Fraxinus rhynchophylla (Oleaceae), a deciduous tree, is known to have properties that include anti-inflammatory, convergence, febricide, antiblenophthalmia, antidiarrhea, antileukorrhea, and so forth. In addition, it has been used for traditional herbal medicine in East Asian countries, including Korea. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Fraxinus rhynchophylla ethanol extract (FRE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells with FRE pretreatment. We performed DPPH-assay, Western blot, and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). FRE showed 85% free radical scavenging activity at concentrations of 80 µg/ml. Results of this study also showed that FRE down-regulates Cox-2 and iNOS expression in mRNA and protein level. In conclusion, crude ethanol extract of Fraxinus rhynchophylla exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and it may potentially provide a valuable source of natural herbal agent to inhibit inflammation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological development pattern of conical papilla (CP) during prenatal and postnatal periods in native Korean goats by scanning electron microscopy. Tongues were removed from fetuses on days 90, 120, and neonates and from juveniles on days 30, 50, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, and 180 after birth. The lengths of CP were 194~240 μm in neonates, 335~485 μm in the weaning period of 60-day-old goats, and 526~662 μm in the maturing period of 180-day-old goats. The primordia of CP in 90-day-old fetuses, shaped like mountain berry, were sprouted. The CP of 120-day-old fetuses was a cylinder shape with an apex whose center was slightly concave and the margin was sticking up like a low fence. The CP of neonates was empty inside and the secondary papillae were irregularly arranged fence-like structures on it. In 60-day-old goats, CP was an obliquely sectioned cylinder shape compacted in inner surface; the shapes of CP varied in 120-day-old goats, and had a smooth surface. A low elevation of CP was observed in 150- and 180-day-old goats. The microridges, microplicae, and micropits were well developed on the epithelial surface of lingual papillae in 60- to 120-day-old goats. These findings indicate that CP of goats has a variety of sizes and shapes during development.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular amine oxidase catalyzing formation of lysine-derived cross-linkages in collagen and elastin in extracellular matrices. Four human paralogs of LOX (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4) have been identified, each encoding the functional domains required for the amine oxidase activity of LOX. Upregulated expression of LOX and LOXL2 was reported to show significant correlation with absence of lymphovascular invasion in tumor tissues from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, suggesting that oxygen tension around tumors may be an important factor in expressional regulation of these genes in colorectal carcinomas. To evaluate the effects of hypoxia on expression of LOX and LOXL2 in colorectal carcinomas, we performed promoter assays and RT-PCR analysis under hypoxia in colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HT-29 and HCT-116. Expression of LOX was upregulated under hypoxia in both HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, whereas LOXL2 expression was not affected by hypoxia in those cells. In the highly metastatic HCT-116 cells, LOX showed a higher level of upregulation than in HT-29 cells, suggesting a possible association of LOX upregulation with increased invasiveness and metastatic potential in colorectal carcinomas.

Human umbilical cord is easy to obtain because it is discarded after birth, so that ethical issues can be avoided. Chondrogenesis studies using MSCs from bone marrow, cord blood, and adipose have indicated that TGFβ3 and BMP6 stimulate chondrogenesis. Therefore, we investigated chondrogenesis of hUC-MSCs on TGFβ3, BMP6, and combination of the two growth factors. We initiated chondrogenesis of cells by application of physical forces to form 3D cell clusters. After initiation, we designated four experimental groups for differentiation of cells, as follows: control, 10 ng/mL TGFβ3, 100 ng/mL BMP6, and the combination of 5 ng/mL TGFβ3 and 50 ng/mL BMP6. For analysis of chondrogenesis, GAG contents, mRNA expression, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed. For analysis of GAG contents, GAG assay was performed and RT-PCR was performed for determination of chondrogenic markers. Histological analysis was performed through safranin O, alcian blue, and IHC was performed using collagen type I and II. GAG contents were increased 184% by TGFβ3, 147% by BMP6, and 189% by the combination of TGFβ3 and BMP6, compared to control. The growth factors improved collagen II and aggrecan expression; in particular, TGFβ3 and BMP6 showed a synergistic effect, compared to only TGFβ3 or BMP6 treated. The results of histological and IHC analysis indicated that chondrogenic differentiation in TGFβ3 and the combination of TGFβ3 and BMP6 showed more cartilage deposition. In conclusion, TGFβ3 and BMP6 differentiated hUC-MSCs into chondrogenic clusters of the combination treatment of the two growth factors showed more efficient chondrogenic ability.

Although bombesin (BN) regulates colonic motility, the associated mechanism of action remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of BN on colonic motility using isolated rat colon. An isolated rat colon was perfused with Krebs solution via the superior mesenteric artery. Intraluminal pressure was measured via microtip catheter pressure transducers at both proximal and distal portions of the isolated colon. After a control period, BN was administered intraarterially in concentrations of 13, 26, 130, and 260 pM. After pretreatment with hexamethonium (10-3 M), atropine (10-5 M), or tetrodotoxin (10-6 M), BN was administered at a concentration of 260 pM (proximal colon) or 130 pM (distal colon); intraluminal pressure was then monitored. Changes in motility were expressed as the percentage change of motility index (MI) over the basal period. As a result, BN increased colonic motility and a dose-dependent increase in proximal colonic motility was observed. The stimulant effect of BN was almost completely abolished by atropine and tetrodotoxin at both the proximal and distal colon. However, BN was not inhibited by hexamethonium at both the proximal and distal colon. Therefore, the stimulant action of BN may be mediated by local cholinergic muscarinic receptors.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate three different non- invasive blood pressure measurement methods (NIBP) in comparison with direct blood pressure measurements in anesthetized dogs. Ten normal healthy Beagle dogs (mean age; 3.7 ± 1.01 yrs, mean body weight 10.2 ± 1.15 kg) were enrolled in this study. BP was measured using three different methods, i.e., Doppler (DOP), oscillometric, and high density oscillometric (HDO) methods, simultaneously, five times in each subject under anesthesia at three different locations (right, left front legs, and tail). The blood pressure value measured by the Doppler method was the closest to the value measured by the direct method. Although the accuracy and consistency of BP measured by three different non-invasive methods differed according to the method, all methods, except the conventional oscillometric method, were acceptable for monitoring systolic blood pressure in anesthetic dogs. The inter-measurement variations in DOP and HDO were minimal without affecting the consistency of the test results.

Flavonoids have a range of biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities, as demonstrated by in vitro studies. In this study, we investigated whether luteolin can be applied to suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Luteolin was found to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) at the mRNA and protein levels were decreased. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by the blockade of nuclear factor kappa-light- chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase. In addition, pre-treatment with luteolin resulted in reduced ganglioside expression levels and inhibited expression of GT1b in Raw 264.7 cells. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that luteolin has potential as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, and ganglioside GT1b may play a role in the inflammatory process.

The aim of this experiment was to count excreted oocysts and to evaluate gross lesions and histopathological changes in broiler chicks infected with Eimeria; E. acervulina (Ea), E. maxima (Em), and E. tenella (Et). Twelve-day-old broiler chicks without infection with Eimeria spp. were used in this experiment. On day 12, the chicks in group Ea (n=3), Em (n=3), and Et (n=3) received oral inoculation with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts of Ea, Em, and Et per 1 mL of tap water, while control chicks were injected with tap water of equal amount. The prepatent period (PP) for Ea, Em, and Et was four, five, and six days, respectively. To evaluate the progress of the coccidiosis, post-mortem analysis method and histopathological evaluation were performed two days after PP of Ea and Et, and three days after PP of Em at two-day intervals on one bird from each group. Intestinal segments (Ea, duodenum and upper intestine; Em, mid intestine; and, Et, cecum) of all chicks were obtained from the autopsied birds. Among pathological changes of coccidiosis, target parts of small intestine and caecal pouches showed mucosal petechiation and white plaques streaks in the duodenum. Histopathological evidence showed upper small intestinal villus preserved with different phases of parasite (zygotes, oocysts, macro- and micro-gametocytes) after infection with Ea in broiler chicks. Zygotes in the lamina propria and fusion of middle small intestinal villi in broilers infected with Em and invasion of the caecal crypt of oocysts and granulomatous inflammation of caecal submucosa in broilers infected with Et were found.

To evaluate the acute to chronic effects of crude oil exposure on hematological and blood biochemical toxicities, Sprague-Dawley rats were given oral doses of 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg BW/day of Iranian heavy crude oil for a period of four weeks. In the acute phase of exposure (one day after four weeks of oil treatment), decreases in weight of thymus, serum level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities in liver or kidney, and increase in weight of adrenal gland occurred after oral administration of crude oil. In body weight, histopathological examination, hematological and blood biochemical analyses in the acute phase of exposure, no significant differences were observed among the experimental groups. In the subchronic and chronic phase of exposure (two months and six months after four weeks of oil treatment), the changes of biomarkers were normalized, except the indicators of oxidative stress. Our findings showed that the bioassay on the indicators of oxidative stress is a sensitive method for determining exposure to crude oil in rats.

Vital pulpotomy is a very useful method for disarming of canine tooth, tooth fracture, periodontitis, and malocclusion in veterinary dentistry. Calcium hydroxide is the material commonly used as a liner during vital pulpotomy. This creates a mineralized barrier by stimulating osteoblastic hard tissue repair, arrests the inflammatory response, and soothes dentin. However, the powder or mix type calcium hydroxide materials have many disadvantages due to complicated procedures for use and are hard to handle when vital pulpotomy is followed under general anesthesia in animals. This study was conducted in order to compare the effect of mix and premixed paste type calcium hydroxide as a liner in vital pulpotomy. Six beagle dogs underwent hemisection on the mesial root of the mandibular first molar and vital pulpotomy on the distal root of the first molar. On the distal root of the left and right mandibular first molar, mix type (DYCAL®, Dentsply, USA) and premixed paste type calcium hydroxide (VITAPEX®, Morita, Japan) were used as liners, respectively. Radiological evaluation was performed at immediate, 4, 12, and 20 weeks after vital pulpotomy. According to the results, all teeth had well-formed dentinal bridges, and there were no periradicular lucency, lamina dura loss, or anomalies of the pulp cavity. According to these results, on vital pulpotomy in animals, premixed paste type calcium hydroxide was easy to handle and decreased the anesthesia period due to a more convenient application procedure. A further study of many clinical cases is needed for evaluation of side effects and other problems.

In this study, odors in N industrial complex in Incheon city were measured by using air dilution olfactory method, odor sensor and instrumental analysis method. Three industry categories which are plating industry, equipment manufacturing industry and petrochemical manufacturing industry were classified and the correlation of data was evaluated based on the measurement result. The correlation coefficient between the air dilution olfactory method and the odor sensor device utilizing method in 69 points was 0.562. The correlation coefficients in the classified industry categories were observed 0.889 in the plating industry, 0.723 in the equipment manufacturing industry and 0.832 in the petrochemicals manufacturing industry. It shows that when the correlation coefficient is over 0.75, they have a strong correlation. In this result, we could identify the ease of availability of the correlation using industry classification.

The characteristics of odor generation with the production of resources by utilization of methane gases in landfill sites was investigated, and the effect of making resources with landfill gases on the reduction of odor was analyzed in recent years. The greenhouse gas was estimated to reduce from the range of 1,334,940~209,875 tCO₂e with the period of 2008~2017, and the effective odor was diminished with considerable amount. The more effective methods of odor removal with the utilization of waste gases were estimated by studies of similar cases to acquire standard methods of making energy resources by waste gases.

There are many pollutants emitted into the air. Some of these pollutants have a malodor. Unlike other pollutants, people are able to detect and feel discomfort when this type of pollutant becomes high peak concentration instantaneously. In this sense, the peak concentration has an important meaning in the odor management and modeling. In previous odor modeling, the peak concentration was calculated by correcting the one-hour average concentration using the correlation equation. This study was carried out to find appropriate method to predict the peak concentration using meteorological input data of high time resolution in the odor modeling. It show that the peak concentration could be directly calculated from the dispersion modeling without using the correction equation when fine time scales such as 1 min or less time intervals are used as the meteorological input.

The dispersion of air pollution in complex situations such as the cases of the filled road is a significant problem for the public safety and living quality. Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) helps to build the model calculation in order to estimate the dispersion of air pollutants. In order to assess its accuracy, this study used the Realizable k-ε model, the RNG k-ε model, and the Shear-Stress Transport k-ω turbulence model in FLUENT CFD code. The results were compared with the wind tunnel experiments. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model provided the best prediction for the surface concentration and concentration profiles of selected downwind positions of the filled road. It was found that a noise barrier, which positioned on the filled road, increases the vertical air pollution impact distance larger 1.75~1.92 times and decrease the horizontal impact distance lower 0.46~0.54 times than those of no barrier case. It was also found that two or three noise barriers increase 1.63~1.79 times the vertical air pollution impact distance. It contributes the decrease of horizontal air pollution impact distance 0.49~0.63 times compare with no barrier case.

Swine manure discharged from pigery emits various odorous compounds. The most common method to reduce such odors is adding feed additives to swine feeds. However, whether the effects of such methods are truly effective are controversial. This research contrasts the aldehyde compound emission characteristics and removal effects from a treatment group, which were given feeds added with feed additives, to a control group, which were given feeds without feed additives. Sixty swine of age 26~28 days were evenly divided into six sections within an incubator type pigsty - each section contained ten weaners. Five types of feed additives, either currently in the market or in development were supplied. Gases sampled from the headspace in the odor producing reactor were analyzed by GC. Major malodorous compounds were estimated by the concentrations and threshold values from the detected components. Since 95.3% of the odor comes from isobutyraldehyde out of six types of aldehyde compounds (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, i-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde), it can be regarded as the most critical compound contributing to pigsty odor. Aldehyde compounds showed statistically significant correlation with elimination of sulfide compounds and trimethylamine

This study aims to evaluate the relationship with the concentration and odor intensity using the odor sensory method for 4 types of sulfur compounds, ammonia, and trimethylamine. For the measurement, 13 panelists were selected by several criteria through a panel test. Panelists chosen for their closely similar sensitivities provide more reproducible values. The estimation showed that the correlation of the concentration with odor intensity for the 6 compounds can be reasonably expressed by the equation I=Aㆍlog C+B (I: Odor Intensity, C: material concentration, A: material constant, B: constant). The result of this study is suggested to be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentration on site boundary in operation, as well as a correlation between the concentration and odor intensity for the designated foul odor substances, and their characteristics.

채만식의 <沈봉사>(1936)는 고소설 <심청전>을 패러디한 작품이다. 지극 한 효심에는 용왕과 국왕, 부처님까지도 감동해 많은 복덕을 받게 된다는 <심청전>의 이야기골자는 <심청전>이 청ㆍ관중들 사이에 유통되던 시기, 유효한 가치를 발산할 수 있었다. 반면 <沈봉사>에는 이러한 초월적 힘을 행사하는 존재 가 사라진다. 인당수에 빠져 죽은 심청이 다시 환생하지 않는 이유에서이다. <沈 봉사>는 원천텍스트 <심청전>의 신화적 성격을 걷어내고 일본에 의해 이식된 서 구근대화를 배경으로 삼는다. 이 과정에서 심청의 죽음과 환생은 심봉사의 눈뜸에 대한 욕망과 좌절이라는 명제로 치환되었다. <沈봉사>의 주인공인 심봉사는 자구 권을 상실한 조국의 무능함에 비유될 수 있으며, 그의 자발적 안맹은 비로소 현실 을 인식하게 된 조국의 상황과도 흡사하다. 곧 심봉사의 욕망과 좌절은 근대화 공 포에 휩싸인 식민지조선의 욕망과 좌절이다. <沈봉사>는 심봉사의 욕망과 심청의 죽음을 대립시킴으로써, 일본식 근대사회를 갈망하는 권력주체의 욕망에 의해 일 개 수단으로 전락한 개개인의 도구화에 대한 문제점들을 지적했다. 반면 채만식은 <심청전>의 근대적 변형에 있어 원전이 지닌 전통요소들을 배척하지 않고 오히려 이를 적극적으로 수용했다. <沈봉사> 텍스트에 등장한 방상시(防喪氏), 상여소리, 판소리기법, 운문 낭독대사 등의 차용은 그의 전통문화에 대한 관점을 극명하게 해준다. <沈봉사>에 표현된 전통요인들은 ‘조선적인 것’의 계승을 통해 독자들에 게 민족정서를 환기시켜주었다. 이 전통요소들은 일본제국주의가 열망했던 전근대 적 전통사회의 붕괴와 의식의 식민지화에 대항하는 민족정체성의 복구이자 민족적 유대감을 진작하려는 민족의식의 발현이라 말할 수 있다.

Toluene is one of the typical index substances of environmental odor. In this study the vaporized toluene was decomposed by peroxide ions which are formed from a newly developed low-temperature plasma generator. The number of ions composed mostly of negative was controlled by electric voltage below 3.0 kV, which could produce the minimum super oxide and ozone. The test plasma generator produced 84.1~560×103 ions/㎤ depending on air velocity. It was found that toluene decomposition rate corresponded proportionally to the plasma intensity. The efficiency with the plasma output, 3.0 kV was 97.5% in a batch process.

The purpose of this study is to investigate that the evaluation of odor analysis is affected by the classification of the agency and the general properties of the odor analysts, including gender, age, smoking behaviour, the number of participation in odor assessment, etc, so as to improve reliability and skills in terms of the result of complex odors by the air dilution methods. The sample for complex odor used the field sample which aimed at the odor analysts in the agency. The general characterizations of the odor analysts have affected the results of the odor analysis. The values of odor evaluation obtained by female odor analysts were more delicate than male, and the value of the result was reduced when above 40 s analysts conducted the evaluation. Moreover, Non-smokers perceived odor more sensitive than smokers. The more experience of odor analysis odor analysts had, The less values of the result were assessed. On the other hand, there are no differences in the value of odor evaluation depending on theclassification of institutions that participate in odor investigation. In conclusion, the selection of odor analysts considered gender, age, smoking behavior, and experience may be required to determine the improved reliability of data in odor evaluation. Ideally, Non-smokers 20~40 years old who have no dysfunction for the olfactory sense can be suitable for being optimal odor analyst.