There are many other detection methods for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, Baermann funnel method, PCR-based methods, which are laborious and time consuming processes that are unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) on the field. For these reasons, the aim of our experiment is not only to apply field diagnostic for pine wood nematode (PWN) but also to reduce total time for detection PWN in the pine trees by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with phosphate (Pi)-induced coloration reaction which could be yes or no answer for detection of PWN has not required UV detector but it just could be discriminated by naked eyes within 30 min. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from pine wood chips by Wood Chips Direct Lysis procedure which can be used for LAMP only after simple dilution. Our results suggest that LAMP-Pi detection method, simple and rapid method for detection of PWN, could be applied to the field diagnostic for PWD.

한국산 금좀벌아과의 4종 Diglochis sylvicola (Walker), Lariophagus obtusus Kamijo, Mokrzeckia lazoensis Tselikh, Paracarotomus cephalotes Ashmead과 가시금좀벌아과 아과의 4종 Lamprotatus duplicatus (Kamijo), L. hikosanus (Kamijo), Stictomischus momoii Kamijo, S. scaposus Thomson을 처음 보고한다. 이 중 3속 Diglochis Förster, Paracarotomus Ashmead, Stictomischus Thomson 은 한국에 처음 보고되는 속이다. 본 논문에서는 한국산 금좀벌아과와 가시금좀벌아과의 속 검색표와 진단 형질의 사진을 제공하였다.

It is difficult to identification between Bursaphelenchus spp. and Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) by morphological characteristics without expertise about nematode taxonomy. Furthermore, Baermann funnel method, which is nematode extraction method from wood chips or soil, requires at least 24 hours to extract nematode that is unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD). For these reasons, the aim of this experiment is not only to improve accuracy of a PCR based method but also to reduce total experiment time for detection Bursaphelenchus spp. and PWN in the wood chips of PWD infected pine tree. In this experiment, we had been employed two PCR primer sets, which were originated from PWN specific Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence region and Bursaphenchus spp. universal mitochondrial Cytocrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) sequence region in order to discrimination between Bursaphelenchus spp. and PWN at the same PCR reaction. This experimental procedure was able to reduce experiment time and cost as well as to improve accuracy of detection than previous PCR based detecting method by not using Baermann funnel method and commercial genomic DNA extraction kit but using direct pine wood chips lysis method.

This study employed the first-person shooter task(FPST: Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002) paradigm to examine racial bias toward Blacks in a population unrelated to the Black-White racial context. We tested whether having Korean participants play the role of a White police officer portrayed as nonracist (vs. racist) would attenuate the bias to shoot Black suspects. Participants were told that they would perform a police simulation task as a White police officer, who was described as racist or nonracist, or was presented without a description. They then performed the FPST. Although nonracist description lowered shooter bias, racist description weakened it even more, contrary to our prediction. The latter result is interpreted as due to activation of an egalitarian goal after reading about racism-related description, especially as the description was about someone who was to be incorporated to the self. Supporting this interpretation, a mediation analysis involving Racist and Control conditions revealed that the racist description was associated with stronger perception of the officer’s racial bias, which in turn was correlated with weaker shooter bias.

To compensate for the critical shortage of human organs for allotransplantation, xenotransplantation studies using genetically modified pigs are being performed in Korea. Two types of pigs that are used are α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GalT KO) pigs and GalT KO+hCD46 (human complement regulatory protein) pigs. The present study measured the gestation time, birth weight, daily growth rate, and heart weight of both kinds of transgenic minipigs. The gestation period for both types of pigs was 117∼119 days. There was no difference in the body weight of GalT KO (—/+) and GalT KO (—/—) piglets, but GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/+) pigs were significantly heavier at birth than were GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/—hCD46+) pigs. During the first 10 weeks of life, the daily weight gain of GalT KO+hCD46 (—hCD46+/—CD46+) piglets, which are considered the optimal type for xenotransplantation, was 0.19 kg. The weight of hearts from GalT KO piglets up to two months of age was affected more by body weight than by age. Transgenic pigs showed no differences in gestation period or reproductive ability compared with normal pigs. These results comprise basic data that may be used in xenotransplantation studies and transgenic animal production in Korea.

This paper describes the design and implementation of the split AC converter topology for a low-cost, high-efficiency switched reluctance motor (hereafter abbreviated as SRM drive. The considered converter employs a low-cost, single-switch-per-phase configuration. as well as a single phase-leg rectifier circuit realizing the fewest component count to achieve highly cost effective solution for two-phase SRM drive. The design of the prototype converter as well as comparative study with the conventioal asymmetric converter is discussed. The converter is validated by both simulation and experimental results.

The generation and application of porcine iPSCs (piPSCs) as a large animal model may enable the test for the efficacy and safety of the therapy in the field of human regenerative medicine. Here, we report the generation of piPSC from wild (a 10-day-old Massachusetts General Hospital miniature pig; MGH minipig) and genetically modified pig, alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase knock-out (—/—) (GalT KO homo) and human CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) knock-in (hCD46 KI) MGH minipig (a 10-day-old). Fibroblasts were isolated from the ear skin of wild and MGH minipigs, respectively. After 2 passages, each of fibroblasts was transduced with cocktail of 6 human factors (POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2, C-MYC, KLF4, and LIN28) and cultured on a mitotically inactive mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) monolayer. Both of reprogrammed somatic cells expressed the classical pluripotency markers (POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2) and surface marker (SSEA1). Similar to mouse ESCs, both piPSCs from wild and transgenic minipigs were negative for SSEA3, Tra-1-60, and Tra-1-81. Further these cells could form embryoid body (EB) and differentiate into 3 germ layers in vitro (ectoderm: FOXJ3 and PAX6, mesoderm: HAND2, and endoderm: SOX17 and GATA6). Our piPSCs may provide useful source as a large animal model for studying approaches that can reduce an immune- rejection of cell or organ transplantation.

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious forest pathogen in many countries including Japan, China and Korea. To minimize the environmental problems caused by synthetic chemicals broadly utilized in the control of B. xylophilus, we estimated the nematicidal potency of 97 phytochemicals (49 monoterpenes, 17 phenylpropenes, 16 sesquterpenes and 15 sulfides) against B. xylophilus by measuring their inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterases (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) of B. xylophilus (BxACEs). In the primary inhibition assay using B. xylophilus crude protein, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-α-pinene and 3-carene in the monoterpenes, ο-anisaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol in the phenylpropenes and cis-nerolidol in the sesquterpenes were observed the > 50% BxACE inhibition rate and they were subsequently estimated the inhibition rate against three recombinant BxACEs. The (+)-α-pinene and coniferyl alcohol showed the high inhibition rate against BxACE-1 and BxACE-2. Interestingly, coniferyl alcohol also exhibited the high inhibition rate against BxACE-3 which would be insensitive to ACE inhibitors.

Ultrasonography (US) is a recent technique that has proven to be useful for assessing muscle thickness and guiding the rehabilitation decision-making of clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of the US measurement of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) thicknesses for different probe locations and measurement techniques. Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Muscle thicknesses of the transversus TrA, IO, and EO were measured three times in the hook-lying position. The three different probe locations were as follows: 1) Probe location 1 (PL1) was below the rib cage in direct vertical alignment with the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). 2) Probe location 2 (PL2) was halfway between the ASIS and the ribcage along the mid-axillary line. 3) Probe location 3 (PL3) was halfway between the iliac crest and the inferior angle of the rib cage, with adjustment to ensure the medial edge of the TrA. The two different techniques of thickness measurement from the captured images were as follows: 1) Muscle thickness was measured in the middle of the muscle belly, which was centered within the captured image (technique A; TA). 2) Muscle thickness was measured along a horizontal reference line located 2 cm apart from the medial edge of the TrA in the captured image (technique B; TB). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [3,k]) was used to calculate the inter-rater reliability of the thickness measurement of TrA, IO and EO using the values from both the first and second examiner. In all three muscles, moderate to excellent reliability was found for all conditions (probe locations and measurement techniques) (ICC=.70~.97). In the PL1-TA condition, inter-rater reliability in the three muscle thicknesses was good to excellent (ICC=.85~.96). The reliability of all measurement conditions was excellent in IO (ICC=.95~.97). Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that TA can be applied to PL1 by clinicians and researchers in order to measure the thickness of abdominal muscles.

The aim of this study was to determine the muscle activity of the abdominalis and erector spinae during bridging and unilateral bridging exercises on the firm surface, the sir-fit, and the foam roll. Eighteen healthy young subjects were recruited for this study. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded from the both sides of the rectus abdominalis, external obliques, internal obliques, and erector spinae muscles during bridging and unilateral bridging-exercises. A one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare the EMG activity of each muscle according to the support surface condition. Differences in the EMG activities between the bridging and unilateral bridging exercises, and between the right and left side were assessed using a paired t-test. The study showed that the EMG activities of all of the muscles were significantly higher when the bridging exercise was performed using the foam roll or sit-fit than on the firm surface. The EMG activities of the right rectus abdominis, right external obliques, the right internal oblique, and both erector spinae were significantly higher during unilateral bridging ex exercise using the foam roll or the sit-fit than on the firm surface. The EMG activities of all of the muscles were significantly higher during the unilateral bridging exercise than during the bridging exercise. Based on these finding, performing the unilateral bridging exercise using the sit-fit or the foam roll is a useful method for facilitating trunk muscle strength and lumbar stability.