 있는 방법이기도 하다 또한 우리나라의 경우는 형법총칙에서 형법의 역외적용에 관한 일반적인 수동적 속인주의 보호주의의 규정을 둠으로써 개별 법률에 이에 관한 특별규정이 없이도 우리 형법이 적용될 수 있게 되어 있으나 이러한 일반적 규정과는 별도로 문제되는 사안에 있어서 형법의 역외적용의 문제를 분명히 하기 위해서 개별 법률에 역외적용에 관한 근거 규정을 마련해 두는 것이 타당하다

국제법과 국내법의 충돌은 헌법 학자와 국제법 학자의 연구 대상으로 오랫동안 논란의 대상이 되어 왔지만 이러한 충돌은 국제적인 성격이 강한 해상법의 영역에서 실제로 가장 많이 발생한다 그런데 최근 해상법의 영역에서 종래 헌법이나 국제법 이론으로 설명이 되지 않는 새로운 현상이 발생하고 있고 이러한 현상은 법률가들이 미쳐 검토와 대안을 제시하기도 전에 그 영역을 확대 하여 가고 있으며 이러한 현상은 처음에는 해상법의 영역에서 시작되었지만 최근에 다른 분야로 그 범위를 넓혀가고 있다 종래 국제법과 국내법은 모두 국가주권주의에 바탕을 두고 있었고 국가의 동의를 통하여 성립한 조약의 범위 내에소 조약이 효력을 갖는 것으로 이해하였다 그러나 최근에는 조약에 기초를 두고 있기는 하지만 국제기구가 스스로 많은 규정을 만들어 이를 세계적으로 시행하고 있다 적용 대상인 국가가 국가 주권을 내세워 이에 대항할 수 없는 현상이 차츰 여기저기에서 많이 나타나고 있고 이는 결국 국제법이 사실상 국내법에 우선하는 효력을 갖게 되는 결과를 가져왔다 국제적인 성격이 강한 해운 항공 및 통신 분야에서 이러한 현상이 두더러 지고 있으며 특히 해운 분야에서는 해운활동을 규제하는 많은 국제적인 규범이 있는데 어느 국가이든 이를 사실상 수용하지 않을 수 없는 현상이 나타나고 있다 이러한 새로운 현상에 대하여 법률가의 입장에서 절차적으로 이를 어떻게 정당화 하며 국내법적으로 어떻게 그 범위와 한계를 설정할지 의문이 제기된다 최근에 이탈리아에서 유럽 연합과 관련하여 이 문제가 제기되어 이탈리아 헌법의 개정에까지 이른 경험을 바탕으로 해상법학자로서 비록 최종적인 결론을 제시할 성질은 아니라 하더라도 앞으로 이 문제가 발전할 방향을 제시하고자 한다

This research explore the complementarity effect of export-market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on export performance of SMEs from a CEE developing economy. We found that the likelihood of this effect on export profitability is higher in dynamic export market environments if high level of resources are committed to export operations.

In 2004 University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt in Germany decided to deveolp a part time MBA programme in addition to its longtime successful part time Bachelor programme in International Business Administration. At that time many business schools in germany started new MBA programmes and it was a challenge to find an appropriate positioning for the new programme. One of the goals was to sell the programme not only on the national but also on the international market. The programme has been launched in 2006 and relaunched in 2012. In the presentation the process of developing, positioning and selling the new programme national and international will be described. There will be a focus on developing a mission, the curriculum, cultural differences of potential international students and their demands to an MBA programme. Also internal and external challenges of managing such a new programme will be discussed.

Left unexplored is how a celebrity’s country-of-origin and fame contribute to brand internationalization. A 2x2x2 conjoint among 126 subjects finds that endorsements made by local celebrities generally enjoy a home advantage, but this COO-effect is moderated. Foreign celebrities from countries with reputed entertainment industries are at least equally strong endorsers.

This study of Product Placements examines cross-cultural differences in the UK, Germany and Mexico using an online survey of 338 respondents. Although product placement can still be used as a standardised global marketing strategy significant cultural differences were found, Marketers must therefore pay attention to such differences for international product placement decisions.

The ongoing growth in US and European markets along with the increasing demand for luxury goods in emerging economies leads to a substantial growth in the global appetite for luxury. A necessary precondition to improve marketing strategies for luxury brands is a better understanding of the different reasons why consumers across nations buy luxury products: Do similar luxury attitudes exist across countries, or are there significant differences in luxury attitudes internationally? Drawing from prior findings in cross-national studies and based on a three-dimensional framework of consumer attitudes toward luxury, the present study analyzes this research question by using a cross-national data set. Based on the empirical study, referring to the main research question and initial hypotheses, the assessment of the measurement models and the structural relations give evidence for the existence of similar luxury attitudes across countries that can be distinguished along the three dimensions of knowledge-related, affect-related and behavior-related luxury themes. Nevertheless, there are cross-national differences in the evaluation of statements that are associated with these luxury themes and in the structural relationship between these components.

An extensive body of research on the effects of the country-of-origin (COO) on the purchase of foreign brands has emerged in the international marketing stream. Although previous studies have enhanced the understanding of the effects of the COO on the purchase of foreign brands, they provide limited insight into organizational buyers’ behavior on foreign brands. The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of the effects of the COO on overseas distributors’ behavior in international marketing channels. Integrating the theory of planned behavior and the concepts of country-induced biases, the current study develops an empirically testable model that explains and predicts overseas distributors’ behavior in international marketing channels. The model identifies attitude toward foreign brands, social valuation of the origin of brands, and perceived behavioral control as the factors affecting overseas distributors’ intention to place foreign brands. The model also incorporates the factors of country-induced biases—buyer animosity and perceived risk to the origin of manufacture as the antecedents of attitude toward foreign brands. The model is tested using the primary data drawn from a survey. Findings from an examination of 103 distributors in America reveal that these country-induced biases affect the intention to place foreign brands, in the manner of the hypotheses, through the attitude toward foreign brands. Finally, the present study discusses implications for theory and practice, indicates limitations, and concludes with some suggestions for future research.

This study used the methods of decision tree analysis, association rule analysis, and Kano’s model to explore the behavior patterns of mainland China tourists staying at the international tourist hotels in Taiwan. To this end, the data of their demographics, travel variables, overall satisfaction with the lodging experience, different service quality perceptions, and loyalty intentions were included. The decision tree analysis showed that a tourist’s overall satisfaction with the lodging experience, satisfaction with the quality of core intangible services, and certain demographic characteristics are three important determinants of tourist loyalty towards the hotels. In terms of the effect of demographics, the customers’ monthly income and length of stay at the hotel are two main determinants in this study. In addition, if the customer perceptions of different parts of hotel service quality are taken into account, among the five hotel service quality domains, core intangible services from the receptionist, housekeeping personnel, and food & beverage personnel are found to be important influences on hotel customer loyalty intention. In other words, high quality intangible services are important for luxury hotels to demonstrate their unique ability to help customers experience the service quality that creates loyalty intentions. With regard to the association rule analysis, the results showed that core intangible service aspects from the receptionist, housekeeping personnel, and food & beverage personnel are strongly associated with customer loyalty intentions, as are the tangible aspects of the reception and hotel room facilities. The former indicated that reception in the hotel lobby could be considered one of the most important servicescapes because of its impact in forming many of the first impressions of hotel guests, while the latter is treated as core offerings in hotels that would be encountered by most hotel customers. If the tourists are mainly from package tours, the intangible services and tangible facilities of these areas are the important areas to create customer satisfaction. However, if the tourists are mainly independent tourists because they have more time and free choice to stay at the hotel longer than the package tour tourists, the intangible services and tangible facilities of the entertainment or business centers would be even more important to these tourists than to the package tour tourists. With regard to Kano’s model analysis, the results showed that, based on mainland China tourists’ perceptions, most of the service elements fit into the category of one-dimensional quality attributes. This means that these service elements are positively and linearly related to customer satisfaction, and the greater fulfillment of the attribute results in a greater degree of satisfaction. This also means that hotels should make more effort to innovate their intangible services and tangible facilities to create business advantages in the market.

This paper analyses the importance of innovation for 680 EU multinationals subsidiaries involved in international marketing in China, the period of 1998-2009, using unbalanced panel data analysis. To date, the literature on EU subsidiaries has failed to consider product innovation in the strategy interplay in approaching new markets overseas. Building on the resource-based view of the firm, linked with host economic and political institutions, the authors empirically examine the inferential marketing strategy in an EU-China context, by applying econometric techniques to investigate innovation capabilities and to test the presence of agglomeration effect of past innovation activities. We find that EU innovation in China is influenced by both host country institutions and firm capabilities, rendering support to the theory. Our analysis indicates EU subsidiaries’ innovation is positively related to firm advertisement, labour training and host market size. R&D expenditure has a negative bearing on innovation. However, openness has a negative and significant effect on product innovation in China. The study findings have important implications for research on international marketing, new venture decision making, and overseas innovation expansion strategies.

The Asia-Pacific region is an engine of global growth in political, economic, social and cultural aspects but tangible and intangible conflicts also remain in the region due to different backgrounds and experiences in history, culture, and so forth. In this respect, APEC has played its role to narrow divides and facilitate cooperative activities among 21 member economies since 1989. However, it is required to point out how these member economies can initiate and manage cooperative activities efficiently under challenging situations like recent economic crisis and remaining conflicts. This paper presents the role of education to enable member economies to understand each other and find a way to work together, and reviews one representative international educational APEC project: APEC Future Education Forum.

The international community has been collaborated for the preservation of Angkor site in the last twenty years. This case which is the heritage conservation through cooperation is an exemplary instance for developing countries and warring nations. For this study, we analyze each of declarations that is adopted through three intergovernmental conferences for the preservation of Angkor and study how the policies of the conservation work. Tokyo Declaration at 1993 is included a pledge of the cooperation from all the countries of the world and an emergency measure and an advice of the policy for conservation on Angkor. Paris Declaration at 2003 is mentioned that the emergency measure for last ten years is effective for conservation of Angkor and emphasized the necessity of practical use of heritage like sustainable development and ethical sightseeing. Angkor Declaration at 2013 assures exertions of last 20 years and convinces that all of activities about Angkor is a commendable precedent to another World Heritages in danger. And it is mentioned a practical use of heritage which is more crucial and new conservation of Angkor.

Over the last decade, 350,000 people have moved from Mongolia’s countryside to the suburbs of its capital, Ulaanbaatar, where they live in abject poverty despite the rapid economic development of the country. This article proposes three complementary international legal analyses of this internal migration. First, because this migration is partly and indirectly induced by the adverse impacts of climate change, States have a common but differentiated responsibility to assist the Mongolian government to address climate migration. Second, Mongolia should bear its own responsibilities to take steps to realize the social and economic rights of its population without discrimination. Third, Mongolia’s commercial partners should be warned against any control or influence that would cause harm to Mongolia, in application to public international law on State responsibility and to States’ extraterritorial human rights obligations. While each narrative reveals an important dimension of a complex phenomenon, this article argues that all policy levers must urgently be pulled to guarantee the rights of Mongolia’s internal migrants.

In response to the 2008 global financial crisis, many of the world’s largest central banks initiated unconventional monetary policies such as quantitative easing when standard open market operations became ineffective. The Bank of Japan, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England and the European Community Bank were among those that aggressively increased their respective monetary bases to purchase specified financial assets from commercial banks and financial institutions in order to lower interest rates interest rates for specific debt securities and stimulate their economies. Japan, which has long suffered from years of debilitating deflationary cycles, has targeted and committed to open-ended purchases until a stable two percent rate of consumer price inflation is achieved. Several of Japan’s chief exporting rivals, in particular China, have publicly criticized the Bank of Japan for using its current monetary policy to intentionally devalue its currency and thereby benefit from an unfair trade practice. This criticism is unwarranted and Japan’s policy complies with international law.

This paper critically examines the normal value determination of NME and its implications for the purpose of contributing to Doha antidumping reform deliberation. From domestic to international arenas, antidumping development sees the significant growth of government paternalistic discretion turning antidumping into a distributive instrument challenging constitutionalism. Deeply rooted in the ideological divide of the 1950s, NME methodology’s obsession with national divide turns free trade from traders’ commutative exchange to nations’ distributive predation. NME distributive discretion, though against the free market principle, is ironically used to accuse foreign economies of not being free-market enough. When products and producers are given certain status via nationality instead of treated individually, antidumping development has been a process “from Status to Contract” and back. Therefore, it is time to de-legitimize the NME methodology, and the success of antidumping reform lies in limiting rather than deferring to governments’ paternalistic discretion, thus strengthening the international rule of law in the context of WTO.

This article reviews the US Supreme Court cases regarding detention of alleged terror suspects in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and examines the interplay between international human rights law and the American Constitution with respect to the executive policies of the Bush Administration to detain terror suspects. The article first references the international human rights legal framework regarding detainees, specifically the Geneva Conventions and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and then analyzes seminal cases brought before the Supreme Court by detainees, specifically how the Supreme Court interprets the US Constitution and international law in reaching its decisions regarding detainees at Guantanamo. While the Supreme Court provided detainees the right to challenge the legality of their detentions through habeas corpus petitions, limitations still exist as to the lack of extraterritorial application of rights protections as well as the domestic judicial failure to redress detainees’ subjection to torture and other abusive treatment.