This study was performed to apply and to utilize the digital forecasting information for Integrated Pest Management at pepper field in Chungbuk province. Chemical spray according to the forecasting prediction using FarmIPM and NCPMS were compare to the that of no control and conventional control. Pests such as Oriental tobacco budworm, Western flower thrips, and Cotton aphids were investigated the control effect by the forecasting modeling information at three pepper plots. Damaged fruit ratio (%) of Oriental tobacco budworm was ordered into no treatment (30) > forecasting (20) > conventional (12), but damages by other pest was insignificant. The frequency of forecasting control was ordered into NCPMS (31) > conventional control (17) > FarmIPM (8). Damaged fruit ratio (%) of Oriental tobacco budworm was ordered into no treatment (35.5) > NCPMS (26.1) > FarmIPM (24.6) > conventional (13.9). Density of western flower thrips was higher but had no problematic by the chemical control when it is hard to analyze the damage by cotton aphid occurrence. Damage by cotton aphids has no prediction of forecasting but done with 6th chemical spray, and their damage ratio (%) was ordered into no treatment (67.7) > FarmIPM (16.2) > NCPMS (11.3) > conventional treatment (4.8). At an analysis of economic value, gross profit was highest in FarmIPM and next to NCPMS > conventional control.

As increased the cultivating areas of several minor crops for medicine such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Taraxacum platycarpum, Gynanchum wilfordii, and Purple granadilla, the occurrence of major pests and their damages were severed. Primarily occurred pests on five minor crops were observed small in size pests such as whiteflies, aphids and thrips, but the other pests are insignificantly infest. Whiteflies showed higher density in G. uralensis but its damage was insignificant level. Aphids were showed higher density at June in all minor crops and then sharply decreased the density with lower degree of damage. The high damage on initial growth stage will be judge to affect on the yield. Thrips on T. platycarpum showed higher density with 44.1%, compare to other crops, sharply increased the density in late-June and optimal peak in mid-July and decreased in late-Aug. Conclusively, major pests on crops, green peach aphid, mites species on A. membranaceus and G. uralensis, olender aphid, mites species and thrips on G. wilfordii were damaged. Detailed investigation and analysis for economic value of the damaged pest for the continual production will be promoted and then followed the procedure the registration of agrochemicals.

Both Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Laodelphax striatellus Fallén has been known as the major rice pests which were irregularly migrated into Korea by wind current from China. We re-arranged and compared the resistance profiles to detect the existence convergent adaptation by using the previously published dataset (N. lugens at 2014, 17:711-716 and L. Striatellus at 2016, 19:247-252 in J. Asia Pac. Entomol., respectively). Both species commonly exhibited the high level of resistance to imidacloprids. Especially, the immigrant populations of L. Striatellus exhibited higher resistance level to indigenous populations, suggesting that they would settle down in Korea with insecticide resistance traits being predisposed. To detect the convergent adaptation to insecticide, pearson correlation analysis were employed by comparing mean dosage of LD50 and resistance ratio to nine insecticides. Strikingly, high and similar dosage responses were observed between the two species with high correlation coefficients of 0.928 (df=7, P <0.001) and 0.950 (df=7, P <0.001), respectively, in the comparison of LD50 vs. resistance ratio. This finding indicates that convergent adaption has occurred in both species through consistent selection by insecticides with similar usage patterns.

The marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana was cultured under various light–emitting diode (LED) light conditions with different wavelengths to examine changes in growth and in amino acid and fatty acid profiles. The culture conditions for the microalgae were Conway medium, salinity of 33 psu, temperature of 24°C, and a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. Six light sources, including 5 units of 180W LED lamps (peak wavelength: blue [LB] 470 nm; green [LG] 525 nm; yellow [LY] 595 nm; red [LR] 636 nm; white [LW] 442 nm) and 1 unit of a 175W metal halide (MH) lamp, were used for the experiment. The dry cell weights (gL–1) of I. galbana under different light conditions were in the order of LW>LB≥MH>LR>LG>LY. Levels of essential amino acids were revealed to be significantly higher under LW, LG, and MH than under the other wavelengths (P<0.05). The fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and DHA contents of I. galbana were higher under MH, LW, and LG. In addition, the carotenoid content was higher under MH, LW, and LG than under the other wavelengths (P<0.05). The fucoxanthin content was highest under MH (0.28%) and lowest under LY (0.2%), and it was 0.26% under LW and LG. The results indicate that the combined use of LW and LG is effective when using LED lamps for I. galbana cultivation.

히니는 그의 첫 시 땅파기 에서 “내 검지와 엄지 사이에 뭉뚝한 연필 쉬고 있네/ 나 그것으로 팔 것이요.”라고 선언했다. 그의 시를 읽은 이제까지의 결론 은 그는 산고의 고통으로 새 스타일의 시를 만들기 위해 끊임없이 노력함으로써 위의 공언을 실천했다는 것이다. 본 논문은 시집 밭일, 산사나무 등불 그리고 환영보기의 시들만을 다루지만 필자의 결론은 히니는 그의 아버지가 경작에 있어 완벽을 추구하던 장인이었던 것처럼 글쓰기의 장인이라는 것이다.

The white-spotted chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was recently listed as a temporal food ingredient by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Traditionally, this beetle has been regarded as a medicine for suppressing live cancer and preventing liver-related disease. Based on these facts, this beetle has been focused as a economically important insects in Korea. Therefore, this beetle is commercially reared and distributed in Korea. As the economic importance is growing, we have investigated to enhance insect rearing conditions for better commercial value. In this study, we compared two food supplements, clay and charcoal, on the larval weight gain for second instar larvae of P. brevitarsis. Clay and charcoal are generally known as a good adsorbent for heavy metals and bio-waste. However, clay and charcoal is not a conventional feed supplements, so its effects were not investigated for insect rearing. The second instar P. brevitarsis larvae were fed fermented sawdust with seven different combinations of cla and/or charcoal, and measured body weight for 17 weeks until pupated. Addition of clay at 2.5 % w/w of the fermented sawdust diet had no negative effect on larval weight gain, and thus may improve the quality of P. brevitarsis as a commercial food.

가루깍지벌레는 열대지역에서 일반적인 해충으로 관상식물과 과수류의 큰 문제를 일으키는 해충이다. 캄보디아와 라오스에는 현재 가루깍지벌레과 22종 및 12종이 각각 보고되어 있다. 최근 이들 지역에서 가루깍지벌레과 연구를 수행하여 13종이 채집되었으며, 그 중 캄보디아에서 3종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918), Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) 와 라오스에서 6종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Paracoccus invectus (Williams, 2004), Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898), Planococcus litchi (Cox, 1989), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller, 1996)가 이들 국가로부터 처음 보고된다.

The Horizon Run 4 is a cosmological N-body simulation designed for the study of coupled evolution between galaxies and large-scale structures of the Universe, and for the test of galaxy formation models. Using 63003 gravitating particles in a cubic box of Lbox = 3150 h−1Mpc, we build a dense forest of halo merger trees to trace the halo merger history with a halo mass resolution scale down to Ms = 2.7 × 1011h−1M⊙. We build a set of particle and halo data, which can serve as testbeds for comparison of cosmological models and gravitational theories with observations. We find that the FoF halo mass function shows a substantial deviation from the universal form with tangible redshift evolution of amplitude and shape. At higher redshifts, the amplitude of the mass function is lower, and the functional form is shifted toward larger values of ln(1/σ). We also find that the baryonic acoustic oscillation feature in the two-point correlation function of mock galaxies becomes broader with a peak position moving to smaller scales and the peak amplitude decreasing for increasing directional cosine μ compared to the linear predictions. From the halo merger trees built from halo data at 75 redshifts, we measure the half-mass epoch of halos and find that less massive halos tend to reach half of their current mass at higher redshifts. Simulation outputs including snapshot data, past lightcone space data, and halo merger data are available at http://sdss.kias.re.kr/astro/Horizon-Run4.

대한민국과 아일랜드는 식민이후의 분열과 내전 등의 상처를 가진 나라다. 현대 아일랜드는 영국으로부터 독립한 후에도 인종과 종교적 갈등의 후유증으로 내전 및 정치적 혼란을 겪어 왔다. 예이츠의 경우 영국으로부터 정치적 독립을 이루는 시기에 영국에 호의를 보이는 측과 그렇지 않은 측간의 내전을 히니의 경우는 1960년대에서 1990년대까지 지속되었던 얼스터 분규를 경험하면서 자신들의 문화의 혼종성을 인정하고, 가톨릭, 공화주의의 광신적 민족주의를 비난하면서 아일랜드를 유럽의 한 국가로 인식하려는 정신을 통해 문화적 화해를 이루려 했다.

The genus Sphathius is belong to the subfamily Doryctinae in the family Braconidae and are described with >300 species in the world (Shenefelt and Marsh, 1976). This genus is distinguished from other winged Doryctinae by 1) forewings with three submarginal cells; 2) first subdiscal cell of forewing closed; and 3) first metasomal segment petiolate, widening apically, lacking basal wing-like projections, and inserted on propodeum near coxal bases (Marsh, 1997). For the purpose of finding the biological agent for Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)) and Citrus longhorned beetle (CLB; A. chinensis (Förster)), we had installed the ALB- and CLB-infested sentinel logs to attract parasitoids at experimental field of the Korea National Arboretum during summer season in 2014. Several L1 and L2 CLB larvae were found attacked by braconid larvae that were reared to adult stage. Their larvae are identified to Spathius gwangneungensis sp. nov. belong to the Spathius exarator species group. This new species has special characteristics as following; Body reddish brown or dark reddish brown, body length 2.5~3.7mm and forewing length 2.2~3.0mm in female and body length 2.1~2.6mm and forewing length 1.5~2.0mm in male, hind femur distinctly transversely aciculate dorsally, forewing more or less infuscate with a longitudinal hyaline band medially, vein m-cu of hind wing interstitial, second tergite entirely sculptured without striation, and third to fifth tergites basally sculptured. Ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as metasoma.

The family Pseudococcidae or mealybugs (Hemiptera) are common pests in tropical region of the world and also considered as important pests on ornamental plants and fruit trees. The mealybug faunas in Cambodia and Laos were known to nineteen species and eight species, respectively (ScaleNet, 2014; CABI, 2015; FAO-IPM, 2014). Recently, we have collected thirteen mealybug species in Cambodia and Laos. Among them, seven species of mealybug are found for the first time: Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918) and Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) in Cambodia; Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959) and Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) in both counties; Paracoccus invectus (Williams, 2004), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller, 1996) in Laos.