봄수확 수삼의 항공 및 선박의 모의수출 유통 중 손실유형을 조사하기 위해 수삼을 기능성 LDPE 필름에 5 kg 대포장 또는 500 g 소포장으로 포장하고 각기 다른 모의수출 유통 온도 및 모의수출 기간 즉 항공 모의수출 유통은 15℃와 25℃로 설정된 저장고에 4일 동안 저장하고, 선박모의수출 유통은 1℃와 5℃로 설정된 저장고에 14일 동안 저장한 뒤 유통실험을 위해 최종 10℃로 설정된 저장고에 수삼을 옮기고 수삼의 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 수삼의 품질 조사는 포장단계부터 10℃유통기간까지 총 기간 수행하였다. 조사결과 수삼의 유통 중 손실률에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 것은 물러짐과 곰팡이 발생에 의한 부패로 나타났다. 물러짐과 곰팡이에 의한 부패를 합한 종합 손실률에서 손실률 20%를 유통한계 기간으로 정했을 때 항공 모의수출유통 조건인 25℃에서 5 kg 대포장은 10일, 500 g 소포장은 6-7일에 20%에 도달했으며, 15℃는 5 kg 대포장은 17일, 500 g 소포장은 12-13일에 20%에 도달했다. 선박 모의유통 조건인 5℃는 5 kg 대포장은 21일, 500 g 소포장은 28일경에 20%에 도달했고, 1℃는 5 kg 대포장은 24일, 500 g 소포장은 29일 경에 20%에 도달하는 것으로 나타나 수삼의 유통은 모의수출 유통 방법뿐 아니라 포장용량도 손실률에 상당한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 수삼의 부패에 관여하는 병원균 중 곰팡이 균은 대부분Fusarium sp., Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp. 균들로 동정되었고, 25℃에서는 Fusarium sp. 균이 우세종이고, 그 이하의 온도에서는 Botrytis sp. 균이 우세종으로 나타났다.

The spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatozoa are generated in the testes. The spermatozoa travel male reproductive tract during which they meet many substances secreted from reproductive organs. One of the substances is epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) that is involved in the post-testicular maturation including capability of fertilizing the eggs. The expression of EPPIN gene was investigated in various tissues of sexually mature and regressed male Syrian hamsters by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The EPPIN gene was identified in the testis and epididymis of the male Syrian hamsters and compared to the genes reported previously. There was no expression of EPPIN gene in reproductively and completely regressed testes of Syrian hamster. These results suggest that the expressions of the EPPIN gene are associated with the reproductive capability in the Syrian hamsters.

As an aquaculture effluent is recognized as a source of water pollution, many methods are being researched to solve this problem. It has been reported that the aquaculture effluent contains many organic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using the effluent from bio-floc technology (BFT) inland aquaculture for fertilizing blueberry ‘Duke’ to promote the growth. The experiment was conducted in a commercial blueberry farm in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, where blueberries are actually cultivated in order to find out the effects of fertilizers in situ. The experiment was carried out with five treatments: control with only irrigation, conventional nutrient solution fertigation, and the fertigation with three concentrations (×1, ×0.5, or ×0.25) of effluent from BFT (Bio-Floc Technology) inland aquaculture. The treatment period was from the beginning of April, when a new leaf of blueberry began to develop, to the middle of June, when the blueberry was harvested, for a total of 10 weeks. As a result of the experiment, the treatments with effluent from BFT inland aquaculture showed better growth qualities than those of control and conventional cultivation. However, there was no statistically significant difference among all treatments regarding the total fruit production. Based on these results, it was concluded that the effluent from BFT inland aquaculture can be used for the cultivation of blueberry because it is equivalent to conventional cultivation method. This study provided a new viewpoint of recycling the effluent from BFT for agricultural purpose to reduce water pollution problems due to aquaculture wastewater.

As the interest in urban agriculture and people’s demand for eco-friendly food grow, the number of urban gardeners who directly grow and harvest will increase. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of conventional fertilizer with the effluent water from the biofloc technology inland aquaculture in the concept of resource circulation as a substitute for fertilizer used in urban agriculture. In order to verify the effect of fertilizer on the cultivation of cherry tomato, tomato seedlings were transplanted on the horticultural soil without nutrients and treated for 8 weeks. Experimental treatment was carried out in five treatments: control, hyponex solution (HS), slow-released fertilizer (SF), effluent water daily treatment (DE), and effluent water treatment once a week (WE). The growth characteristics of the cherry tomatoes showed significant differences among the treatments except for root length. In the case of plant length was shown HS=WE›DE=SF›control, and stem diameter was shown DE=SF ›WE=HS›control. It was found that HS and WE were not significantly different in shoot length and diameter, and DE and SF showed no difference. In the case of number of leaves, HS, DE, and WE showed a significantly higher level than SF and control. In other growth characteristics, DE and SF showed higher growth. As for the growth of cherry tomato fruit, the sugar content did not show any significant difference among the treatments except control. Weight per fruit and yield were significantly higher in HS and WE than DE and SF. Based on these results, it is considered that the use of effluent water is comparable to the use of urban agricultural fertilizer as compared with chemical fertilizers in cultivating crops.

As described in the previous paper (Park et al. 2013), the detector subsystem of optical wide-field patrol (OWL) provides many observational data points of a single artificial satellite or space debris in the form of small streaks, using a chopper system and a time tagger. The position and the corresponding time data are matched assuming that the length of a streak on the CCD frame is proportional to the time duration of the exposure during which the chopper blades do not obscure the CCD window. In the previous study, however, the length was measured using the diagonal of the rectangle of the image area containing the streak; the results were quite ambiguous and inaccurate, allowing possible matching error of positions and time data. Furthermore, because only one (position, time) data point is created from one streak, the efficiency of the observation decreases. To define the length of a streak correctly, it is important to locate the endpoints of a streak. In this paper, a method using a differential convolution mask pattern is tested. This method can be used to obtain the positions where the pixel values are changed sharply. These endpoints can be regarded as directly detected positional data, and the number of data points is doubled by this result.

Background : The purpose of the present investigation is to enhance extracellular acidic protease production by subjecting a protease producing strain Cordyceps pruinosa DK-01 to random mutagenesis by UV irradiation after ethidium bromide treatment. Methods and Results : Mutants were screened as protease producers on the basis of zone of clearance and relative proteolytic activity (RPA) on skimmed milk agar plates. In addition, mutants showed strong pink-red color intensity and different RAPD profiling compared with wild type control. Four mutants were randomly selected and their extracellular enzyme activities were investigated. In liquid culture without casein, 2.2-, 2.9-, 5.2- and 4.4-fold higher acid protease activity was achieved from mutants DK-m9, -m11 and -m12, respectively, than that of wild type strain (11.13 ± 1.60 U/ml). In liquid culture with casein, 1.1-, 1.3-, 1.3 and 1.3-fold higher acid protease activity was achieved with those mutants were found to produce, respectively, than that of wild type strain (93.95 ± 12.84 U/ml). Maximum acid protease activity was noticed from a mutant DK-m11 in liquid culture with casein (121.18 U/ml) and without casein (57.65 U/ml). The extracellular acid protease produced from DJ-m11 that was active in the pH range 4.5-6.5 and optimum temperature for the activity was 37°C. Furthermore, we found a deformed, shorten structure of setae on the elytron surface of dynastid beetles treated with culture supernatant of the DK-m11. Conclusion : These findings have more impact on enzyme economy for biotechnological and insecticidal applications of fungal proteases.

To protect and manage the Korean space assets including satellites, it is important to have precise positions and orbit information of each space objects. While Korea currently lacks optical observatories dedicated to satellite tracking, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) is planning to establish an optical observatory for the active generation of space information. However, due to geopolitical reasons, it is difficult to acquire an adequately sufficient number of optical satellite observatories in Korea. Against this backdrop, this study examined the possible locations for such observatories, and performed simulations to determine the differences in precision of optical orbit estimation results in relation to the relative baseline distance between observatories. To simulate more realistic conditions of optical observation, white noise was introduced to generate observation data, which was then used to investigate the effects of baseline distance between optical observatories and the simulated white noise. We generated the optical observations with white noise to simulate the actual observation, estimated the orbits with several combinations of observation data from the observatories of various baseline differences, and compared the estimated orbits to check the improvement of precision. As a result, the effect of the baseline distance in combined optical GEO satellite observation is obvious but small compared to the observation resolution limit of optical GEO observation.

To produce abiotic stress resistant transgenic cucumber, the cotyledonary node explants of cucumber (c.v. Eunsung) were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 containing the binary vector (pPZP211) carrying Nit gene. The 491 explants inoculated with bacterium solution for 30 min were maintained on 50 mg/L paromomycin contained shoot induction (SI) medium for first 2 weeks and then subcultured on 100 mg/L paromomycin to obtain transgenic adventitious shoots for 4 x 14 days. So far, 5 plant were selected, and then acclimated in soil. Of them, 3 transgenic plants with Nit gene were confirmed by Southern blot analysis.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential for use in regenerative medicine and in the field of basic research. Therefore, effective cryopreservation and storage of hESCs are important for preservation of newly established cell line for various purposes. Despite poor survival and slow recovery after thawing, the conventional slow freezing method is most commonly used for cryopreservation of hESCs due to its simplicity and ease of use for freezing a large number of hESCs appropriate to clinical applications. Here we controlled the clump size (Group Ⅰ; 400～450 ㎛, Group Ⅱ; 800～900 ㎛, and Group Ⅲ; 1500～1700 ㎛) of hESCs at 5 days after plating using a glass pipette during cryopreservation in order to obtain a larger amount of hESCs after thawing. Attachment rates differed significantly (P<0.05) in each of the three groups and the average of attachment rate of GroupⅡ was highest in SNUhES4 and H1. In particular, the attachment rate of Group Ⅱ in SNUhES3 showed a significant improvement with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. These results indicate that clump size and cell-cell adhesions of GroupⅡ are appropriate for cryopreservation compared to the Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅲ. This method increased cell viability and reduced the recovery time leading to various experiments, and therefore has an advantage for use with hESCs like newly established in particular. We demonstrated that use of this effective cryopreservation method with control of the clump size of hESCs can effectively improve the attachment rate and survival of post-thaw hESCs with and without Y-27632.

Hopyeongbyeo is an anther culture derived Japonica rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivar from the cross between Hitomebore and Hwajinbyeo by the rice breeding team of Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA, in 2003. This cultivar has a about 126 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting. The short and round grain shape of Hopyeongbyeo is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. Amylose content of rice grain is about 17.8% and high palatability of cooked rice compared with Nampyeongbyeo. This cultivar shows resistant to bacterial blight pathogenes of K1. The milled rice yield of Hopyeongbyeo is about 5.13MT/ha at ordinary transplanting culture in the local adaptability test. Hopyeongbyeo would be adaptable for the southern plain area of Korea.

‘Gwangan’ is a new six-rowed covered barley cultivar developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), R.D.A in 2004. This cultivar is developed from a cross between “Mirak” and ‘Milyang59’ in 1995. An F6 selection was made at Milyang in 2001 an