Kaposi's sarcoma is a lympho-angioproliferative disease that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Most importantly, Kaposi’s sarcoma occurs in the immunocompromised, especially AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients being treated with immunosuppressants. The occurrence of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma after the diagnosis of any primary solid tumor has rarely been reported. We experienced a 70-year-old man, who had received surgery and chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of primary gallbladder cancer, that developed multiple tender deep purple papules on his trunk, back and feet which were proven to be pathologic symptoms of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Heumgyeonggaknu is a water-hammering type automatic water clock which was made by Jang Yeong-Sil in 1438. The water clock that is located in Heumgyeonggaknu consists of Suho which is equipped with 2-stage overflow. Constant water wheel power is generated by supplying a fixed amount of water of Suho to Sususang, and this power is transferred to each floor at the same time. The 1st floor rotation wheel of Gasan consists of the operation structure which has the shape of umbrella ribs. The 2nd floor rotation wheel is made so that the 12 hour signal, Gyeong-Jeom signal, and Jujeon constitute a systematic configuration. The 3rd floor rotation wheel is made so that the signal and rotation of Ongnyeo and four gods can be accomplished. Based on the above conceptual design, this paper analyzed the internal signal generation and power transmission of Heumgyeonggaknu.

Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most widely cultured fish species in Korea. Although olive flounder receive attention from aquaculture and fisheries and extensive research has been conducted eye morphological change in metamorphosis, but little information was known to molecular mechanism and gene expression of eye development- related genes during the early part of eye formation period. For the reason of eyesight is the most important sense in flounder larvae to search prey, the screening and identification of expressed genes in the eye will provide useful insight into the molecular regulation mechanism of eye development in olive flounder. Through the search of an olive flounder DNA database of expressed sequence tags (EST), we found a partial sequence that was similar to crystallin beta A1 and gamma S. Microscopic observation of retinal formation correspond with the time of expression of the crystallin beta A1 and gamma S gene in the developmental stage, these result suggesting that beta A1 and gamma S play a vital role in the remodeling of the retina during eye development. The expression of crystallin beta A1 and gamma S were obviously strong in eye at all tested developing stage, it is also hypothesized that crystallin acts as a molecular chaperone to prevent protein aggregation during maturation and aging in the eye.

탈모방지 및 발모효과를 가지는 소재를 개발하기 위해 한의학에서 전통적으로 사용되는 23가지 한방소재를 선정하여 한방복합처방단을 개발하였다. 한방복합처방단을 구성하는 한방소재들은 예로부터 전통적으로 발모 및 탈모방지, 흰머리방지, 염증 치료 및 혈액순환개선 효과를 가진 것으로 알려져 있는 당귀, 보골지, 측백엽, 한련초, 구기자, 복분자, 상백피, 숙지황, 여정실, 적하수오, 흑지마, 고삼, 백지, 익모초, 단삼, 도인, 몰약, 감국, 유향, 인삼, 천궁,합환피, 현호색 등이다. 또한, 한방복합처방단의 발모효과를 확인하기 위해 in vitro와 in vivo 평가모델을 이용하여 모발성장 및 촉진에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. In vitro 상에서는 모유두세포, 각질형성세포 및 섬유아세포의 증식을 확인하였다. 또한, 흰머리방지 효과와 관련하여 멜라노마 세포에서의 멜라닌 합성능력을 확인하였다. 한방복합처방단의 in vitro 상에서의 육모효과는 C57BL/6 마우스를 이용한 in vivo 상에서도 확인하였다. 연구 결과 한방복합처방단은 50 μg/mL의 농도에서 모유두 세포의 증식을 175 %까지, 섬유아세포인 NIH3T3 세포의 증식은 120 %까지 증가시켰으며, 20 μg/mL의 농도에서 각질형성세포인 HaCaT 세포의 증식을 133 %까지 증가시켰다. 멜라닌 합성의 경우, 50 μg/mL의 농도에서 154 %까지 증가시켰다. 또한, C57BL/6 마우스를 이용한 육모효과에 있어서는 한방복합처방단 처리 4주 후 98 % 이상의 육모효과를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 본 연구에서 개발한 한방복합처방단은 모발의 성장 촉진에 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 처방으로 사료된다.

Compared to wide ranges of genetic variation of natural populations, very limited Miscanthus cultivar has been released. This study was the first report on the development of Miscanthus cultivar by means of radiation breeding. Seeds of M. sinensis were initially exposed to gamma rays of 250 Gy for 24 h, generated from a 60Co gamma-irradiator. The irradiated seeds were sown and then the highly tiller-producing mutants were selected for this study. Biomass-related parameters including tiller number, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number were measured. Ploidy level and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were investigated to characterize the mutants compared to wild type (WT) Miscanthus. Plant height and tiller number were negatively related, where multi-tillering mutants were relatively short after 4 month growth. However stem diameter and leaf number were greater in mutants. All the materials used in this study were diploid, implying that the mutants with greater tiller numbers and stem diameter were not likely related to polyploidization. Based on the sequence of ITS regions, the mutants demonstrated base changes from the gamma irradiation where G+C content (%) was decreased in the ITS1, but increased in ITS2 when compared to WT sequence. ITS2 region was more variable than in ITS1 in the mutants, which collectively allows identification of the mutants from WT. Those mutants having enhanced tillers and allelic variations might be used as breeding materials for enhanced biomass-producing Miscanthus cultivars.

The purposes of this research project are to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with yield-related traits using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between a high-yield soybean genotype SS0404-T5-76 and Daewonkong and to develop high-yield soybean and lodging-resistant sprout soybean cultivars. For development of DNA markers and identification of functional sequence variations, firstly, whole genome of five soybean genotypes, Sinpaldalkong 2, SS2-2, Pungsanamulkong, SS0404-T5-76 and Daewongkong, were sequenced using Illumina Hi-Seq technology. SS2-2 is a EMS-induced mutant of Sinpadalkong 2. SS0404-T5-76 showing high-yield is a F8 RIL derived from a cross of Pungsanamulkong x SS2-2. Daewonkong is a elite cultivar with high-protein. Furthermore, to construct a genetic linkage map, we are advancing F4 lines of SS0404-T5-76 x Daewonkong by single seed-descent. Secondly, we developed high-protein and high-yield soybean lines and lodging-resistant sprout lines. Area-adaptability tests of these promising lines are performing in three different locations including Jeju, Naju, and Suwon. Based on the results of area adaptability tests, we are planing to conduct cultivar registration of the promising soybean lines.

R genes are a key component of genetic interactions between plants and biotrophic bacteria and are known to regulate resistance against bacterial invasion. The most common R proteins contain a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domain. Some soybean NBS-LRR genes have also been reported to function in disease resistance. A total of 319 genes were determined to be putative NBS-LRR genes in the soybean genome. The number of NBS-LRR genes on each chromosome was highly correlated with the number of disease resistance QTL in the 2-Mb flanking regions of NBS-LRR genes. In addition, the recently duplicated regions contained duplicated NBS-LRR genes and duplicated disease resistance QTL, and possessed either an uneven or even number of NBS-LRR genes on each side. The significant difference in NBS-LRR gene expression between a resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) and a susceptible NIL after inoculation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines supports the conjecture that NBS-LRR genes have disease resistance functions in the soybean genome. The number of NBS-LRR genes and disease resistance QTL in the 2-Mb flanking regions of each chromosome was significantly correlated, and several recently duplicated regions that contain NBS-LRR genes harbored disease resistance QTL for both sides. In addition, NBS-LRR gene expression was significantly different between the BLP-resistant NIL and the BLP-susceptible NIL in response to bacterial infection. From these observations, NBS-LRR genes are suggested to contribute to disease resistance in soybean. Moreover, we propose models for how NBS-LRR genes were duplicated, and apply Ks values for each NBS-LRR gene cluster.

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), primarily caused by Phomopsis longicolla, is a major contributor to poor soybean seed quality and significant yield loss, particularly in early maturing soybean genotypes. However, it is not yet known whether PSD resistance is associated with early maturity. This study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to PSD and maturity time using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the PSD-resistant Taekwangkong and the PSD-susceptible SS2-2. Based on a genetic linkage map incorporating 117 simple sequence repeat markers, QTL analysis revealed two and three QTLs conferring PSD resistance and maturity time, respectively, in the RIL population. Two QTLs (PSD-6-1 and PSD-10-2) for PSD resistance were identified in the intervals of Satt100-Satt460 and Sat_038-Satt243 on chromosomes (Chrs) 6 and 10, respectively. These QTLs do not overlap with any previously reported loci for PSD resistance in other soybean genotypes. Two QTLs explained phenotypic variances in PSD resistance of 46.3% and 14.1%, respectively. Among three QTLs for maturity time, two (Mat-6-2 and Mat-10-3) were located at positions similar to the PSD resistance QTLs. The identification of the QTLs linked to both PSD resistance and maturity time indicates a biological correlation between these two traits. The newly identified QTLs for resistance to PSD associated with maturity time in Taekwangkong will help improve soybean resistance to P. longicolla.

Recent release of whole genome draft sequences in legume species have led comparative genome studies among legume plants including Glycine max, G. soja, Cajanus cajan and Medicago truncatula. The majority of comparative genomic researches have been conducted based on synteny of coding sequences and coding sequence variations may be one of major forces for speciation and evolution. However, non-coding sequences have been also reported to be important phenotypic regulators. Especially, since short sequence motifs in the promoter regions are highly conserved, they are suggested to be another resources of interests in comparative studies. In this study, we predicted the conserved short sequence motifs by BLASTN algorithm using dicot promoter database from Softberry (http://www.softberry.com). A total of 37,396 conserved short sequence motifs were identified onto 2 kb upstreams of 46,367 high confident gene model of G. max (cv. Williams 82). Meanwhile, whole genome of 7 soybean landraces (G. max) and 7 wild soybean genotypes (G. soja) were sequenced at low depth of less than ten using Illumina Hiseq 2000. Among these genotypes, nucleotide variations were identified in predicted conserved regulatory motifs by mapping of short reads to the reference genome sequence using the Samtools program (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/). Fifteen and two genes, which have SNPs in regulatory motifs and no SNP in coding sequence, were identified by comparisons of inter-species and intra-species, respectively. qRT-PCR experiments are in progress for investigating differences of these 17 genes expressions at transcriptional level.

As soybean (Glycine max) is known for its high nutritional value of oil and protein, soybean has been domesticated and cultivated by one specific character trait based on human selection. Importantly, tracing back in time where G. max and G. soja, the undomesticated ancestor of G. max have diverged plays an important role in studying of genetic diversity and in investigating the common ancestor of soybean. In this study, we sequenced 6 G. max and 6 G. soja using Illumina’s Hiseq 2000 with a low coverage sequencing technology to estimate the divergence of times between genotypes and populations. A total of the 12 genotypes were sequenced at the average depth of 6.5 and resulted 892.5 Mb and 903.3 MB consensus sequences with the coverage of 91.54% and 92.65% for G. max and G. soja, respectively. The whole genome SNP analysis showed that G. max had lower frequency levels of polymorphism (~0.1%) than G. soja (~0.25%). And, a high number of SNPs located in introns were found among 6 G. soja genotypes as SNPs were approximately twice than those found in 6 G max. The number of SNPs in G. max intronic regions was 53,134, whereas a total of 133,329 SNPs were discovered in G. soja introns. Almost an equal number of SNPs were discovered in 5’ UTR and exon regions; however, different numbers of SNP in CDS and 3′ UTR were identified. By the rate of nonsynonymous change, divergence of time between G. soja and G. max would be investigated.

Mutagenesis approach in combination with whole genome sequencing has become an import role in genetic and molecular biological study and breeding of crop plants. In this study, we screened the fast neutron M4 10,000 soybean mutant plants based on morphological phenotypes of agronomically important traits and characterized the mutant of interest using resequencing. Fast neutron radiation has been known to be a very effective mutagen to cause large deletion in genome. The screened mutant showed abnormal phenotypes in plant heights, seed sizes, color of leaves, number of leaves, maturity and number of branches etc. Among them, the mutant displaying short plant height and bush type of growth habit was selected for identification of the altered genomic regions. Analysis of deletion sites of genome in interesting soybean mutant was performed using next generation sequencer Illumina Hi-seq. Mutant sequence reads generated by paired-end shotgun library were mapped on a draft soybean reference soybean (G. max cv. Williams 82). The paired-end DNA sequences of 21.6 Gb produced by Illumina Hi-seq produced 21 fold sequence depth. Among the predicted deletion sites, total 3 deletion regions confirmed by PCR. Glyma03g02390 gene and Glyma03g03560 gene were involved in the deletion regions. Glyma03g02390 gene was related to AMP binding, catalytic activity, cofactor binding and metabolic process of cell growth and Glyma03g03560 gene was concerned to oxygen binding, defense response to bacterium, and especially process of indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. These genes detected in this mutant will be studied about their molecular function in stunted phenotype.

Cereal seeds, sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay, and corn are traditionally used as health assistant as well as energy supplying food in Korea. While beneficial phytochemicals to human have revealed in cereals, the information on peptides from cereals is far less accumulated than major reserve protein. Here, we analyzed peptide profiles using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) in cereal seeds for construction of peptide information and attempted to develop peptide biomarkers for cereal identification. To optimize the analysis condition of SELDI-TOF MS, the effect of dilution factor on binding affinity to protein chips was tested using CM10 and Q10 arrays. Peptide clusters were significantly different at the level of 0.01 p-value. Peak spectra were the most stable in 1:50 of dilution factor in both chip arrays. Numbers of detected peak of 5 cereal seeds were 131 in CM10 and 74 in Q10 array. Each cereal was grouped as a cluster and well discriminated into different cluster in the level of 0.01 p-value. Numbers of potentially identified peptide biomarkers are 11, 13, 9, 5 and 12 in sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay and corn, respectively. This study demonstrates that each cereal seed have own distinguishable specific peptides although their function are not identified yet in this study. In addition, the proteomic profiling using SELDI-TOF MS techniques could be a useful and powerful tool to discover peptide biomarker for discrimination and assess crop species, especially under 20 kDa.

A new cultivars Dendranthema grandiflourm ‘Dream River’ was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research ＆ Extension Services(GARES),Korea in 2010. The cultivar ‘Dream River’ was crossed in 2007 between ‘Geumsu’, a spray cultivar with yellow single type, and ‘Crangball’, a spray cultivar with pink single type. Trials were conducted from 2008 to 2011 for evaluations and selection of this variety, including a shading culture in summer and a retarding culture in autumn. The natural flowering time of ‘Dream River’ was late October, and year-round flowering is possible by shading or lighting treatment. After the test of specific characters from 2009 to 2011, it was finally selected and named. The cultivar has an single type flowers with ivory petals and a green flower center. The diameter of flower is 56.0mm. Numbers of flowrs per stem and petals per flower are 15.2 and 26.5, respectively. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 53 days in the four season. The cultivar ‘Dream River’ has ivory petal with 7.5weeks to flowering under the short day treatment.

A new rose variety, ‘Love Letter’ was selected from the progenies of a cross between ‘Red Giant’ and ‘Ensemble’ by rose breeding team of the Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services(GARES) in 2011. ‘Love Letter’ was crossed in 2007 and seedlings were produced. After the test of specific characters from 2008 to 2011, it was finally selected and named. ‘Love Letter’ was developed because of distinctive characters such as growth uniformity and high yielding potential. A standard type with large sized flower, It has red(Red Group 46A) color flower. ‘Love Letter’ takes 43 days from pruning to blooming and cut flower productivity was 152 stems/m2 in a year. The stems of cut flower have no thorn and the length was long with 70.5 cm. It has 9.3 cm in flower diameter and 32.4 in petal numbers per flower. Vase life of the this cultivar could be as long as 12 days.

A new rose variety, ‘Venus Berry’ was selected from the progenies of a cross between ‘Boy Friend’ and ‘GSR10315’ by rose breeding team of the Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services(GARES) in 2011. ‘Venus Berry’ was crossed in 2007 and seedlings were produced. After the test of specific characters from 2008 to 2011, it was finally selected and named. ‘Venus Berry’ was developed because of distinctive characters such as growth uniformity and high yielding potential. The petal of flower is so thick and has no scratch. A standard type with large sized flower, it has light pink(Red Purple Group 69C) color flower. ‘Venus Berry’ takes 45 days from pruning to blooming and cut flower productivity was 194.1 stems/m2 in a year. The length of cut flower was long with 65.5 cm. It has 10.2 cm in flower diameter and 43.6 in petal numbers per flower. Vase life of the this cultivar could be as long as 12 days.