Most of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) models evaluate the relative efficiency of a decision making unit (DMU) based on the assumption that inputs in a specific period are consumed to produce the output in the same period of time. However, there may be some time lag between the consumption of input resources and the production of outputs. A few models to handle the concept of the time lag effect have been proposed. This paper suggests a new multi-period input DEA model considering the consistent time lag effects. Consistency of time lag effect means that the time delay for the same input factor or output factor are consistent throughout the periods. It is more realistic than the time lag effect for the same output or input factor can vary over the periods. The suggested model is an output-oriented model in order to adopt the consistent time lag effect. We analyze the results of the suggested model and the existing multi period input model with a sample data set from a long-term national research and development program in Korea. We show that the suggested model may have the better discrimination power than existing model while the ranking of DMUs is not different by two nonparametric tests.

More than 80,000 prisoners in state, federal, and private prisons work for private and for-profit industries in the United States, which is a relatively small, but rapidly growing, portion of the total number of incarcerated individuals. The main purpose of this article is to use critical concepts from Foucauldian theory to explore the relationship between incarceration and labor exploitation in the U.S. prison system. To do this, this article reviews the core Foucauldian concepts and assumptions that are relevant to explaining prison labor; applies those concepts and assumptions to the prison labor issue; and discusses a possible way for conducting an empirical study. Additionally, three implications for social work, policy intervention, and the Korean society in reference to the theory are discussed. This article suggests that understanding Foucault should be a priority to tackle forced control, unequal power, and the immobility of social and economic status embedded in the most marginalized and vulnerable populations.

In the summer season, natural ventilation is commonly used to reduce the inside air temperature of greenhouse when it rises above the optimal level. The greenhouse shape, vent design, and position play a critical role in the effectiveness of natural ventilation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to investigate the effect of different roof vent designs along with side vents on the buoyancy-driven natural ventilation. The boussinesq hypothesis was used to simulate the buoyancy effect to the whole computational domain. RNG K-epsilon turbulence model was utilized, and a discrete originates (DO) radiation model was used with solar ray tracing to simulate the effect of solar radiation. The CFD model was validated using the experimentally obtained greenhouse internal temperature, and the experimental and computed results agreed well. Furthermore, this model was adopted to compare the internal greenhouse air temperature and ventilation rate for seven different roof vent designs. The results revealed that the inside-to-outside air temperature differences of the greenhouse varied from 3.2 to 9.6oC depending on the different studied roof vent types. Moreover, the ventilation rate was within the range from 0.33 to 0.49 min-1. Our findings show that the conical type roof ventilation has minimum inside-to-outside air temperature difference of 3.2oC and a maximum ventilation rate of 0.49 min-1.

Using an experimental design, we investigated whether the relationship between apparel product novelty and consumers’ curiosity depends on perceived fashion influencers’ socioeconomic status. In addition, we investigated mediating role of curiosity in the product novelty effect on purchase intentions and intention to use a social shopping service.

본 실험은 저온처리 기간과 일장이 자생 돌마타리의 휴면타파와 생장 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시되었다. 노지에서 재배중인 돌마타리의 생물계절현상 반응(phenology) 을 3월부터 10월까지 조사하였다. 또한 저온처리 기간이 돌마타리 휴면타파 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 4°C 저온에 0, 3, 6, 9, 12주간 처리한 후 장일환경(16h), 25°C 온도조건에서 재배하면서 생육특성을 관찰하였다. 일장이 돌마타리의 생육 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 자연저온 처리된 돌마타리를 단일(9h), 중일(12h), 장일조건(16h)에서 재배하여 생육 특성을 관찰하였다. 야외에서 재배중인 돌마타리는 늦여름인 8월부터 9월까지 개화하는 특성을 보였다. 저온처리 기간에 따른 실험결과 9, 12주 저온처리를 받은 식물이 3, 6주간 저온처리 한 식물에 비해 개화소요일수가 유의하게 단축되었다. 돌마타리는 4°C 온도에서 9주 이상 처리시 33%의 개화율을 보이는 것으로 조사되었다. 일장에 따른 실험결과, 장일환경에서 재배된 돌마타리의 초장은 50.1cm였으나 단일 및 중일환경에서 재배된 식물의 초장은 각각 16.7, 16.1cm로 조사되었다. 돌마타리는 장일환경에서 16주간 재배 시 100% 개화하였으나 단일 및 중일 환경에서 재배 시 전혀 개화하지 않았다. 결론적으로 돌마타리 는 휴면타파 및 개화를 위해 저온을 필수적으로 요구하며 장일 환경조건에서만 개화하는 질적장일식물임을 확인하였다.

This study reviews theoretical comparisons regarding reentry issues of incarcerated people in order to promote a better understanding of individuals’ criminal desistance. There are three major competing criminal desistance theories, and they include the subjective (identity) theory explaining an individual’s subjective processes, structural (social bonds) theory focusing on structural conditions, and integrative (subjective-social model) theory describing personal commitment and motivation combined with structural resources. First, identity defined as a sense of self is directly linked to one’s motivation and behavioral guidelines. Thus, identity theory assumes that intentional changes in one’s sense of self are necessary for criminal desistance. The theory posits that only justice-involved individuals who intentionally transform their identities can attempt to utilize structural support to help them pursue change. Second, the structural theory on social bonds provides an appropriate theoretical foundation on how social bonds, such as employment, affect criminal desistance through a series of exogenous circumstances called turning points. Employment is an important example of a social bond for justice-involved individuals since it provides structure to one’s life. Third, the integrative model assumes that personal characteristics may interact within social contexts, in that an individual has to identify, select, and act within the structure they live in, through their cognitive transformation. This article also briefly discusses two major methodological challenges deriving from the utilization of the theory.

The present study investigated fashion Instagram marketing, applying the concept of gamification. It set out to examine the following specific issues: 1) perceptions of flow, pleasures, dimensions of game dynamics (challenge, competition, achievement, reward, relationships among participants, and relationships between brands and consumers), and consumer responses based on frequency and involvement in exercise; 2) the effects of game dynamics dimensions on flow and pleasure; and 3) the effects of flow and pleasure on consumer responses. An online survey was used to gather data and the study analyzed a total of 200 responses. The results of the study were as follows. Perception differences were found only in relation to exercise involvement. Competition, relationships among participants, and relationships between brands and customers positively predicted flow. Among the dimensions of game dynamics, challenge, competition, reward, relationships among participants, and relationships between brands and consumers positively influenced pleasure. In addition, the study also found that pleasure and flow had positive effects on intention to participate and brand loyalty. Meanwhile, only pleasure predicted word-of-mouth. These findings suggest that fashion brands implementing Instagram as a marketing channel should seek to stimulate pleasure and fun to provoke positive consumer responses. Furthermore, the findings of the study provide practical and useful insights for fashion brands implementing Instagram marketing.

The Gwangneung arboretum, affiliated to the Korea Forest Research Institute, was established in 1987 and it became the Korea National Arboretum (KNA) in May 24, 1999. The entomological collection of KNA currently holds a total of 510,365 specimens of 6,849 species including more than 330 type specimens of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera are deposited. As the results of recent systematic studies by KNA entomologists, 67 new species were described, and 108 species were newly recorded from Korea and other countries. Not only we have conducted taxonomic studies but also have broaden our research boundary to natural enemy surveys for pine wilt disease vectors, plant and insect interaction, and exotic insect species monitoring. In this presentation, we would like to briefly introduce current entomological researches of KNA in the hope of future collaborations with other entomologists.

When treating the 3rd instar larvae of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, with sublethal doses (LC10) of chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad via leaf dipping, their tolerance to insecticides was significantly enhanced. By analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found a number of genes that respond commonly or specifically to the test insecticides. With the criteria of p value < 0.05 and Log2FC > 1/ < -1, a total of 476, 367 and 410 genes were determined to respond specifically to chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the cuticle reorganization is commonly associated in all treatments and the oxidative stress-related process is also shown in all insecticides except spinosad. Finally, the DEGs seemingly related with enhanced tolerance were chosen for further characterization, and reliability of the transcriptome data were confirmed by quantitative PCR. The functional categories of these DEGs included mostly detoxification related genes, cuticle proteins, energy metabolism and transcriptional regulation. While the commonly responding DEGs suggest that they are likely involved in defense against common intoxication process, the DEGs specifically responded to each insecticide suggests the presence of unique tolerance mechanisms to each insecticide depending on their different structure and mode of action. Their possible roles in the tolerance/resistance development were discussed.

수노랑나비(Chitoria ulupi (Doherty, 1889))는 한반도 전역에 국지적으로 분포하는 종으로, 국외의 경우 인도, 미얀마, 라오스, 중국, 대만 등에 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 종에 대한 생활사는 김과 서(2012)에 의해 확인된 유생기와 번데기의 형태 등이 일부 보고 된 것 이외에는 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 수노랑나비의 생태적 습성(성충 산란행동, 점유행동, 짝짓기, 먹이습성 등)과 미성숙단계 (알, 유충, 번데기)의 형태적 특징 등 생활사 전반에 대하여 보고 하고자 한다.

A seasonal chigger-borne disease surveillance program was established at Geoje from March to November of 2018 in Gyeongnam Province, Republic of Korea. Two species of 84 wild rodents were collected by using Sherman traps for Geoje in 2018. Chigger mites were collected from the live-captured rodents to figure out seasonal prevalence of mite species and to identify chigger-borne pathogens. A total of 4,611 chiggers were collected from two species of the rodents in 2018. The chigger mites were collected mainly from A. agrarius (Chigger Index; CI 68.3). A vector of scrub typhus, Leptotrombidium orientale was predominant species (CI 14.9, Species Ratio; SR 27.2%) followed by L. pallidium (CI 14.2, SR 25.9%) and L. scutellare (CI 13.2, SR 24.2%) in 2018. In the results of the isolation of Orientia tsutsugamushi from the chigger mites, no pathogens detected from the DNA of the 171 pools of the mites in 2018, using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method.