This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between cultivation environment, cropping system, and the quality of cut flower in autumn-winter season chrysanthemum‘Jinba’, and to suggest the cultivation factors that can improve the quality of cut flower. It was examined for cultivation environment such as average day and night temperature, average day and night relative humidity, average day and night vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and integrated solar radiation of 4 farms planted in mid-October. Also, it was surveyed for cropping system such as cutting condition, growth period, irrigation method, soil chemical properties. Chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ was harvested in order to investigate the quality of cutting of four farms, and then growth, chlorophyll content, and vase life of cut flowers were investigated. Based on these data, it was analyzed for the correlation between cultivation environment, cropping system, and quality of cut flower elements. In correlation between cultivation environment and quality of cut flower, the average night temperature showed a negative correlation with the growth of cut flower, and it was no correlation with other environmental factors. The vase life showed a negative correlation with the average day and night temperature and VPD, and a most positive correlation with the average day and night humidity. In correlation between cropping system and quality of cut flower, the cutting length, period of vegetative growth, daily irrigation amount, and total irrigation amount showed a less positive correlation, and leaf number of cutting and soil pH showed a most positive correlation with growth of cut flower. On the other hand, soil EC showed a less negative correlation, and days to flowering after light out showed a most negative correlation with growth of cut flower. The vase life of cut flower was not correlated with the cropping system factors.

A comparison of the growth, hematological values, fatty acids, and gonadal and growth hormonal changes of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, tiger puffer, T. rubripes, their hybrids (river puffer × tiger puffer) and hybrid triploids was performed during 3 months of their early growth period. Several features were observed during these 3 months: hybrids showed the highest levels of specific growth rate, 1.48%; hybrid triploids showed the smallest change in viscera fat (P<0.05), but GSI was not significantly different among groups (P>0.05). Considering hematological parameters, hybrid triploids had increased mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P<0.05), but other parameters were not significantly different between groups (P>0.05). With respect to fatty acids, puffer fish, hybrids and hybrid triploids contained fatty acids such as SFAs, MUFAs, n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs. There were significantly different amounts of total fatty acids between groups (P<0.05), however, rates of changes in fatty acids did not differ significantly between groups (P>0.05). Gonadal hormone (estradiol and testosterone) changes in the river puffer and tiger puffer were significantly higher than that observed in hybrids and hybrid triploids. The hybrids and tiger puffers had higher amounts of growth hormone (thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine) than the hybrid triploids and river puffers (P<0.05).

본 연구는 MR Sialography 검사 시 사용되는 타액분비촉진제를, 새로운 고체 자극제로 대체하더라도 신호강도는 차이가 없다는 것을 증명함으로써, 기존 액체 자극제의 사용으로 인해 발생되는 문제점을 개선하고자 하였다. 연구방법은 2016년 1월부터 동년 8월까지 타액선 질환이 없는 60명을 대상으로, 액체 자극제와 고체 자극제를 적용한 그룹으로 나누어 각각 영상을 획득한 후, 자극제의 종류에 따른 이하선 관의 신호강도를 비교 평가하였다. 연구결과, 기존의 액체 자극제(59.42±15.74)에 비해 새로운 고체 자극제(61.80±13.99)를 사용했을 경우 신호강도는 4.01%(2.38) 증가하였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 자극제의 종류에 따른 신호강도는 차이가 없음으로 새로운 고체 자극제를 사용하면 기존의 액체자극제의 사용으로 인해 발생되는 여러 가지 문제점을 개선할 수 있다.

In this study, we investigated the growth of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and kelp (Saccharina japonica) farmed under the IMTA (integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) system developed by national institute of fisheries science (NIFS). The farmed striped mullets grew from an initial length and weight of 152.5±12.1 and 41.6±7.8 g in October 2013 to 154.2±5.6 and 47.5±8.6 g in November, 160.2±8.7 and 55.9±9.1 g in December and 168.4±9.6 and 58.4±8.7 g in January. The fish continued to grow and reached 190.2±9.4 in length and 87.5±8.9 g in weight in April and 256.4±9.7 and 156.7±6.7 g in October 2014. The daily growth rate (DGR) for total fish length was 0.015 0.1 /day during the periods of fast growth and attained 0.038 0.1 /day during February March. The kelp grew from an initial blade length and wet weight of 1.19±0.2 and 0.0028±0.0012 g in January 2014 to 3.3±0.8 and 2.5±0.9 g in February and 126.5±11.6 and 107.4±22.6 g in March, after which, erosion occurred and slowed the growth. The DGRs for kelp length ranged 0.03 1.9 /day in January 2014 and increased to 0.88 1.9 /day during March April. Increasing water temperatures beginning in April lowered the DGR to 0.03 /day. Yesso scallops grew from an initial shell length, shell height and wet weight of 11.83±0.6 , 12.68±0.7 and in September 2013 to 19.9±2.5 , 20.8±2.6 and 0.9±0.04 g in November 2013. They continued to grow to 45.91±0.71 in shell length, 42.55±0.8 in shell height and 12.7±1.3 g in wet weight by May 2014 and 60.2±2.51 , 554.6±2.61 and 24±2.70 g by October 2014. The DGRs for shell length of Yesso scallop ranged from 0.02 to 0.256 /day with higher values of 0.256 0.27 /day during November December 2013 and March April 2014.

Localized atmospheric conditions between multi-reference stations can bring the tropospheric delay irregularity that becomes an error terms affecting positioning accuracy in network RTK environment. Imbalanced network error can affect the network solutions and it can corrupt the entire network solution and degrade the correction accuracy. If an anomaly could be detected before the correction message was generated, it is possible to eliminate the anomalous satellite that can cause degradation of the network solution during the tropospheric delay anomaly. An atmospheric grid that consists of four meteorological stations was used to detect an inhomogeneous weather conditions and tropospheric anomaly applied AWSs (automatic weather stations) meteorological data. The threshold of anomaly detection algorithm was determined based on the statistical weather data of AWSs for 5 years in an atmospheric grid. From the analytic results of anomaly detection algorithm it showed that the proposed algorithm can detect an anomalous satellite with an anomaly flag generation caused tropospheric delay anomaly during localized atmospheric conditions between stations. It was shown that the different precipitation condition between stations is the main factor affecting tropospheric anomalies.

Extreme tropospheric anomalies such as typhoons or regional torrential rain can degrade positioning accuracy of the GPS signal. It becomes one of the main error terms affecting high-precision positioning solutions in network RTK. This paper proposed a detection algorithm to be used during atmospheric anomalies in order to detect the tropospheric irregularities that can degrade the quality of correction data due to network errors caused by inhomogeneous atmospheric conditions between multi-reference stations. It uses an atmospheric grid that consists of four meteorological stations and estimates the troposphere zenith total delay difference at a low performance point in an atmospheric grid. AWS (automatic weather station) meteorological data can be applied to the proposed tropospheric anomaly detection algorithm when there are different atmospheric conditions between the stations. The concept of probability density distribution of the delta troposphere slant delay was proposed for the threshold determination.

We assessed the effects of various dietary conditions on the growth, phenotypic traits, and morphometric dimensions of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus and on the morphometric dimensions of sectioned olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Rock bream in the fed group increased in body weight, standard length, and condition factor, but these parameters decreased significantly for fish in the starved group (P < 0.05). The head connection dimensions of fish in the fed group decreased, while for starved fish there was increase in external morphometric dimensions (P < 0.05). In both species, sectioned morphometric analysis revealed that fish in the fed group had a larger body circumference and cross-cut sectional area, and greater cross-cut section height, relative to the starved group (P < 0.05).

Livestock Wastewater shall cause a high concentration of organic matter and nutrients such as rivers because of the lake and groundwater contamination, such as the accumulation of nutrients in the soil contained in the manure, livestock wastewater containing large amounts of organic matter that will flow to the river or appeal If eutrophication, and comfortable living environment to cause harm, such as odor and pest damage and can. Organic waste and organic waste, such as the world has a direct interest in acquiring the available resources and the development of clean energy from waste is a growing desire, is expected to contribute to the environment from waste materials industry growth by developing innovative technologies such as direct electrical energy production. In the case of livestock waste water and high concentration of organic material in addition to containing ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen for nitrification is created due to the electron acceptor is used as the fuel cell according to this has been reported to decrease the efficiency of electricity production. Therefore, to derive the electricity production efficiency due to organic concentration and ammonia nitrogen concentration in order to apply a microbial fuel cell (MFC) livestock wastewater treatment process in this study, and to derive the energy production potential with livestock waste water through the study. Lab. scale Reactor fabrication and operation to try to derive the reaction factor of the optimum operating conditions in accordance with the livestock wastewater applied through the evaluation of trends and removal efficiency of organic matter and nutrients in the microbial fuel cell. In addition, from the final research results, I try to present the direction of future research for the improvement of application possibilities and microbial fuel cell power generation efficiency of microbial fuel cell in the livestock wastewater treatment facilities.

Most of the commercial SCR technology is very efficient in the temperature range of 250∼350℃. However, the flue gas temperature after waste heat recovery system or wet desulfurization system is in general under 200℃. The performance of SCR system is very poor and there are slip ammonia problem at low temperature. Low temperature SCR technology is necessary to save the flue gas reheating energy and reduce the greenhouse gas emission. The SCR catalyst operating at low temperature has been developed for the new waste flue gas heat recovery system of the existing incinerator. The flue gas temperature is under 170℃ after the flue gas heat recovery. The SCR catalyst is made by key component Mn impregnated on γ-Al2O3 of which the diameter is 1.7mm~2.8mm. The dimension of cylindrical SCR reactor is inside diameter 22.1mm and height 350mm. The effects of reducing agent injection rates, space velocity at different reaction temperature were studied on the De-NOx performance and slip ammonia to get a design data. It was found that the Mn based SCR catalyst is effective in low temperature flue gas without ammonia slip. The outlet concentration of NOx in the flue gas decreased to 12ppm from inlet 150ppm at space velocity 10,000 hr-, NH3/NO = 1 and reaction temperature 170℃. The De-NOx efficiency is 92% at reaction temperature 170℃ which is much higher than 82% at 150℃. At the SCR reaction temperature 170℃, the NOx removal efficiency was 78~99% in the space velocity range 5,000~12,500hr-, and 79~92% at NH3/NO ratio range 0.5~1.0.

Waste gasification can generate hydrocarbon gases that may be utilized for the synthesis of chemicals or liquid fuels, or for fuel cell power generation, if extensive, deep syngas cleaning is initially conducted. Conventional gas cleaning technology for such applications is expensive and may limit the feasibility of wet technology. Conventional cold gas cleanup (scrubbing by solvents) technique needs the temperature of raw waste gasification gas ranging from 900 to 1600℃ reduced to room temperature. Then, the cleaned - up syngas needs to be reheated. Obviously, the process is energetically inefficient. It is the objective of this study to economically meet the most stringent cleanup requirements without reheating syngas for these applications. We investigated the temperature and pressure effect in breakthrough performance of various sorbents for desulfurization and de-chlorination. Based on the results obtained during the desulfurization (Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, ZnO) and the dechlorination (Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, Na₂O) screening tests, ZnO and Na₂O were selected as preferred optimum sorbents. H₂S breakthrough time corresponds to an effective capacity of approximately 11 g Cl/100 g of material. Also, HCl, breakthrough time corresponds to an effective capacity of approximately 5 g Cl/100 g of material. ZnO and Na₂O at high temperature of around 550℃ display high sorption performance and removal efficiency for waste syngas along with H₂S and HCl. Although there is an issue of CO₂ recovery in warm gas clean-up technology for desulfurization, we have obtained an interesting new alternative warm gas clean-up system with heat budget merit.

Method 9 is a reference method established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to quantify plume opacity by the certified observer. Later, digital Optical Method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity from digital photographs for bright and dim conditions. However, there is a limitation for the use of Method 9 and DOM to quantify the plume opacity especially for dim condition. In this paper, DIM-DOM system was used instead of DOM to quantify plume opacity during dim condition. Opacity readings provided by DIM-DOM were compared with the opacity values obtained with the reference in-stack transmissometer of the smoke generator. The individual opacity error results demonstrated that DIM-DOM met Method 9’s requirements. The individual opacity values ranging from 0 to 100% compare well to the corresponding opacity results from the in-stack transmissometer results meeting USEPA’s Method 9 IOE requirement of ≤15%. These results are encouraging and indicate that DIM-DOM has the potential to quantify plume opacity during dim condition.

Laparoscopic appendectomy using three trocars has been widely performed. Recently, a single incision laparoscopic surgical procedure has become popular because it is less invasive. We report on our early experience in performance of single incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SIL-A). Data on the operating time, the duration to make the pneumoperitoneum, body mass index (BMI), rate of conversion to another operation, complication, hospital stay, dosage of analgesics, and pain score were collected prospectively at two centers. Twenty seven patients underwent SIL-A. The mean BMI was 23.3±3.1 kg/m2 (17.6-30.5). The mean time required to make a pneumoperitoneum was 9.9±5.0 minutes (5.0-28.0). The mean operating time was 37.6±26.7 minutes (10.0-100.0). The rate of intra-operative complication was 3.7% (1/27), and the rate of post-operative complication was 22.2% (6/27). The mean hospital stay was 4.1±1.2 days (2-6). The immediately postoperative pain score was 5.4±1.5 (3-8), however, the pain score at discharge was 0.4±0.7 (0-2). The mean dosage of analgesics was 1.5±1.3(0-4), however, none of the patients took analgesics after postoperative three days. SIL-A is feasible but requires improved instrumentation and experience.

Predicate-as Parentheticals exhibit word order variability that interacts with contrastive focus placement on the subject or an adjunct phrase. While Culicover and Winkler (2008) discuss that as-clauses share certain properties with other focus inversion construc- tions, a concrete syntactic analysis of Predicate-as clauses has not been provided in the previous studies in order to explain such word order variations as the auxiliary verb cluster phenomenon. This paper proposes that the complicated word order patterns in Predicate-as clauses be accounted for in terms of a constructional constraint for a focus inversion clause, without changing the basic syntactic and semantic analyses of As-Parentheticals. In our analysis, the focus-inversion-clause construction imposes a constraint on the word order domain, so that word order variability needs not to be directly reflected on the constituent structure of the clause.

This study was conducted to investigate the environmental characteristics of natural habitats, and the genetic variations in samples from 19 different quadrates of Asplenium scolopendrium 10 habitats. The natural habitats of A. scolopendrium were located at an altitudes 110-973 m with inclinations of 7-30˚. All the quadrates were located on north facing slopes. The average field capacity of the soil is 31.4%, with organic matter at 16.7%, and the pH is 5.84. The soil texture was confirmed as sandy loam in 8 habitats and silt loam in 2 habitats. A total of 214 vascular plants were identified from 10 habitats. The importance value of the herbaceous layer (H) was the highest in A. scolopendrium, at 10.4%, followed by Arachniodes standishii (7.3%), Dryopteris crassirhizoma (6.5%), and Polystichum tripteron (5.3%), which implies that the natural habitats of A. scolopendrium are affinity with ferns. The species diversity of A. scolopendrium was estimated as on average 1.09, while the dominance and evenness were 0.12 and 0.87, respectively. The result of the RAPD analysis, among 59 bands amplified with a primer, 25 (42.4%) showed polymorphism. Twenty-one individuals of 10 habitats could be classified into four groups with similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.74 to 1.0. Mt. Mullae and Geumdaebong populations shows basal branching within the 21 individuals. Ulleung-do island and Jeju-do island population forms an independent clade, respectively. Mt. Moak and Byeonsan-bando clade formed a sister to the Ulleung-do island and Jeju-do island clade.

The occurrence of major pest infestation was compared between conventional tea plantation and organic tea plantation at Sulloc tea garden in Dosun-dong, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do from 2002 to 2009. Tetranychus kanzawai was observed a lot in the second year, but it waned from late June. There was not much difference between conventional farming and organic farming in terms of pest density. Empoasca onukii was infested in the second year of organic farming compared with conventional farming, which highlighted the fact that second year of organic farming requires a special care. Scirotothrips dorsalis was highly dense in the second and third year of conventional farming, but its occurrence was lowered when the farming technique was shifted to organic farming. The number of Homona magnanima peaked 4 times each year. In 2008, the first year of organic farming, saw high occurrence of 771.2 per trap per year. In 2009, the second year, the population per trap dropped to 80, showing a great variance depending on year. The occurrence of Caloptilia theivora peaked 5 times annually. In 2008, the first year of organic farming, an average of 2,779 pests per trap was found, and in the following year, 4,143 pests were observed. It showed that density rose in organic growing period.