Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp) as a storage mite inhabitats in stored grains, hay, and straw at agricultural areas. T. putrescentiae stimulates an immune response and triggers inflammatory cytokines release, and thus it is a source of allergen that sensitize and induce allergic reactions. Also, T. putrescentiae has been reported to cause asthma and atopic disease by cross-reactivity with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). The study on T. putrescentiae in human monocytic THP-1 cells is not enough to understand cytokine expression and pathological mechanisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of T. putrescentiae extract (TpE) on production of inflammatory cytokines and expression of mRNA level in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells are treated with TpE and supernatants were analyzed for the production of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA level in the culture cells was measured by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As a result of this study, TpE significantly induced secretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in THP-1 cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TpE may play a role in contributing to inflammatory disease through stimulation of immune cell. Further research of T. putrescentiae is needed to understand the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. The fresh SMS was sample within 24 hours of removal from the production facility in DOJUN farm located in Jinju. About 11 bacterial species were isolated from fresh SMS on TSA medium. Among of them, one isolate, designated YJ02, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain YJ02 was produced cellulase, xylanase, mannanase as hydrolase. The strain YJ02 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YJ02 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain YJ02 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YJ02 is proposed.

This study assesses of efficiency of oocyte recovery and in vitro development for during the non breeding season in goat. Thirty-four matured goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen implanted CIDR for 10 days. Superovulation treatment of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg PGF2α on Day 8 and 400～600 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. Oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The in vivo matured oocytes were activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (3.5～4 h). The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at 38.5℃ in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 for 7～8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and in vivo matured and follicular oocytes recovered. But, quality of I+II grade follicular oocytes was lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (25.0%) than the adults (52.4%). The same results were also observed in the cleavage and blastocyst rate of activated oocytes. The clavage and blastocyst rate from prepubertal derived oocytes were lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (54.5%, 23.3%) than the adult goat (86.8%, 46.6%). Considering overall these results, we suggest that maturation of donor goats is a major factor affecting recovered oocytes quality and in vitro development of activated goat oocytes. There was no significant difference in oocyte quality between seasonal treatments.

Epigenetic status of the genome of a donor nucleus has an important effect on the developmental potential of cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In our previous study has results showed that the donor cells treated with 5-aza-2’- deoxyctidine (5-aza-dC, DNA methylation inhibitors) and Trichostatin A (TSA, histone deacetylase inhibitors) could improve the development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos in vitro. In this study we want to investigate why these two drugs treatment with the donor cell can improve the cloning efficiency, whether they can alter the epigenetic status of the genome of the donor nucleus. This study included 6 groups: control group, the donor cell (porcine fetal fibroblast cell) with no treatment; 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC group, the donor cells treated with 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h; 5-aza-dC group, the donor cells treated with 5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h; TSA group, the donor cells treated with 50 nM TSA for 1h; 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC+TSA group, the donor cells treated with 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h and subsequently treated with 50 nM TSA for another 1h; 5-aza-dC+TSA group, the donor cells treated with 5 nM 5-aza-dC and 50 nM TSA together for 1h. The first experiment detected the DNA methylation status in the different groups. After treatment with these two drugs, the DNA methylation level of the donor cells decreased, however there is no significant difference among the groups. This result indicated that the donor cell treatment with 5-aza-dC and TSA can partially alter the DNA methylation status of the donor cells. The second experiment checked the histone acetylation level of the donor cells treated with these two drugs by western blot. TSA, 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC+TSA, 5 nM 5-aza-aC+TSA, these three groups can significantly improve the hisone acetylation level compared with control and 5-aza-dC groups, there is no significant difference among these three groups. The results of this study suggest that the donor cells treated with 5-aza-dC and TSA can partially decrease DNA methylation and can significantly improve the histone acetylation level of the donor cells, these alterations of the epigenetic modification maybe can improve the clonging efficiency.

Spent mushroom substrate(SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. About 9 thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS(Flammulina velvtipes). Among of them, one isolate, designated UJ09, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ09 was produced cellulase and xylanase as hydrolase. The strain UJ21 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ09 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ09 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UJ09 is proposed.

5‐aza‐2’‐deoxyctidine (5‐aza‐dC) is DNA methylation inhibitor and Trichostatin A (TSA) is histone deacytlase inhibitor, both of them can alter the level of the epigenetic modification of cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of treatment with 5‐aza‐dC and TSA into fetal fibroblasts on the development of porcine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. In this study, experiments were performed in order to modify epigenetic status in donor cells and evaluate developmental potential of NT embryos. 5‐ aza‐dC or TSA or combining treatment of TSA and 5‐aza‐dC was treated into growing donor cells for 1 h exposure and development of NT embryos was evaluated. Experiment was performed with 3 groups: control group (donor cells without treatment); TSA group (donor cell treated with 50 nM TSA for 1 h); TSA + 5‐aza‐dC group (donor cells were treated with 50 nM TSA and 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for 1 h); TSA+1/2(5‐aza‐dC) group (donor cells were treated with 50 nM TSA for 1h and subsequently treated with 2.5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for another 1h). When donor cells were individually treated with 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC or 50 nM TSA for 1h, the blastocyst rate of NT embryos increased significantly compared with control group [18.8% vs 13.4% (5 nM 5‐aza‐dC group vs control group), and 26.2% vs 11.8% (50 nM TSA group vs control group), p<0.05]. However, the blastocyst rate in combining treatment group (50 nM TSA + 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC) did not increase compare with control group (12.3% vs 11.8%, p>0.05). When the donor cell were individually treated with 50nM TSA for 1 h firstly and then treated with 2.5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for another 1h, the blastocyst rate was significantly improved compared with control and TSA group (28% vs 10.2% and 23.7%, p<0.05). The present study suggested that donor cells treated with TSA or low concentration of TSA+5‐azadC in short time exposure may enhance the development of porcine NT embryo.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of the spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates (SMS) in laying hens (Hy-Line Brown). The fresh spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates collected from the DOJUN farm were fermented with Bacillus subtilis EJ3 for 2 weeks. A total of twenty-four laying hens were fed corn-soy based experimental diets containing 0% (control), 5% (T1), 10% (T2) and 15%(T3) fermented SMS for 7 weeks. There were no significant differences among the treatments in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and viability during the experimental period. Feed intake was significantly lowered in control (118.3 g) than T1 (121.9 g), T2 (120.3 g) and T3 (122.4 g). There were no significant differences among the treatments eggshell breaking strength, thickness and haugh unit, whereas the yolk color of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly heavy than T0. The palatability of boiled meat was significantly better in the T3 laying hens than in the T0 laying hens. In conclusion, fermented SMS can be used as resource of feed in laying hen feed at 5.0-15% level without effect on performance and egg qualify.

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn′s disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with increased risk of colon adenocarcinoma. Apoptic induction of colon cancer cells by cytokines and death receptors is an important anti-cancer therapy. We observed that co-administration of TNFα and IFNγ in human colon cancer cell line, HCT116, resulted in cell death and expression of IL-32. Cleavage forms of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP were increased in TNFα / IFNγ-treated HCT116. mRNA expression of death receptors, including TNFR1 and Fas were not changed and NO generation was not induced by combination of TNFα and IFNγ. However, mRNA expression of IL-32α, β, and γ was increased in TNFα / IFNγ-treated HCT116. To determine the effect of IL-32 in HCT116 cell apoptosis by TNFα / IFNγ stimulation, IL-32 siRNA-transfected HCT116 cells were cultured with TNFα / IFNγ and cell proliferation was measured. IL-32 siRNA induced slight recovery of cell viability of TNFα / IFNγ-stimulated HCT116. These results suggest that IL-32 is not directly related to apoptosis of HCT116 by TNFα / IFNγ stimulation. However, IL-32 expression by TNFα or TNFα / IFNγ in a colon cancer cell line is very interesting because of the unknown effect of IL-32 in colon cancer. Our study will contribute to development of studies for IL-32 function in human colon cancer and anti-cancer therapies using cytokines.

For rapid production of freesia ‘Shiny Gold’ shoots by using a bioreactor, several culture conditions were investigated. Young shoots (< 1 ㎝) obtained from freesia corm section in vitro were used as plant materials for this experiment. As a basic experimental environment, 20 young shoots were inoculated into a 5 L balloon type bubble reactor which contained 1 L 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 30 g sucrose (3%), and the aeration was 0.1 vvm (vessel volumes per minute). The bioreactors were placed in a growth room with 23℃ temperature, 60% relative humidity and 60 μmol·m-2·s-1 light condition (16 h/8 h, day/night). The concentrations of MS media were set with 1/4, 1/2, 1 strength, medium volume 10, 20, 40%, sucrose concentration 3, 6, 9%, and aeration 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 vvm. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the growth indexes including the fresh and dry weight, and plant height were evaluated. At the same time, the consumption, pH, and EC of medium were estimated 4 weeks after incubating. The best results were achieved when 40 young shoots were incubated in a bioreactor in which 1 L of 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose was used for the rapid production of freesia shoots. The shoots were 17 cm in plant height and 1.0 g in fresh weight only 4 weeks after incubation which could be a good plant material suitable for corm enlargement i

The purpose of this study is to look into the effect of a horticultural activity program on career women’s job satisfaction. As the research subject, this study set 37 career women of 6 occupational clusters, such as elementary school teachers, nurses, social workers, care teachers, and police officers in ‘P’ city, and financiers in ‘D’city. The horticultural activity program was applied for about 10 months from June 2013 to April 2014, and for each job group the program was executed once a week and a total of 8 sessions. As a result of the analysis of job satisfaction by conducting horticultural activity by 6 occupational cluster, occupational clusters like an elementary school teacher, and social worker showed a significant improvement in job satisfaction immediately after horticultural activity was conducted, and in 4 weeks after that, all 5 occupational clusters but a care teacher cluster were found not to show a significant difference. It is expected that various horticultural activity programs would provide emotional stability to working women and consequently improve their overall quality of life. As a result of the above research, this study confirmed that improvement in job satisfaction is more effective when a person steadily participates in gardening activity rather than doing gardening activity temporarily. In addition, this study confirmed that gardening activity could be an alternative remedy which provides a positive change to a career woman’s job satisfaction.

Background : Ginseng widely cultivated as a major medicinal herb in Korea, is economically important crop for farmer. Ginseng root disease caused by soil borne pathogens is main factors restricting the quantity and quality of ginseng. The disease can result in harvest loss of up to 20~70% and limits the replanting of ginseng under same field for long time. The traditional control method of agrochemical use is not recommend to control soil borne disease because of difficulty in use and unstable effect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several antagonistic microbes for developing biological control method of ginseng root rot. Methods and Results : To select biocontrol agents against ginseng soil borne disease, several bacteria were isolated from ginseng root and rhizosphere soil evaluated in vitro screening of antifungal bacterial against ginseng root pathogens. Two antagonistic bacteria, ES17 and CJ4, showed the strongest inhibition effect against ginseng root pathogen. In the pot experiment under greenhouse conditions, ginseng seedling dipped in bacterial suspension at inoculum density of 106 cfu/ml for 1 hour were planted in pot containing inoculum. Control effect was examined depend on disease severity index at 30 days after inoculation. Ginseng root treated with CJ4 and ES17 isolate reduced root rot disease development on the ginseng root with degrees of control efficacy of 85% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion : Two biocontrol agent, Burkholderia ambifaria CJ4 and Paenibacillus strain ES17, had strong antifungal efficacy against ginseng soil borne pathogens. These results obtained from in vitro test and pot experiment suggest the potential applicability of the biocontrol agent to control ginseng root rot caused by various soil borne pathogens.

Background : This experiment was carried out to improve the labor-intensive task to construct of the traditional ginseng shading system in Korea. In this experiment the selected shading materials was new 6 kinds that HDPE - knitted- monofilament and taped PE Net, with taking into account of the amount of light and the amount of leakage to screen the UV stabilized 0.3% - 0.6%. Compared with the traditional shading material, the black-shading material (wt. 200g/㎡) and the yellow shading material (wt. 300g/㎡) was suitable for the ginseng growing environments in Korea. Methods and Results : The installation of shading system was the 45 degree slope -2 meter height from the ground with the selected shading materials for the wide structure ginseng cultivation. Temperature and light intensity was measured with a week interval from the surface to a height of 30cm. The two kinds of the 1st selected materials and the traditional black + blue two layer shading materials, aluminum screen, Canada Gintec shading material, total 5 kinds of materials were installed in wide structure. The growing environmental analysis was measured using data logs (watchdog 1600series). Conclusion : In the first selection of shading materials for Ginseng wide structure, the levels of light intensity were higher in order of blue-shading> Aluminum- shading> black-shading order. The temperatures of the under wide structures were lower in order of the black-shading< aluminum-shading screen< blue-shading order, especially the temperature of the black shading material was lower than the outside temperature. For the second selection of shading material of the ginseng wide structure, the black and yellow shading material were superior to the other materials, in the amount of light shading material and growing conditions and the degree of leakage etc. The temperatures of mid-May in wide structures of ginseng cultivation were higher in order of aluminum-screen> Canada shading materials (Gintec Co.) 2 layer material> Yellow shading> black shading order, and also the amounts of light intensity also was shown to be with the same manner

Background : The Ginseng has been one of the crops that represents Korea, and the main export items in the 1960s, Now it occupies the first exports of agricultural products. The Eco-friendly cultivation of Ginseng was difficult for various reasons. But the cultivation in Green House can be suppressed disease occurrence, when utilizing an environmentally friendly materials has the advantage that can dramatically increase the income by possible organic production. For other crops, it made up a lot of studies on water management, But the studies on water management of ginseng is somewhat lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish appropriate soil- moisture-management-systems within the house of ginseng cultivation. Methods and Results : The type of house is a double steel structure. The first layer was PE film, the second layer was the blue shading net and 75% black shading net. The Soil texture was silt loam and the Soil Series was YEONGOK Series. Install the house on the adjacent paddy soil and upland soil, and planting on April 30, 2011 which was cultivated by the straw mulching. The irrigation start point was the 40, 30, 20kpa, and the end point was treated with 15, 10kpa. Soil moisture measurements were determined by tension meter(Jet Fill) depth 20cm in soil. Growth and Yield Survey was conducted in accordance with the Rural Development Administration (RDA) standard research. Statistical analysis of the results were analyzed using the Microsoft's Excel 2003. Conclusion : In a survey due to differences in soil traits and Irrigation point, from 2 years to 4years of root weight and yield of Ginseng were heavier in the upland, especially 30kpa irrigation point treatment was heaviest than the other treatments. From 5year to 6 Years of ginseng has showed heavier in paddy soil, the most treatment was 30kpa- 15kpa irrigation point. This trend was the same in upland soil. Soil moisture management in the case of silt loam, the humid-state-control was more advantageous than dry-state control in upland and paddy soil.

본 연구는 장애전담 어린이집에 재원 중인 발달지체유아를 대상으로 요일별 신체리듬을 고려한 원예활동 프로그램이 유아의 적응행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 원예활동 대상자는 S장애전담 어린이집에서 4세~6세 발달지체유아 대조군 8명, 실험군 8명이었다. 원예활동 프로그램은 2012년 10월 15일부터 2012년 11월 22일까지 주 3회 30분씩 총 18회 실시하였다. 전체 적응행동 평가 결과 대조군의 경우 실험 전 65.00점에서 실험 후 66.00점으로 1.00점이 향상되었고 실험군은 전체 적응행동 평가 결과 실험 전 66.00점에서 실험 후 85.50점으로 19.50점이 향상되었다. 실험군의 하위항목별 변화를 살펴보면 개념적 적응행동은 원예활동 실시 전 64.00점에서 실시 후 80.75점으로, 사회적 적응행동은 65.50점에서 80.63점으로, 실제적 적응행동은 74.38점에서 95.38점으로 모든 항목이 원예활동 실시 후 유의하게 향상되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과로부터 요일별 신체리듬의 변화와 유아의 흥미와 참여도를 고려하여 설계한 원예활동프로그램이 장애전담 어린이집 내에 재원하고 있는 발달지체유아들의 적응행동 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.