The challenges facing companies and institutions surrounding civil nuclear decommissioning are diverse and many, none more so than those faced in the United Kingdom. The UK’s Generation I nuclear power plants and early research facilities have left a ‘Nuclear Legacy’ which is in urgent need of management and clean-up. Sellafield is quite possibly the most illfamed nuclear site in the UK. This complex and challenging site houses much of what is left from the early days of nuclear research in the UK, including early nuclear reactors (Windscale Piles, Calder Hall, and the Windscale Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor) and the UK’s early nuclear weapons programme. Such a legacy now requires careful management and planning to safely deal with it. This task falls on the shoulders of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). Through a mix of prompt and delayed decommissioning strategies, key developments in R&D, and the implementation of site licenced companies to enact decommissioning activities, the NDA aims to safety, and in a timely manner, deal with the UK’s nuclear legacy. Such approaches have the potential to influence and shape other such approaches to nuclear decommissioning activities globally, including in Korea.

케냐에서 토종 닭의 낮은 생산성은 부분적으로 열악한 관리 관행, 특히 적절한 건강 관리, 열악한 사육장 및 영양 부족 때문으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구의 목표는 케냐에서 산란계를 위한 신배합사료 배합 가능성 확인과 신배합사료 식 A와 B의 급이를 통한 계란 생산성을 분석하고자 하였다. 1. 2018년 7월 1일부터 2021년 3월 31일까지 Embu 및 Tharaka Nithi 카운티에서 닭 생산에 관심이 있는 농부 그룹을 선정하였다. 농부 그룹 선정에 사용 된 기준은 닭의 수, 닭 사육 및 장비에 대한 투자 수준, 사료 혼합에 대한 관심, 농가 집단의 응집력, 교육 수준 및 집단 구성원의 연령 등 이었다. 2. 총 3,968명의 농업인이 산란계를 위한 신배합사료 식 A와 B에 따른 사료조제 및 이용에 참여하였으며, 총 136,683 kg의 배합 사료를 조제하였다. Embu 지역에서는 2,774명의 농업인이 53,770 kg을, Tharaka Nithi 지역에서는 1,194명의 농업인이 41,313 kg의 신배합사료를 각각 조제하였다. 3. 신배합사료 식 A와 식 B가 케냐 표준 국 [KEBS] (2014)의 품질 표준을 충족하는지 평가하기 위해 사료 영양 성분을 분석한 결과, 신배합사료 식 A와 식 B, 상업용 사료 모 두 건물중(dry matter) 이 88%이상으로 표준을 충족 하였고, 최대 25% 이하의 회분(ash), 15% 이상의 조단백질(crude protein) 과 7.5% 이하의 조섬유(crude fiber) 기준과 대부분 부합하였다. 4. 신배합사료 식 A와 시판용 사료를 급여한 산란계 10마리의 일일 평균 계란 생산량을 비교한 결과 Embu 지역에서는 7.2개와 5.1개, 그리고 Tharaka Nithi 지역에서는 8.2개와 5.7 개로 유의적으로 높은 생산성 차이가 확인되었다. 5. 신배합사료 식 B와 시판용 사료를 급여한 산란계 10마리의 일일 평균 계란 생산량을 비교한 결과 Embu 지역에서는 7.3개와 4.9개, 그리고 Tharaka Nithi 지역에서는 7.1개와 5.2 개로 유의적으로 높은 생산성 차이가 확인되었다.

Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, a keystone species with significant ecological and commercial importance, is declining globally throughout much of its range. While traditional fishing equipment methods remain limited, new sensitive and rapid detection methods should be developed to monitor fisheries resources. To monitor the presence and quantity of C. pallasii from environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from seawater samples, a pair of primers and a TaqMan® probe specific to this fish based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (COB) sequences were designed for the real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. The combination of our molecular markers showed high specificity in the qPCR assay, which affirmed the success of presenting a positive signal only in the C. pallasii specimens. The markers also showed a high sensitivity for detecting C. pallasii genomic DNA in the range of 1 pg~100 ng rxn-1 and its DNA plasmid containing COB amplicon in the range of 1~100,000 copies rxn-1, which produced linear standard calibration curves (r2=0.99). We performed a qPCR assay for environmental water samples obtained from 29 sampling stations in the southeastern coastal regions of South Korea using molecular markers. The assay successfully detected the C. pallasii eDNA from 14 stations (48.2%), with the highest mean concentration in Jinhae Bay with a value of 76.09±18.39 pg L-1 (246.20±58.58 copies L-1). Our preliminary application of molecular monitoring of C. pallasii will provide essential information for efficient ecological control and management of this valuable fisheries resource.

Naturally occurring left ventricular hyperplasia is a rare but lethal disease. There are very few reports of this cardiac disease in captive nonhuman primates. In a colony of Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) at California National Primate Research Center, a large number of rhesus macaques were diagnosed by autopsy with naturally occurring left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious underlying diseases over a 22-year period. The confirmatory diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy was based on findings of notable left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with reduced left ventricular lumen, which is very similar to human ventricular hypertrophy cases. This report discusses an 11-year-old Macaca fascicularis monkey (Cynomolgus monkey, crab-eating macaque), weighing 2.95 kg, that was presented for enrollment in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study. During the PK experiment, the monkey died following a sudden decrease in percutaneous oxygen saturation and heart rate. Gross and histological examinations of the heart were performed. On gross pathology, the left ventricular wall was thickened, and the chamber lumen was reduced. In histopathological examination using hematoxylin- eosin and Masson-trichrome stains, fibrosis and myocyte disarray were not observed, but an increased cell density, compared to the normal heart, was confirmed. The autopsy results confirmed left ventricular hyperplasia as the major cause of death.

중국은 1979년 이후로 한자녀정책을 주요 정책으로 추진해왔고, 이로 인해 저출산 사회로 전환되었 다. 또한 발전된 보건과 의료기술로 노인들의 수명이 급격히 늘어나면서 중국의 고령화율 역시 급증하 였다. 이렇듯 수발이 필요한 고령인구는 급증하였으나, 현재 중국에는 이들을 돌볼 돌봄인력이나 인프 라가 턱없이 부족한 상태이다. 본 연구는 이러한 노인수발 문제를 해결하기 위한 제도적 해법으로 노인 장기요양보험에 주목한다. 본 연구는 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 도입과정과 시범사업 등을 살펴본 후, 노인장기요양보험제도 도입의 선도국가인 한국으로부터 어떤 정책교훈을 얻을 수 있는지 살펴보았 다. 본 연구는 연구를 수행함에 있어 주로 문헌연구 분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 두 가지 의의를 갖는다. 첫째, 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 시범사업을 개관함으로써 그 흐름은 물론 그에 관한 기초 자료를 제공하고 있다. 둘째, 중국의 노인수발 문제를 연구함에 있어 기존 연구들에서 찾아볼 수 없는 비교사회정책학적 접근법, 특히 동아시아 사회복지에 대한 비교연구를 수행하였다.

Hydrolyzed proteins have an advantage over intact proteins in terms of their rate of digestion and absorption. The high-pressure enzymatic extraction (HPE) method has been shown to improve the quality characteristics of hydrolysates from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) larvae (PBSL). This study investigated the effects of the HPE treatment period, a key candidate factor, on the quality characteristics of PBSL HPE hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were prepared by HPE for 0, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h under optimized conditions—solid:solvent ratio (1:14 [w/v]), using complex proteases (Alcalase:Flavorzyme:Bromelain = 1:1:1, 4%), treatment temperature (50oC), and pressure level (100 MPa). All quality characteristics tended to be superior with longer HPE treatment periods, most of which had the highest values at 30 h, with no significant difference or a slight decrease after that. The quality characteristics of the PBSL HPE hydrolysates were improved by 1.3-1.7 times under conditions of optimal HPE treatment period.

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupⅡ. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn’t show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

A simulation based (DFT) study is performed on activated 2D-carbon sheet without and with vacancies of central carbon atoms, and explored the electronic properties. The inter-atomic distance at the center of activated carbon sheet is gradually increased with increasing number of vacancies. We get lower binding energy with three vacancies, and higher without a vacancy. A covalent bond is found between C–C atoms, density of states exhibit a semiconductor nature of a system without vacancy, and metallic nature in the presence of vacancies. There are higher peaks of resultant anti-bonding states with three vacancy system and it exhibits higher amorphous nature which causes higher electron concentration, mobility and higher electrical conductivity.