We study galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping in the Virgo cluster to examine whether we can identify any discernible trend in their star formation activity. We first use 48 galaxies undergoing different stages of stripping based on Hi morphology, Hi deficiency, and relative extent to the stellar disk, from the VIVA survey. We then employ a new scheme for galaxy classification which combines Hi mass fractions and locations in projected phase space, resulting in a new sample of 365 galaxies. We utilize a variety of star formation tracers, which include g - r, WISE [3.4]-[12] colors, and starburstiness that are defined by stellar mass and star formation rates to compare the star formation activity of galaxies at different stripping stages. We find no clear evidence for enhancement in the integrated star formation activity of galaxies undergoing early to active stripping. We are instead able to capture the overall quenching of star formation activity with increasing degree of ram pressure stripping, in agreement with previous studies. Our results suggest that if there is any ram pressure stripping induced enhancement, it is at best locally modest, and galaxies undergoing enhancement make up a small fraction of the total sample. Our results also indicate that it is possible to trace galaxies at different stages of stripping with the combination of Hi gas content and location in projected phase space, which can be extended to other galaxy clusters that lack high-resolution Hi imaging.

There is a growing global interest in food choices that could affect health. Consumer food choices are dictated by numerous factors such as attitudes, beliefs, desires and preferences stemming from psychological and physiological attributes. The present study aimed to understand consumers’ internal perceptions about cream soup, cream sauce, and tomato sauce using ZMET (Zaltman’s Metaphor Elicitation Technique). The 9 step ZMET interview process was conducted for a sample of 36 consumers (12 consumers for each sauce). A content analysis of the survey results was carried out. From this, 56 concepts of cream soup were derived, and 15 constructs that met with the agreement of more than one-third of the total sample consumers were extracted. These 15 constructs included ‘Soft’, ‘Recollection’, ‘Familiar’, ‘Warm’, ‘Comfortable’, etc. Similarly, for cream sauce, 67 concepts and 20 constructs ‘Silky’, ‘Warm’, ‘Restaurant’, ‘Family’, ‘Memory’, etc. were deduced. A total of 66 concepts and 20 constructs for tomato sauce ‘Sourness’, ‘Sauce Bottle’, ‘Pleasant’, ‘Ingredient’, ‘Cooking’, etc. were derived. The analysis of consumers’ consensus maps through this study provides a deep and useful understanding of consumers and their latent needs. Also, the results of this study indicate that exploring consumers’ internal perceptions is critical to understanding their healthy food choices. This can be used as basic data for formulating marketing strategies.

Fermented total mixed ration (TMR) is a novel feed for ruminants in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of TMR and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Strains of three LAB spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. mucosae) were used in fermentation of TMR. Inoculations with the three LAB spp. lowered pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and total organic acid compared to non-LAB inoculated control (only addition of an equivalent amount of water) (p<0.05). Bacterial composition indicated that aerobic bacteria and LAB were higher. However, E. coli were lower in the fermented TMR than those in the control treatment (p<0.05). Among the treatments, L. brevis treatment had the highest concentration of total organic acid without fungus detection. Gas production, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen during ruminal in vitro incubation did not differ throughout incubation. However, ruminal total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in the LAB spp. treatments than the control treatment at 48 hours. Overall, the use of L. brevis as an inoculant for fermentation of high moisture. TMR could inhibit fungi growth and promote lactic fermentation, and enhance digestion in the rumen.

The setting of values on door hinge mounting compensation for door assembly tolerance is a constant quality issue in vehicle production. Generally, heuristic methods are used in satisfying appropriate door gap and level difference, flushness to improve quality. However, these methods are influenced by the engineer's skills and working environment and result an increasement of development costs. In order to solve these problems, the system which suggests hinge mounting compensation value using CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) analysis is proposed in this study. A structural analysis model was constructed to predict the door gap and level difference, flushness through CAE based on CAD (Computer Aided Design) data. The deformations of 6-degrees of freedom which can occur in real vehicle doors was considered using a stiffness model which utilize an analysis model. The analysis model was verified using 3D scanning of real vehicle door hinge deformation. Then, system model which applying the structural analysis model suggested the final adjustment amount of the hinge mounting to obtain the target door gap and the level difference by inputting the measured value. The proposed system was validated using the simulation and showed a reliability in vehicle hinge mounting compensation process. This study suggests the possibility of using the CAE analysis for setting values of hinge mounting compensation in actual vehicle production.

Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 has become one of the most essential tools to understand gene’s function. In the honeybee, however, the application of CRISPR technology has been hindered by various factors leading to very few reports of success in genome editing. Among these, collection of honeybee embryos for microinjection has been a time-consuming procedure, mainly limiting the applicability of the genome editing technique to honeybees. To improve the drawbacks of the conventional plastic plug-based system, we have developed a film-assisted honeybee embryo collection system (FECS) using transparent film as a detachable bottom layer. In this new system, eggs are laid on the detachable film surface and collected in a batch, and thus no additional alignment is required for microinjectoin. As the film can be easily replaced with in a few seconds, embryo collection can be repeated continuously after a single caging of a queen. Also, unlike conventional plug-based systems, the new system utilizes 100% of the eggs laid by the queen, thereby increases the yield three times in theory. The main unit of the system can be printed with ordinary SLA/DLP type 3D printer and the stl file for 3D printing will be distributed online.

A number of roller-compacted concrete pavements (RCCP) have been constructed without saw-cut joints in order to save construction cost. Then it will allow natural cracks to randomly occur at the early age after concrete placement. Crack spacing of unjointed RCCP is crucial to ensure an adequate crack width and load transfer across the cracks since large crack spacing will result in excessive crack width and reduce load transfer efficiency that may be cause faulting, excessive deflection, and further cracking in RCCP slab. Due to pavement thickness, climatic condition, and material properties, unjointed RCCP may have different natural crack spacing. In this study, an analytical approach to predict natural crack spacing of an unjointed RCCP was developed. An analytical method based on elastic theory to calculate axial restraint stress using a bilinear slab-subbase interfacial constraint assumption was conducted. Curling stress induced by temperature gradient through the depth of the slab was also considered. The analytical model incorporates the environmental effect, strength gain and modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, drying shrinkage, base type materials, and slab geometries. The predicted crack spacing results obtained from the predictive model were validated through field measured data. The results showed a good agreement compared with crack spacing measured in the field. Furthermore, the result from a sensitive analysis using proposed predictive model showed that crack spacing increased when thickness of RCCP increased. The predicted crack spacing results may be used as input parameters to estimate crack widths in unjointed RCCP under given climatic condition, and material properties. If estimated crack width is excessive and cannot maintain an adequate load transfer across the cracks, saw-cut joints with an appropriate spacing should be provided in order to minimize crack width, and to prevent future cracking of RCCP leading to better performance.

Feeding effects of the honeybee pollen products from both domestic, China, Spain and mixture of different origin on the colony development of earth bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., were surveyed to evaluate efficient nutritional resources for commercial bombiculture in Korea. As the results, the domestic pollen was most effective to achieve high rates of oviposition (88%), colony foundation (70%), and queen production. While feeding with domestic pollens during the egg-laying period, and domestic+Chinese mixture (5:2) during the breeding period (Plot-2), it revealed high oviposition rate of 75%, colony foundation of 65%, and large numbers of adult queen production, indicating its suitability for generation subculturing. In the Plot-3, the same high oviposition rate (75%) was obtained except for feeding with the domestic+Chinese mixture (2:5) during the breeding period, which produced large number of workers.

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely adopted as a primary reverse genetic tool to determine the physiological function of genes of interest. Nevertheless, the lack of optimized RNA delivery method has been a major obstacle for non-model organisms, such as Cimex lectularis. In this study, we have established a RNAi protocol for the silencing of C. lectularis salivary gland-specific cholinesterase (SChE) gene based on micro-injection of double stranded RNA (dsRNA). An aliquot (20 nl) of dsRNA solution (4.5 ng/nl) was injected to body cavity through the arthrodial membrane between metathoracic coxa and sternum of adult females. Observed mortality was less than 5% and at 6-day post injection, while the gene silencing efficiency reached 97~99% at 2-6 day post injection. This result demonstrates the efficacy of injection RNAi via the arthrodial membrane in C. lectularius.

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

We had evaluated of insecticidal effect from Insecticide-treated net (ITN) that coated by deltamethrin against Monochamus alternatus which serves as a vector for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this experiment, vector has been shown that rapid insecticidal effect response time within 1 hour when they were contacted with ITN. In addition, vectors were showed high mortality within 48 hours. To evaluate insecticidal persistency of ITN and whether releasing insecticide to water, ITNs were soaked in water over various time periods. Water has not shown insecticidal effect to vectors and small amount of insecticide were detected that would not be harmful to other non-target organic being such as honeybee. Also, reduction of insecticidal effect was not observed from the ITN. Taken together, our results suggest that ITN had got highly insecticidal effect to vector as well as could be applied to effectively prevent dispersal of the vector on the field.

Even though klotho deficiency in mice exhibits multiple aging-like phenotypes, studies using large animal models such as pigs, which have many similarities to humans, have been limited due to the absence of cell lines or animal models. The objective of this study was to generate homozygous klotho knockout porcine cell lines and cloned embryos. A CRISPR sgRNA specific for the klotho gene was designed and sgRNA (targeting exon 3 of klotho) and Cas9 RNPs were transfected into porcine fibroblasts. The transfected fibroblasts were then used for single cell colony formation and 9 single cell–derived colonies were established. In a T7 endonuclease I mutation assay, 5 colonies (#3, #4, #5, #7 and #9) were confirmed as mutated. These 5 colonies were subsequently analyzed by deep sequencing for determination of homozygous mutated colonies and 4 (#3, #4, #5 and #9) from 5 colonies contained homozygous modifications. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was performed to generate homozygous klotho knockout cloned embryos by using one homozygous mutation colony (#9); the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Two cloned embryos derived from a homozygous klotho knockout cell line (#9) were subjected to deep sequencing and they showed the same mutation pattern as the donor cell line. In conclusion, we produced homozygous klotho knockout porcine embryos cloned from genome-edited porcine fibroblasts.

Microfluidics based on nanobio sensors technologies can provide convenient and accurate diagnosis tools. In this talk, we present recent developments of nanobio sensors & diagnosis chip using microfluidics, with special emphasis on disposable plastic devices format. In detail, we overview of the common methods used in the fabrication of polymer microfluidic systems, including replica and injection mold-ing. Also we explain the different methods by which on-chip operations—such as the pumping and valving of fluid flow, the mixing of different reagents, and the separation and detection of different biochemical species implemented in a microfluidic format. Finally, a few select biotechnological applications of microfluidics are presented to illustrate both the utility of this technology and its potential applications with insect models in the near future.

This studies was conducted to define community structure and diversity of epigeal spiders in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional). In 11 commercial apple orchards, epigeal spider community structure was investigated during 2012-2014 (3 orchards, 2012; 3 orchards, 2013, 5 orchards, 2014). Epigeal spiders were collected by pitfall traps from April to October, 2012 in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do; 2013 in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do; 2014 in Cheongsong-gun and Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sampled spiders were identified to the species level. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness (total numbers of spider species), abundance (total numbers of individuals) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H΄) for each site and compared between organic and conventional orchards. In all regions, abundance of the spider communities were relatively higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards. But, no significant difference in species richness and specie diversity (H΄) between organic and conventional orchards. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Pardosa laura (Lycosidae), Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organic, Piratula procurvus (Lycosidae) in conventional orchards.

Epigeic spiders (Araneae) were surveyed in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The study was conducted from April to October in 2013 with 2 weeks interval using pitfall traps. Collected spiders were identified as 20 species of 6 families from 819 individuals in organic orchardⅠ, 19 species of 10 families from 759 individuals in orchardⅡ and 16 species of 8 families from 209 individuals in conventional orchard for from 1,787 captured spiders. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity index (H΄). Species richness was statistically higher in organic orchard than in conventional orchard. Organic orchardⅡ comprised the greatest abundance followed by organic orchard and conventional. But species diversity was the highest in organic orchardⅡ, intermediate in conventional orchard and the lowest in orchardⅠ. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organicⅠ, Pardosa laura (Lycosidae) in organicⅡ and Arctosa pungcheunensis (Lycosidae) in conventional orchard.